Sir Archibald Edward Garrod was an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism. He was born on November 25, 1857, in London, and died on March 28, 1936, in Cambridge. Archibald was the fourth son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod, a physician at King's College Hospital, who discovered the abnormal uric acid metabolism associated with gout. He was educated at Marlborough and Christ Church, Oxford University. He graduated with an honours degree in natural science in 1880. He received further medical ...

Including:

• Archibald Garrod - Publications

Read more here: » Archibald Garrod: Encyclopedia - Archibald Garrod

An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target. Production of antibodies is referred to as the humoral immune system. Antibody - Definition. Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins in the immunoglobulin superfamily that function as antibodies. The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. They are found in the blood and tissue fluids, as w ...

Including:

• Antibody - Definition
• Antibody - Structure of the antibody
• Antibody - Isotypes
• Antibody - IgG
• Antibody - IgA
• Antibody - IgM
• Antibody - IgD
• Antibody - IgE
• Antibody - Function
• Antibody - The humoral immune response
• Antibody - Medical applications
• Antibody - Biochemical applications

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In anatomy, the stomach (in ancient Greek στόμαχος) is an organ in the alimentary canal used to digest food. Generally, the stomach's primary function is not the absorption of nutrients from digested food; this task is usually performed by the intestine. The main job of the stomach is to break down large food molecules into smaller ones, so that they can be absorbed into the blood more easily. Latin names for the stomach include Ventriculus and Gaster; many medical terms related to the stomach ...

Including:

• Stomach - Anatomy of the human stomach
• Stomach - Histology of the human stomach
• Stomach - Control of secretion and motility
• Stomach - Diseases

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Myofascial release refers to the manual technique for stretching the fascia with the aim to balance the body. Fascia is located between the skin and the underlying structure of muscle and bone, it is a seamless web of connective tissue that covers and connects the muscles, organs, and skeletal structures in our body. Muscle and fascia are united forming the myofascia system. Injuries, stress, trauma, and poor posture can cause restriction to fascia. Since fascia is an interconnected web, the restriction or tightness to fascia a ...

Including:

• Myofascial Release - Direct myofascial release
• Myofascial Release - Indirect myofascial release

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An eye is an organ that detects light. Different kinds of light-sensitive organs are found in a variety of creatures. The simplest eyes do nothing but detect whether the surroundings are light or dark. More complex eyes are used to provide the sense of vision. Many complex organisms including some mammals, birds, reptiles and fish have two eyes which may be placed on the same plane to be interpreted as a single three-dimensional "image" (binocular vision), as in humans; or on different planes producing two separate "images" (monocular ...

Including:

• Eye - Varieties of eyes
• Eye - Evolution of eyes
• Eye - Anatomy
• Eye - Cytology
• Eye - Acuity
• Eye - Dynamic range
• Eye - Adnexa and related parts
• Eye - The orbit
• Eye - Eyebrows
• Eye - Eyelids
• Eye - Eyelashes
• Eye - Eye movement
• Eye - Rapid eye movement
• Eye - Saccades
• Eye - Microsaccades
• Eye - Vestibulo-ocular reflex
• Eye - Smooth pursuit movement
• Eye - Optokinetic reflex
• Eye - Vergence movement
• Eye - Accommodation
• Eye - Diseases disorders and age-related changes

Read more here: » Eye: Encyclopedia - Eye

Cartilage - Chondrification. Most of the skeletal system is derived from mesoderm tissue. Chondrification is the process in which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondrocytes and begins secreting the materials that form the matrix. Cartilage - Mineralisation. Adult hyaline articular cartilage is progressively mineralised at the junction between cartilage and bone. It is then termed articular calcified cartilage. A mi ...

See also:

Cartilage, Cartilage - Composition, Cartilage - Cells, Cartilage - Fibers, Cartilage - Matrix, Cartilage - Types of cartilage, Cartilage - Hyaline cartilage, Cartilage - Elastic cartilage, Cartilage - Fibrocartilage, Cartilage - Growth and development, Cartilage - Chondrification, Cartilage - Mineralisation, Cartilage - Appositional, Cartilage - Interstitial, Cartilage - Cartilage in fetal development, Cartilage - Diseases / Medicine, Cartilage - Fibrocartilage, Cartilage - Invertebrate cartilage

Read more here: » Cartilage: Encyclopedia II - Cartilage - Growth and development

There are three different types of cartilage, each with special characteristics adapted to local needs. Cartilage - Hyaline cartilage. This is the most abundant type of cartilage. The name hyaline is derived from the greek word hyalos, meaning glass. This refers to the translucent matrix or ground substance. Hyaline cartilage is found lining bones in joints (articular cartilage) . It is also present inside bones, serving as a center of ossification or bone growth. ...

See also:

Cartilage, Cartilage - Composition, Cartilage - Cells, Cartilage - Fibers, Cartilage - Matrix, Cartilage - Types of cartilage, Cartilage - Hyaline cartilage, Cartilage - Elastic cartilage, Cartilage - Fibrocartilage, Cartilage - Growth and development, Cartilage - Chondrification, Cartilage - Mineralisation, Cartilage - Appositional, Cartilage - Interstitial, Cartilage - Cartilage in fetal development, Cartilage - Diseases / Medicine, Cartilage - Fibrocartilage, Cartilage - Invertebrate cartilage

Read more here: » Cartilage: Encyclopedia II - Cartilage - Types of cartilage

There are several diseases which can affect the cartilage. Chondrodystrophies are a group of diseases characterized by disturbance of growth and subsequent ossification of cartilage. Some common diseases affecting/involving the cartilage are listed below. Arthritis: The cartilage covering bones in joints (articular cartilage) is degraded, resulting in limitation of movement and pain. Achondroplasia: Reduced proliferation of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate of long bones results in a form of dwarfism.

In alternative medicine, body work or massage therapy refers to any treatment which involves some form of touching or physical manipulation. It refers to massages or the application of pressure or vibration to the soft tissues of the body, including muscles, connective tissue, tendons, ligaments, and joints. A survey released in May 2004 by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine focused on who used complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), what was used, and why it was used in the United State ...

Read more here: » Body work alternative medicine: Encyclopedia - Body work alternative medicine

An animal glue is an adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of animal connective tissue. These protein colloid glues are formed through hydrolysis of the collagen from skins, bones, tendons, and other tissues, similar to gelatin. The word "collagen" itself derives from Greek kolla, glue. Stereotypically, the animal in question is a horse, and horses that are euthanized are often said to have been sent to the glue factory. In fact, animal glue is produced from a variety of different animal species besides Including:

• Animal glue - Types and uses
• Animal glue - History

Read more here: » Animal glue: Encyclopedia - Animal glue

Arteries are muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the tissues and organs of the body (The vessels which return blood to the heart are veins). The circulatory system is extremely important in sustaining life. Its proper functioning is responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all cells, as well as the removal of carbon dioxide, waste products, maintenance of optimum pH, and the mobility of the elements, proteins and cells, of the immune system. In First World countries the two leading causes of ...

Including:

• Artery - Description
• Artery - Anatomy
• Artery - Types of arteries:
• Artery - Pulmonary arteries
• Artery - Systemic arteries
• Artery - The Aorta
• Artery - Arterioles
• Artery - Arterioles and blood pressure
• Artery - Capillaries
• Artery - Blood pressure
• Artery - See Also

Read more here: » Artery: Encyclopedia - Artery

Angioedema (BE: angiooedema), also known by its eponym Quincke's edema and the older term angioneurotic edema, is the rapid swelling (edema) of the skin, mucosa and submucosal tissues. Apart from the common form, mediated by allergy, it has been reported as a side effect of some medications, specifically ACE inhibitors. Additionally, there is an inherited form, due to deficiency of the blood protein C1-inhibitor. This form is called hereditary angioedema (HAE) or hereditary angio-neurotic edema (HANE), ...

Including:

• Angioedema - Signs and symptoms
• Angioedema - Diagnosis
• Angioedema - Pathophysiology
• Angioedema - Therapy
• Angioedema - History

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Adipose tissue is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body. It has an important endocrine function in producing recently-discovered hormones such as leptin, resistin and TNFα. Adipose tissue - Anatomical features. Adipose tissue is primarily located beneath the skin, but is also found around internal organs. In the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous la ...

Including:

• Adipose tissue - Anatomical features
• Adipose tissue - Physiology
• Adipose tissue - Cultural and social role

Read more here: » Adipose tissue: Encyclopedia - Adipose tissue

In humans the thigh is the area between the pelvis and buttocks and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of cortical bone), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a condylar joint at the knee. Thigh - Fascial compartments. In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three fascial compartments. These compartments use the femur as an axis, and are separated by ...

Including:

• Thigh - Fascial compartments
• Thigh - Anterior compartment
• Thigh - Medial compartment
• Thigh - Posterior compartment
• Thigh - Blood vessels

Read more here: » Thigh: Encyclopedia - Thigh

Psoriasis is a condition whose main symptom is gray or silvery flaky patches on the skin which are red and inflamed underneath. In the United States, it affects 2 to 2.6 percent of the population, or between 5.8 and 7.5 million people. Commonly affected areas include the scalp, elbows, knees, arms, stomach and back. Psoriasis is autoimmune in origin, and is not contagious. Around a quarter of people with psoriasis also suffer from psoriatic arthritis, which is similar to rheumatoid arthritis in its effects. Psoriasis was first given t ...

Including:

• Psoriasis - Types of psoriasis
• Psoriasis - Plaque psoriasis L40.0
• Psoriasis - Pustular psoriasis L40.1
• Psoriasis - Guttate psoriasis L40.4
• Psoriasis - Psoriatic arthritis L40.5
• Psoriasis - Inverse psoriasis or Flexural psoriasis L40.83
• Psoriasis - Erythrodermic psoriasis L40.85
• Psoriasis - Effect on the quality of life
• Psoriasis - Causes
• Psoriasis - Treatment
• Psoriasis - Topical treatment
• Psoriasis - Light therapy
• Psoriasis - Systemic treatment
• Psoriasis - Lifestyle

Read more here: » Psoriasis: Encyclopedia - Psoriasis

Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. It is one of the four major tissue types, the other three being epithelium, connective tissue and nervous tissue. Muscle contraction is used to move parts of the body, as well as to move substances within the body. Muscle - Types. There are three general types of muscle: Cardiac muscle is a specialized kind of muscle found only within the heart. It cannot get tired and is "involuntary". Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is anchored by tendons ...

Including:

• Muscle - Types
• Muscle - Anatomy
• Muscle - Physiology
• Muscle - Nervous control
• Muscle - Efferent leg
• Muscle - Afferent leg
• Muscle - Role in health and disease
• Muscle - Exercise
• Muscle - Disease
• Muscle - The strongest human muscle
• Muscle - Efficiency
• Muscle - Muscle evolution

Read more here: » Muscle: Encyclopedia - Muscle

Myopia is a refractive defect of the eye in which light focuses in front of the retina. Those with myopia are often described as nearsighted or short-sighted in that they typically can see nearby objects clearly but distant objects appear blurred because the lens cannot flatten enough. The opposite of myopia is hyperopia or "farsightedness". Myopia is the most common eyesight problem in the world. About one quarter of the adult population in the United States has myopia. In places like Japan, Singapore and Taiwan, as m ...

Including:

• Myopia - Prevalence
• Myopia - Pathogenesis
• Myopia - Theories
• Myopia - Relevant research
• Myopia - Night myopia
• Myopia - Myopia and IQ

Read more here: » Myopia: Encyclopedia - Myopia

The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. The most important types, arteries and veins, are so termed because they carry blood away from or towards the heart, respectively. Blood vessel - Types. Blood vessels exist in varying calibers: Arteries Aorta (the largest artery, carries blood out of the heart) Branches of the aorta, such as the carotid artery, the subclavian artery, the celiac trunk, the mesenteric arteri ...

Including:

• Blood vessel - Types
• Blood vessel - Anatomy
• Blood vessel - Physiology
• Blood vessel - Role in disease

Read more here: » Blood vessel: Encyclopedia - Blood vessel

Vegetarianism is the practice of not eating meat, beef, poultry, fish or their by-products, with or without the use of dairy products or eggs [1]. The exclusion may also extend to products derived from animal carcasses, such as lard, tallow, gelatin, rennet and cochineal. Some who follow the diet also choose to refrain from wearing products that involve the death of animals, such as leather, silk, feather, and fur. It should be noted that although many vegetarians abstain from all animal by-products, others make exceptions in their di ...

Including:

• Vegetarianism - History
• Vegetarianism - Recent trends
• Vegetarianism - Terminology and varieties of vegetarianism
• Vegetarianism - Motivation
• Vegetarianism - Religious
• Vegetarianism - Nutritional
• Vegetarianism - Ethical
• Vegetarianism - Environmental
• Vegetarianism - Social
• Vegetarianism - Spiritual
• Vegetarianism - Physiological
• Vegetarianism - Aesthetic
• Vegetarianism - Vegetarian cuisine
• Vegetarianism - Country specific information
• Vegetarianism - Vegetarian societies
• Vegetarianism - Criticism
• Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet and longevity
• Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet is not a healthy diet
• Vegetarianism - Environment
• Vegetarianism - Animal Right

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An aneurysm (or aneurism) (from Greek ανευρυσμα, a dilatation) is a localized dilation or ballooning of a blood vessel by more than 50% of the diameter of the vessel. Aneurysms most commonly occur in the arteries at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis) and in the aorta (the main artery coming out of the heart) - this is an aortic aneurysm. The layer of the artery that is in direct contact with the flow of blood is the tunica intima, commonly called the intima. This layer is made up of mainly endot ...

Including:

• Aneurysm - Types
• Aneurysm - Locations
• Aneurysm - Risks
• Aneurysm - Formation
• Aneurysm - Treatment of brain aneurysms
• Aneurysm - Related topics

Read more here: » Aneurysm: Encyclopedia - Aneurysm

How a complex structure like the projecting eye could have evolved is often said to be a difficult question for the theory of evolution. Darwin famously treated the subject of eye evolution in his Origin of Species: To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible ...

See also:

Eye, Eye - Varieties of eyes, Eye - Evolution of eyes, Eye - Anatomy, Eye - Cytology, Eye - Acuity, Eye - Dynamic range, Eye - Adnexa and related parts, Eye - The orbit, Eye - Eyebrows, Eye - Eyelids, Eye - Eyelashes, Eye - Eye movement, Eye - Rapid eye movement, Eye - Saccades, Eye - Microsaccades, Eye - Vestibulo-ocular reflex, Eye - Smooth pursuit movement, Eye - Optokinetic reflex, Eye - Vergence movement, Eye - Accommodation, Eye - Diseases disorders and age-related changes

Read more here: » Eye: Encyclopedia II - Eye - Evolution of eyes

There exist two genes for elastase: pancreatic (ELA-1) and neutrophil (ELA-2) elastase. From recent research, it appears that of the two, ELA-1 is not transcribed into a protein [1]. The neutrophil form of elastase (EC 3.4.21.37) is 218 aminoacids long, with two asparagine-linked carbohydrate chains (see glycosylation). It is present in azurophil granules in the neutrophil cytoplasm. There appear to be ...

See also:

Elastase, Elastase - Forms and classification, Elastase - Function, Elastase - Genetics, Elastase - Role in disease, Elastase - A1AD, Elastase - Cyclic hematopoeiesis, Elastase - Other diseases, Elastase - Sources

Read more here: » Elastase: Encyclopedia II - Elastase - Forms and classification