Modern investigations into and discoveries about consciousness are based on psychological statistical studies and case studies of consciousness states and the deficits caused by lesions, stroke, injury, or surgery that disrupt the normal functioning of human senses and cognition. These discoveries suggest that the mind is a complex structure derived from various localized functions that are bound together with a unitary awareness. Several studies point to common mechanisms in different clinical conditions that lead to loss of consciou ...

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Consciousness, Consciousness - Etymology, Consciousness - Consciousness and language, Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches, Consciousness - Philosophical approaches, Consciousness - Phenomenal and access consciousness, Consciousness - The description and location of phenomenal consciousness, Consciousness - Access consciousness, Consciousness - Physical approaches, Consciousness - Spiritual approaches, Consciousness - Functions of consciousness, Consciousness - Tests of consciousness, Consciousness - Turing Test, Consciousness - Mirror test, Consciousness - Cognitive Neuroscience, Consciousness - Philosophy, Consciousness - Physical Theories of Consciousness, Consciousness - People, Consciousness - Miscellaneous

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Consciousness, Consciousness - Etymology, Consciousness - Consciousness and language, Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches, Consciousness - Philosophical approaches, Consciousness - Phenomenal and access consciousness, Consciousness - The description and location of phenomenal consciousness, Consciousness - Access consciousness, Consciousness - Physical approaches, Consciousness - Spiritual approaches, Consciousness - Functions of consciousness, Consciousness - Tests of consciousness, Consciousness - Turing Test, Consciousness - Mirror test, Consciousness - Cognitive Neuroscience, Consciousness - Philosophy, Consciousness - Physical Theories of Consciousness, Consciousness - People, Consciousness - Miscellaneous

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Even at the dawn of Newtonian science, Leibniz and many others were suggesting physical theories of consciousness. Modern physical theories of consciousness can be divided into three types: theories to explain behaviour and access consciousness, theories to explain phenomenal consciousness and theories to explain the quantum mechanical (QM) Quantum mind. Theories that seek to explain behaviour are an everyday part of neuroscience, some of these theories of access consciousness, such as Edelman's theory, contentiously identify phenomenal cons ...

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Consciousness, Consciousness - Etymology, Consciousness - Consciousness and language, Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches, Consciousness - Philosophical approaches, Consciousness - Phenomenal and access consciousness, Consciousness - The description and location of phenomenal consciousness, Consciousness - Access consciousness, Consciousness - Physical approaches, Consciousness - Spiritual approaches, Consciousness - Functions of consciousness, Consciousness - Tests of consciousness, Consciousness - Turing Test, Consciousness - Mirror test, Consciousness - Cognitive Neuroscience, Consciousness - Philosophy, Consciousness - Physical Theories of Consciousness, Consciousness - People, Consciousness - Miscellaneous

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Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise such key features as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and one's environment. It is a subject of much research in philosophy of mind, psychology, neurology, and cognitive science. Some philosophers divide consciousness into phenomenal consciousness, which is experience itself, and access consciousness, which is the processing of the things in experience (Block 2004). Others consider ...

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Consciousness - Etymology Consciousness - Consciousness and language Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches Consciousness - Philosophical approaches
Consciousness - Phenomenal and access consciousness Consciousness - The description and location of phenomenal consciousness Consciousness - Access consciousness
Consciousness - Physical approaches Consciousness - Spiritual approaches Consciousness - Functions of consciousness Consciousness - Tests of consciousness
Consciousness - Turing Test Consciousness - Mirror test Consciousness - Cognitive Neuroscience Consciousness - Philosophy Consciousness - Physical Theories of Consciousness Consciousness - People Consciousness - Miscellaneous

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Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every introduction to cognitive science also stresses that it is highly interdisciplinary; components of cognitive science include psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science, robotics, anthropology and biology. Cognitive science - History. psychology, neuroscience, Neural Darwinism, Society of Mind theory, cognitive science of ...

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Cognitive science - History Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science
Cognitive science - Approaches Cognitive science - Levels of analysis Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term
Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science
Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence Cognitive science - Attention Cognitive science - Language processing Cognitive science - Learning and development Cognitive science - Memory Cognitive science - Perception and action
Cognitive science - Research methods
Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments Cognitive science - Brain imaging Cognitive science - Computational modeling Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods
Cognitive science - Key findings Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

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Founded in 1994, the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness is a professional membership organization that aims to encourage research on consciousness in cognitive science, neuroscience, philosophy, and other relevant disciplines in the sciences and humanities, directed toward understanding the nature, function, and underlying mechanisms of consciousness. Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness - Activities. Since 1997, the ASSC has organised annual conferences to promot ...

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Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness - Activities

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Bernard J. Baars is a senior fellow of the Neurosciences Institute in La Jolla, CA. He is best known for his book, A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness (1988) in which he outlines his view of Global Workspace Theory as a model for consciousness. He is a content editor for the Science and Consciousness Review. ...

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Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = "soul" or "mind", logos/-ology = "study of") is an academic and applied field involving the study of mind and behavior. "Psychology" also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. Psychology differs from sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science in part because it involves studying the mental processes and behavior of individuals (alone or i ...

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Psychology - History Psychology - Principles of psychology
Psychology - Mind and brain Psychology - Schools of thought
Psychology - Scope of psychology
Psychology - Biological basis: the brain Psychology - Information processing: the mind Psychology - Change over time: development Psychology - Interaction with others Psychology - Study of animals in psychology Psychology - Mental health Psychology - Applied psychology
Psychology - Research methods
Psychology - Controlled experiments Psychology - Correlational studies Psychology - Longitudinal studies Psychology - Neuropsychological methods Psychology - Computational modeling
Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

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Cognitive science - Approaches. There are several approaches of study in the field of cognitive science including symbolic, connectionist, and dynamic systems. Symbolic - That intelligence can be explained by means of systematic, discrete instructions not unlike the way in which a computer works. Connectionist - The means of explanation is by using artificial neural networks. Dynamic Systems - Cognition can be explained by means of a continuous system in which everything is interrelated, not unlike the Watt Governor. < ...

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Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

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Cognitive science is a large field, and covers a wide array of topics on cognition. However, it should be recognized that cognitive science is not equally concerned with every topic that might bear on the nature and operation of the mind or intelligence. Social and cultural factors, emotion, consciousness, animal cognition, comparative and evolutionary approaches are frequently de-emphasized or excluded outright, often based on key philosophical conflicts. Some within the cognitive science community, however, consider these to be ...

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Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

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Many different methodologies are used to study cognitive science. As the field is highly interdisciplinary, research often cuts across multiple areas of study, and draws on research methods from psychology, neuroscience, and computer science. Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments. In order to have a description of what constitutes intelligent behavior, one must study behavior itself. This type of research is closely tied to that in cognitive psychology and psychophysics. By measuring behavioral ...

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Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

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Cognitive science has much to its credit. Among other accomplishments, it has given rise to models of human cognitive bias and risk perception, and has been influential in the development of behavioral finance, part of economics. It has also given rise to a new theory of the philosophy of mathematics, and many theories of artificial intelligence, persuasion and coercion. It has made its presence firmly known in philosophy of language and epistemology - a modern revival of rationalism - as well as cons ...

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Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

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The noun exocortex is composed of two morphemes of latin origin: the prefix exo- — meaning external or outside — and the root noun cortex — originally meaning bark, but in context of the neuroscience refers to the outer bark-like layer of the brain that is the site of most sophisticated cognitive information processing. Thus based on its component morphology, the term exocortex refers to a ...

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Exocortex, Exocortex - Etymology, Exocortex - Intellectual Background, Exocortex - Computer Science Roots, Exocortex - Psychology Roots, Exocortex - Current Applicability, Exocortex - Cognitive Science Origin, Exocortex - Use in Science Fiction, Exocortex - Popular Usage, Exocortex - Future Prospects

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The concept of an exocortex has intellectual roots both in the fields of computer science and evolutionary psychology. Exocortex - Computer Science Roots. Within computer science, the seeds were planted by the DARPA associated researcher J.C.R. Licklider. Within his speculative 1960 paper Man-Computer Symbiosis, Licklider outlined his vision that humans and the new technology of computers, if tightly-coupled together, would prove to compliment each others strengths to such a degree that many of the pure artificial intelligence systems envisioned at the time by ( ...

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Exocortex, Exocortex - Etymology, Exocortex - Intellectual Background, Exocortex - Computer Science Roots, Exocortex - Psychology Roots, Exocortex - Current Applicability, Exocortex - Cognitive Science Origin, Exocortex - Use in Science Fiction, Exocortex - Popular Usage, Exocortex - Future Prospects

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Exocortex - Cognitive Science Origin. In November 1998 the specific term exocortex was coined by researcher Ben Houston. Houston coined the term to refer concisely to tightly-coupled cognition-level brain-computer interface technologies in the spirit of Licklider's and Engelbart's original visions. "exocortex (eks'o kor'teks) n. Latin -- an organ that resides outside of the brain that aids in high level thinking. .... This will not be a prominent term until prefrontal cortex neural implants become widespread." (emphasis in original) — early exoc ...

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Exocortex, Exocortex - Etymology, Exocortex - Intellectual Background, Exocortex - Computer Science Roots, Exocortex - Psychology Roots, Exocortex - Current Applicability, Exocortex - Cognitive Science Origin, Exocortex - Use in Science Fiction, Exocortex - Popular Usage, Exocortex - Future Prospects

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If one widens the definition of an exocortex, one can see that computational elements are already used as supporting elements of biological brains, and growing dependence on parts of the Internet that serve cognitive functions has brought what could be considered a proto-exocortex into existence. Wikipedia itself is an example, as technological interfaces enable inter-brain co-operation on high-level cognitive tasks. The fulfillment of the initial vision of Licklider and Engelbart suggests that co ...

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Exocortex, Exocortex - Etymology, Exocortex - Intellectual Background, Exocortex - Computer Science Roots, Exocortex - Psychology Roots, Exocortex - Current Applicability, Exocortex - Cognitive Science Origin, Exocortex - Use in Science Fiction, Exocortex - Popular Usage, Exocortex - Future Prospects

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Main article: History of psychology The late 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study, because in that year German scientist Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig, Germany. Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), the Russian Ivan Pavlov (who discovered the learning process of cl ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

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Psychology - Mind and brain. Psychology does not necessarily refer to the brain or nervous system and can be framed purely in terms of phenomenological or information processing theories of the mind. Increasingly, though, an understanding of brain function is being included in psychological theory and practice, particularly in areas such as artificial intelligence, neuropsychology, and cognitive neuroscience.

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

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Psychology is an extremely broad field, encompassing many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are the major areas of inquiry that comprise psychology. A comprehensive list of the sub-fields and areas within psychology can be found at the list of psychological topics and List of psychology disciplines. Psychology - Biological basis: the brain. Main articles: Behavioral neuroscience, Cognitive neurosci ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - Scope of psychology

Psychology is conducted both scientifically and non-scientifically, but is to a large extent wholly rigorous. Mainstream psychology is based largely on positivism, using quantitative studies and the scientific method to test and disprove hypotheses, often in an experimental context. Psychology tends to be eclectic, drawing on scientific knowledge from other fields to help explain and understand behavior. However, not all psychological research methods strictly follow the empirical positivism philosophy. Qualitative research utilizes interpre ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

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