Cancer - Origins of cancer. Cell division (proliferation) is a physiological process that occurs in almost all tissues and under many circumstances. Normally the balance between proliferation and cell death is tightly regulated to ensure the integrity of organs and tissues. Mutations in DNA that lead to cancer disrupt these orderly processes. The uncontrolled and often rapid proliferation of cells can lead to either a benign tumor or a malignant tumor (cancer). Benign tumors do not spread to other p ...

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Cancer, Cancer - History, Cancer - Nomenclature and classification, Cancer - Adult cancers, Cancer - Childhood cancers, Cancer - Causes and pathophysiology, Cancer - Origins of cancer, Cancer - Molecular biology, Cancer - Morphology, Cancer - Heredity, Cancer - Environment and diet, Cancer - Epidemiology, Cancer - Prevention, Cancer - Diet and cancer, Cancer - Other chemoprevention agents, Cancer - Genetic testing, Cancer - Diagnosing cancer, Cancer - Signs and symptoms, Cancer - Biopsy, Cancer - Screening, Cancer - Treatment of cancer, Cancer - Surgery, Cancer - Chemotherapy, Cancer - Immunotherapy, Cancer - Radiation therapy, Cancer - Hormonal suppression, Cancer - Symptom control, Cancer - Treatment trials, Cancer - Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer - Cancer vaccines, Cancer - Coping with cancer, Cancer - Social impact, Cancer - Cancer research

Read more here: » Cancer: Encyclopedia II - Cancer - Causes and pathophysiology

Bottlenose Dolphins are grey, varying from dark grey at the top near the dorsal fin to very light grey and almost white at the underside. The salt water makes them hard to see both from above and below when swimming. The elongated upper and lower jaws give the animals their name of bottlenose. The real nose however is the blowhole on top of the head, and the nasal septum is visible when the blowhole is open. Their face shows a characteristic "smile". Adults range in length from 2 to 4m (6 to 13 feet) and in weight from 150 to 650kg (3 ...

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Bottlenose Dolphin, Bottlenose Dolphin - Physical description, Bottlenose Dolphin - Behavior and life, Bottlenose Dolphin - Diet, Bottlenose Dolphin - Senses and communication, Bottlenose Dolphin - Cognition, Bottlenose Dolphin - Tool use and culture, Bottlenose Dolphin - Sexuality and reproduction, Bottlenose Dolphin - Natural predators, Bottlenose Dolphin - Taxonomy, Bottlenose Dolphin - Conservation, Bottlenose Dolphin - Bottlenose Dolphins and humans, Bottlenose Dolphin - Bottlenose Dolphins in fiction

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Infection of a diverticulum can result in diverticulitis. This occurs in 10-25% of persons with diverticulosis (NIDDK website). Tears in the colon leading to bleeding or perforations may occur, intestinal obstruction may occur (constipation or diarrhea does not rule this possibility out), peritonitis, abscess formation, retroperitoneal fibrosis, sepsis, and fistula formation. Infection of a diverticulum often occurs as ...

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Diverticulosis, Diverticulosis - Epidemiology, Diverticulosis - Causes, Diverticulosis - Symptoms, Diverticulosis - Testing, Diverticulosis - Complications, Diverticulosis - Treatment

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Because of the varying symptoms and signs of aortic dissection depending on the initial intimal tear and the extent of the dissection, the proper diagnosis is sometimes difficult to make. In an individual with chest pain radiating to the back, the differentials to consider include: Aortic dissection Myocardial infarction Acute aortic insufficiency Non-dissecting aortic aneurysm Pericarditis Musculos ...

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Aortic dissection, Aortic dissection - Overview, Aortic dissection - Classification systems, Aortic dissection - DeBakey classification system, Aortic dissection - Pathophysiology, Aortic dissection - Etiology, Aortic dissection - Signs and symptoms, Aortic dissection - Blood pressure changes, Aortic dissection - Aortic insufficiency, Aortic dissection - Myocardial infarction, Aortic dissection - Pleural effusion, Aortic dissection - Diagnosis, Aortic dissection - Chest X-ray, Aortic dissection - EKG, Aortic dissection - Biochemical markers, Aortic dissection - Transesophageal echocardiography, Aortic dissection - Aortogram, Aortic dissection - Spiral CT with contrast, Aortic dissection - MRI, Aortic dissection - Natural history, Aortic dissection - First Aid, Aortic dissection - Treatment, Aortic dissection - Medical management, Aortic dissection - Surgical management, Aortic dissection - Long term follow-up

Read more here: » Aortic dissection: Encyclopedia II - Aortic dissection - Diagnosis

The natural foreskin has three principal components, in addition to blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue: skin, which is exposed exteriorly; mucous membrane, which is the surface in contact with the glans penis when the penis is flaccid; and a band of muscle within the tip of the foreskin. Generally, the skin grows more readily in response to stretching than does the mucous membrane. The ring of muscle called the dartos, which normally holds the foreskin closed, is completely removed in the majority of circumcisions and cannot be regr ...

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Foreskin restoration, Foreskin restoration - Reasons for foreskin restoration, Foreskin restoration - History, Foreskin restoration - Surgical techniques, Foreskin restoration - Nonsurgical techniques, Foreskin restoration - Physical aspects, Foreskin restoration - Emotional psychological and psychiatric aspects, Foreskin restoration - Books

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The disorder is inherited with an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. The gene is located on the X chromosome. Since women have two X chromosomes, if one X chromosome has the non-working gene, the second X chromosome will have a working copy of the gene to compensate. In these cases, some women have much milder symptoms because of this ability to compensate. For example, carrier females of mutations are at increased risk for dilated cardiomyopathy. Since men have an X and a Y chromosome and because they don't have another X to compensate for the defective gene, they willSee also:

Becker's muscular dystrophy, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Genetics, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Symptoms, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Signs and tests, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Treatment, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Support Groups, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Expectations prognosis, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Complications

Read more here: » Becker's muscular dystrophy: Encyclopedia II - Becker's muscular dystrophy - Genetics

Cancer - Origins of cancer. Cell division (proliferation) is a physiological process that occurs in almost all tissues and under many circumstances. Normally the balance between proliferation and cell death is tightly regulated to ensure the integrity of organs and tissues. Mutations in DNA that lead to cancer disrupt these orderly processes. The uncontrolled and often rapid proliferation of cells can lead to either a benign tumor or a malignant tumor (cancer). Benign tumors do not spread to other p ...

See also:

Cancer, Cancer - Terminology, Cancer - History, Cancer - Classification and nomenclature, Cancer - Adult cancers, Cancer - Childhood cancers, Cancer - Causes and pathophysiology, Cancer - Origins of cancer, Cancer - Molecular biology, Cancer - Morphology, Cancer - Heredity, Cancer - Environment and diet, Cancer - Epidemiology, Cancer - Prevention, Cancer - Diet and cancer, Cancer - Other chemoprevention agents, Cancer - Genetic testing, Cancer - Diagnosing cancer, Cancer - Signs and symptoms, Cancer - Biopsy, Cancer - Screening, Cancer - Treatment of cancer, Cancer - Surgery, Cancer - Chemotherapy, Cancer - Immunotherapy, Cancer - Radiation therapy, Cancer - Hormonal suppression, Cancer - Symptom control, Cancer - Treatment trials, Cancer - Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer - Cancer vaccines, Cancer - Coping with cancer, Cancer - Social impact, Cancer - Cancer research

Read more here: » Cancer: Encyclopedia II - Cancer - Causes and pathophysiology

Cirrhosis - Initial symptoms. Early symptoms include red palms, spider angioma (red spots on the upper body), hypertrophy of the parotid glands, and fibrosis of tendons in the hands. Clubbing may develop. Many people with cirrhosis have no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. However, as scar tissue replaces healthy cells, liver function starts to fail and a person may experience the following symptoms: exhaustion fatigue loss of appetite nausea weakness weight loss abdominal pain See also:

Cirrhosis, Cirrhosis - Symptoms, Cirrhosis - Initial symptoms, Cirrhosis - Complications, Cirrhosis - Causes, Cirrhosis - Diagnosis, Cirrhosis - Pathology, Cirrhosis - Pathophysiology, Cirrhosis - Treatment, Cirrhosis - Epidemiology

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The carpal tunnel is a fibro-osseous tunnel on the palmar surface of the carpal bones which transmits a number of tendons and the median nerve from the forearm into the hand. Surface markings are, proximally, the distal wrist crease; distally, the hook of the hamate bone. The recurrent thenar branch of the median nerve, the motor branch to the thenar eminence, leaves the median nerve in or beyond the carpal tunnel, then curves back over the flexor retinaculum to reach the thenar eminence. It is endangered in carpal tunnel surgery if the incision ...

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Carpal tunnel, Carpal tunnel - Basic description, Carpal tunnel - Medical/Anatomical definition, Carpal tunnel - Boundaries, Carpal tunnel - Contents, Carpal tunnel - Relevance

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Probably best known as a gelling agent in cooking, different types and grades of gelatin are used in a wide range of food and non-food products: Gelatin - Food uses. Common examples of foods that contain gelatin are gelatin desserts or jelly, trifles, aspic, marshmallows and confectioneries such as Peeps and gummy bears. Gelatin may be used as a stabilizer, thickener, or texturizer in foods such as ice cream, jams, yogurt, cream cheese, margarine; it is used, as well, in fat-reduced foods to simulate the mouth feel of fat and to create ...

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Gelatin, Gelatin - Physical properties, Gelatin - Production, Gelatin - Edible gelatins, Gelatin - Uses, Gelatin - Food uses, Gelatin - Technical uses, Gelatin - Other uses, Gelatin - Medicinal properties, Gelatin - Safety concerns

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Fibroblasts can give rise to other cells, such as bone cells, fat cells, and smooth muscle cells. Note that all of these cells are of mesodermal origin. The fact that fibroblasts easily proliferate makes them a popular cell type for cell cultures in biological research. ...

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Fibroblast, Fibroblast - Description, Fibroblast - Function, Fibroblast - Secondary actions

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The breasts are covered by skin; each breast has one nipple surrounded by the areola. The areola is colored from pink to dark brown, hairless, and has several sebaceous glands. The larger mammary glands within the breast produce the milk; they consist of several lobules, and each breast has some 10-20 lactiferous ducts that drain milk from the lobules to the nipple, where each duct has its own opening. Most of the breast is adipose tissue (fat) and connective tissue (known as Cooper's ligaments). The breasts sit over the ...

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Breast, Breast - Anatomy of the female breast, Breast - Lymphatic drainage, Breast - Function, Breast - Size shape and composition, Breast - Development, Breast - Terminology, Breast - Cultural status, Breast - Disorders of the breasts, Breast - Infections and inflammations, Breast - Benign breast disease, Breast - Malignant breast disease

Read more here: » Breast: Encyclopedia II - Breast - Anatomy of the female breast

Most vascular abnormalities of the brain, e.g. arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms, can be detected on cerebral angiography. In some countries, cerebral angiography is required to confirm brain death. ...

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Cerebral angiography, Cerebral angiography - Method, Cerebral angiography - Uses, Cerebral angiography - Interventions

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Collagen has an unusual amino acid composition and sequence. Glycine (Gly) is found at almost every third residue, and collagen contains large amounts of proline, (Pro) — as well as two uncommon derivative amino acids not directly inserted during translation of mRNA: hydroxyproline (Hypro) and hydroxylysine. Prolines and lysines at specific locations relative to glycine are modified post-translationally by different enzymes, both of which require vitamin C as a cofactor. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, a serious and painful disease in ...

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Collagen, Collagen - Composition and structure, Collagen - Human Uses, Collagen - Types of collagen, Collagen - Staining

Read more here: » Collagen: Encyclopedia II - Collagen - Composition and structure

Surgery is typically used to seperate the fused sutures of the skull as well as to reshape the skull. Without surgery, blindness and mental retardation is a typical outcome. To treat the cosmetic troubles, a combination of orthodontic and orthognathic surgery can be used to relieve some of the midface deficiency. Typical surgery begins with a zigzag incision from ear to ear across the top of the head. The scar left by this type of incision makes the hair look more natural than that left by a straight incision would. Raney clips are ty ...

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Craniosynostosis, Craniosynostosis - Normal skull development, Craniosynostosis - Pathophysiology, Craniosynostosis - Treatment, Craniosynostosis - Epidemiology

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HGH and hGH refer to "human growth hormone." The reader may be curious as to why only this hormone is still often referred to as "human" when the term could obviously be appended to every hormone in the article Hormone. After three-letter abbreviations of amino acids were found so useful in the 1950s, endocrinologists in the 1950s tended to favor 3 letter abbreviations even for two-word hormones. At that time, most of the hormones available for administration, especially the proteins, were derived from animals. Most were simil ...

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HGH controversies, HGH controversies - Background on HGH and terminology, HGH controversies - Adult growth hormone deficiency, HGH controversies - Background on hormonal aspects of aging, HGH controversies - The origin of the HGH industry: Rudman and Klatz, HGH controversies - Unproven aspects of real GH use in aging adults, HGH controversies - How these concepts are used misleadingly to market products on the internet

Read more here: » HGH controversies: Encyclopedia II - HGH controversies - Background on HGH and terminology

If the case of cellulitis is minor, oral antibiotics may be all that are necessary. These are often intended to be taken for about ten days, and the patient usually sees his or her doctor after a day or two of taking the medication to ensure that it is working correctly. In addition, the doctor may instruct the patient to elevate the affected area. Antipyretics or anti-inflammatory drugs may also be used. If the oral antibiotics do not work or if the patient has a high fever when he or she comes to see the doctor, intravenous (IV) ant ...

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Cellulitis, Cellulitis - Symptoms, Cellulitis - Causes, Cellulitis - Risk factors, Cellulitis - Diagnosis, Cellulitis - Incubation, Cellulitis - Duration, Cellulitis - Treatment, Cellulitis - Prevention, Cellulitis - Forms of cellulitis

Read more here: » Cellulitis: Encyclopedia II - Cellulitis - Treatment

The corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum are three expandable erectile tissues along the length of the penis which fill with blood during erection. The two corpora cavernosa lie along the penis shaft, from the pubic bones to the head of the penis, where they join. These formations are made of a sponge-like tissue containing irregular blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium and separated by connective tissue septa. The corpus spongiosum is one smaller region along the bottom of the penis, whi ...

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Corpus cavernosum, Corpus cavernosum - Male anatomy, Corpus cavernosum - Female anatomy

Read more here: » Corpus cavernosum: Encyclopedia II - Corpus cavernosum - Male anatomy

In vitro staining involves colouring cells or structures that are no longer living. In vitro means literally "in glass"; compare with in vivo. Certain stains are often combined to reveal more details and features than a single stain alone. Combined with specific protocols for fixation and sample preparation, scientists and physicians can use these standard techniques as consistent, repeatable diagnostic tools. A counterstain is stain added which makes visible cells or structures not coloured by the principal stain ...

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Staining biology, Staining biology - In vitro staining, Staining biology - Preparation, Staining biology - Staining, Staining biology - In vivo staining, Staining biology - Basic biological stains, Staining biology - Bismarck brown, Staining biology - Carmine, Staining biology - Coomassie blue, Staining biology - Crystal violet, Staining biology - DAPI, Staining biology - Eosin, Staining biology - Ethidium bromide, Staining biology - Fuchsin, Staining biology - Haematoxylin, Staining biology - Hoechst stains, Staining biology - Iodine, Staining biology - Malachite green, Staining biology - Methyl green, Staining biology - Methylene blue, Staining biology - Neutral red, Staining biology - Nile blue, Staining biology - Nile red, Staining biology - Osmium tetroxide, Staining biology - Rhodamine, Staining biology - Safranin, Staining biology - Electron microscopy

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There is currently no cure for mastocytosis. However, there are a number of medicines to help treat the symptoms of mastocytosis: Antihistamines block receptors targeted by histamine released from mast cells. Both H1 and H2 blockers may be helpful. Leukotriene antagonists block receptors targeted by leukotrienes released from mast cells. Mast cell stabilizers help prevent mast cells from releasing their chemical contents. Cromolyn Sodium Oral Solution (Gastrocrom® / Cromoglicate) is the only medicine specifica ...

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Mastocytosis, Mastocytosis - Pathophysiology, Mastocytosis - History, Mastocytosis - Symptoms, Mastocytosis - Diagnosis, Mastocytosis - Classification, Mastocytosis - Epidemiology, Mastocytosis - Treatment, Mastocytosis - Research, Mastocytosis - Sources

Read more here: » Mastocytosis: Encyclopedia II - Mastocytosis - Treatment

Mast cells express a high-affinity receptor (FcεRI) for Immunoglobulin E (IgE), the least abundant member of the antibodies. This receptor is of such high affinity that binding of IgE molecules is essentially irreversible. As a result, mast cells are coated with IgE. IgE is, in turn, synthetised by B-cells (the antibody-producing cells of the immune system). IgE molecules, like all antibodies, are specific for one specific epitope. In allergic reactions, mast cells remain inactive until an allergen binds to IgE already in association ...

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Mast cell, Mast cell - Origin and classification, Mast cell - Physiology, Mast cell - Role in disease, Mast cell - Allergic disease, Mast cell - Anaphylaxis, Mast cell - Mast cell disorders, Mast cell - Sources

Read more here: » Mast cell: Encyclopedia II - Mast cell - Physiology

There are well over 150 types of massage therapy. Various styles of massage have developed from a number of sources. Massage - Breema. Breema bodywork is performed on the floor with the recipient fully clothed. It consists of rhythmical and gentle leans and stretches which leads to deep relaxation, increased vitality, and stimulation of the self-healing processes of the body. Sessions can be any length of time, although 50 minutes is common. There are also self-Breema exercises. The essence of Breema is ex ...

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Massage, Massage - Massage Basics, Massage - Communication, Massage - Pressure, Massage - Types of massage, Massage - Breema, Massage - Chair massage, Massage - Chinese Tui Na massage 推拿, Massage - Chinese Zhi Ya massage 指壓, Massage - Deep muscle therapy, Massage - Deep tissue massage, Massage - Erotic massage, Massage - Foot or sole massage, Massage - Lomilomi — Traditional Hawaiian Massage, Massage - MA-URI massage, Massage - Myofascial release, Massage - Myoskeletal alignment technique, Massage - Neuromuscular therapy, Massage - Scalp massage, Massage - Shiatsu 指圧, Massage - Stone massage, Massage - Structural muscular balancing, Massage - Swedish massage, Massage - Tantramassage Tantric massage, Massage - Thai traditional massage, Massage - Trigger point therapy, Massage - Massage therapist organizations, Massage - The ABMP, Massage - The AMTA, Massage - The AMTWP, Massage - The CMTA, Massage - The CMTO, Massage - The CSMTA, Massage - The NCBTMB

Read more here: » Massage: Encyclopedia II - Massage - Types of massage