Debated during the Warring States Period and forbidden during the short-lived Qin Dynasty, Confucianism was chosen by Han Wudi for use as a political system to govern the Chinese state. Despite its loss of influence during the Tang Dynasty, Confucianist doctrine remained a mainstream Chinese orthodoxy for two millennia until the 20th century, when it was attacked by radical Chinese thinkers as a vanguard of a feudal system and an obstacle to China's modernization, eventually culminating in its repression and vilification during the Cultural ...

Including:

Confucianism - Development of early Confucianism Confucianism - The spread of Confucianism Confucianism - Rites Confucianism - Governing Confucianism - Meritocracy Confucianism - Themes in Confucian thought
Confucianism - Ritual Confucianism - Relationships Confucianism - Humaneness Confucianism - The perfect gentleman
Confucianism - Debates
Confucianism - Does Confucianism promote corruption? Confucianism - Was there a Confucianism? Confucianism - The Script controversy Confucianism - Is Confucianism a religion?
Confucianism - Names for Confucianism Confucianism - Confucianism and other schools of thought
Confucianism - Confucianism and Catholicism
Confucianism - Quotations

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See also:

Confucianism, Confucianism - Development of early Confucianism, Confucianism - The spread of Confucianism, Confucianism - Rites, Confucianism - Governing, Confucianism - Meritocracy, Confucianism - Themes in Confucian thought, Confucianism - Ritual, Confucianism - Relationships, Confucianism - Humaneness, Confucianism - The perfect gentleman, Confucianism - Debates, Confucianism - Does Confucianism promote corruption?, Confucianism - Was there a Confucianism?, Confucianism - The Script controversy, Confucianism - Is Confucianism a religion?, Confucianism - Names for Confucianism, Confucianism - Confucianism and other schools of thought, Confucianism - Confucianism and Catholicism, Confucianism - Quotations

Read more here: » Confucianism: Encyclopedia II - Confucianism - The spread of Confucianism

A simple way to appreciate Confucian thought is to consider it as being based on varying levels of honesty. In practice, the elements of Confucianism accumulated over time and matured into the following forms: Confucianism - Ritual. Ritual (lǐ, 禮) originally signified "to sacrifice" in a religious ceremony. In Confucianism the term was soon extended to include secular ceremonial behaviour before being used to refer to the propriety or politeness which colours everyday life. Rituals were codified ...

See also:

Confucianism, Confucianism - Development of early Confucianism, Confucianism - The spread of Confucianism, Confucianism - Rites, Confucianism - Governing, Confucianism - Meritocracy, Confucianism - Themes in Confucian thought, Confucianism - Ritual, Confucianism - Relationships, Confucianism - Humaneness, Confucianism - The perfect gentleman, Confucianism - Debates, Confucianism - Does Confucianism promote corruption?, Confucianism - Was there a Confucianism?, Confucianism - The Script controversy, Confucianism - Is Confucianism a religion?, Confucianism - Names for Confucianism, Confucianism - Confucianism and other schools of thought, Confucianism - Confucianism and Catholicism, Confucianism - Quotations

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Neo-Confucianism (理學 Pinyin: Lǐxué) is a term for a form of Confucianism that was primarily developed during the Song dynasty, but which can be traced back to Han Yu and Li Ao in the Tang dynasty. The term should not be mistaken for New Confucianism which is an effort to apply Confucianism to the 21st century. Neo-Confucianism was a response by the Confucians to the dominance of the Taoists and Buddhists. Neo-Confucians such as Zhu Xi recognized that the Confucian system of the time did not include a thoroughgoing metaphy ...

Including:

Neo-Confucianism - Neo-Confucianism Outside China Neo-Confucianism - List of Neo-Confucians
Neo-Confucianism - China Neo-Confucianism - Korea Neo-Confucianism - Japan

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History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Father Christ the Son The Holy Spirit The Bible Old Testament New Testament Apocrypha The Gospels Ten Commandments Sermon on the Mount Christian theology Salvation · Grace Christian worship Christian Church Catholicism Orthodox Christianity Protestantism Christian denominations C ...

Including:

Catholicism - Catholic Church Catholicism - Brief organizational history of the Church Catholicism - The Roman Catholic Church Catholicism - Other Catholic groups Catholicism - Distinctive beliefs and practices
Catholicism - Beliefs Catholicism - Sacraments
Catholicism - Footnotes Catholicism - Sources Catholicism - Additional reading

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Anti-Catholicism is opposition to the Roman Catholic Church or to Catholics, often employing mischaracterizations, stereotypes and negative prejudices. Its motivations are sometimes religious or political opposition. Occasionally it is little more than rank bigotry. Anti-Catholicism - Religious anti-Catholicism. On the Internet anti-Catholic sites are reportedly rampant. A check on the words "Catholicism is evil" yields some examples.[1] The Southern Poverty Law Center specifically cites groups like the New ...

Including:

Anti-Catholicism - Religious anti-Catholicism Anti-Catholicism - Historical anti-Catholicism Anti-Catholicism - Anti-Catholicism in modern times Anti-Catholicism - Contemporary anti-Catholicism
Anti-Catholicism - Religious Anti-Catholicism - Secular
Anti-Catholicism - Abuse of the term Anti-Catholicism - Actions frequently labeled anti-Catholic Anti-Catholicism - Additional reading

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Affirming Catholicism is a movement operating in several provinces of the Anglican Communion, most notably in the UK & Ireland and North America (where it is known as Affirming Anglican Catholicism (AAC)). It represents the liberal strand of Anglo-Catholicism. It is particularly noted for its liberal emphasis on full inclusion of members of the Church in the threefold ministry (Bishops, Prie ...

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A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official in the Roman Catholic Church, ranking just below the Pope and appointed by him as a member of the College of Cardinals during a consistory. The duties of the cardinals are to attend the meetings of the Sacred College and to make themselves available individually if the Pope desires their counsel. Most cardinals have additional duties either leading many of the c ...

Including:

Cardinal Catholicism - Orders Cardinal Catholicism - Secret cardinal Cardinal Catholicism - Other privileges Cardinal Catholicism - History Cardinal Catholicism - Cardinals in popular culture

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Roman Catholicism in Bulgaria: Roman Catholicism is the third largest religious congregation in Bulgaria after Eastern Orthodoxy and Islam. In the census of 2001, a total of 43,811 people declared themselves to be Roman Catholics, down from 53,074 in the previous census of 1992 due to a general Europe-wide decline in religious membership. The vast majority of the Catholics in Bulgaria in 2001 were ethnic Bulgarians, although 2,500 of them were Turks and additional 2,000 belonged to a number of other ethnic groups. The Bulgarian Cathol ...

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The terms Anglo-Catholic and Anglo-Catholicism describe people, groups, ideas, customs and practices within Anglicanism that emphasise continuity with Catholic tradition. Since the English Reformation there have always been Anglicans who identify themselves closely with traditional Catholic thought and practice. The concept of Anglo-Catholicism as a distinct sub-group or branch of Anglicanism, however, began to come to prominence in the Church of England during the Victorian era under the influence of the Oxford M ...

Including:

Anglo-Catholicism - Practices and beliefs Anglo-Catholicism - History Anglo-Catholicism - See Also

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Catholicism in China has a long and complicated history. Christianity has existed in China in various forms since at least the Tang Dynasty in the eight century AD (For a full account of the history of Christianity in China up to contemporary times, see Christianity in China). Catholicism in China - Early History. Catholic missionary priests from Europe are first recorded to have entered China in the 13th century. They had some success during the Mongol regime of the Yuan Dynasty but their influence gradual ...

Including:

Catholicism in China - Early History Catholicism in China - Post-Reformation Catholicism in China - Contemporary History
Catholicism in China - Hong Kong and Macao Catholicism in China - Diplomatic relations with the Vatican
Catholicism in China - Chinese terms for God and Christianity

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Catholicism and Freemasonry have often seemed to be in conflict, with Freemasonry tending to anticlericalism and the Roman Catholic Church forbidding Catholics from becoming freemasons. Catholicism and Freemasonry - Catholic attitudes towards Freemasonry. Freemasonry is seen by the church as being in fundamental competition with Catholic doctrines for a number of reasons: It is alleged to advocate a Deist view of religion It advocated a radical separation of church and st ...

Including:

Catholicism and Freemasonry - Catholic attitudes towards Freemasonry Catholicism and Freemasonry - Ban on Membership Catholicism and Freemasonry - Papal Encyclicals Catholicism and Freemasonry - The Inquisition and Freemasonry Catholicism and Freemasonry - Allegations of Deism Catholicism and Freemasonry - Seperation of Church and State Catholicism and Freemasonry - See Also

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Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (1130–1200) was a Song Dynasty (960-1279) Confucian scholar who became one of the most significant Neo-Confucians in China. He taught at the famous White Deer Grotto Academy for some time. Zhu Xi was also influential in Japan, where his followers were called the Shushigaku (朱子学) school. During the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's teachings were considered to be unorthodox. Zhu Xi and his fellow scholars codified what is now considered the Confucian canon of classics: the Four Books, consisting of the A ...

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As mentioned above, the Burning of the Books and Burying of the Scholars resulted in the destruction of large numbers of books, and very probably some Confucian texts. Nonetheless, Confucianism survived this suppression, some say because a scholar hid the texts in the walls of his house. After the Qin, the new Han Dynasty approved of Confucian doctrine and sponsored Confucian scholars, eventually making Confucianism the official state philosophy (see Emperor Wu of Han). Study of the Confucian classics became the basis of the governmen ...

See also:

Confucianism, Confucianism - Core Confucian texts, Confucianism - The Four Books, Confucianism - The Five Classics, Confucianism - Development of early Confucianism, Confucianism - Development by Confucius, Confucianism - Development after Confucius, Confucianism - The spread of Confucianism, Confucianism - Core Concepts, Confucianism - Rites, Confucianism - Relationships, Confucianism - Humaneness, Confucianism - The perfect gentleman, Confucianism - Governing, Confucianism - Meritocracy, Confucianism - Debates, Confucianism - Does Confucianism promote corruption?, Confucianism - Was there a Confucianism?, Confucianism - The Script controversy, Confucianism - Is Confucianism a religion?, Confucianism - Names for Confucianism

Read more here: » Confucianism: Encyclopedia II - Confucianism - The spread of Confucianism

Confucius was a famous sage and social philosopher of China whose teachings have deeply influenced East Asia for 2400 years. The relationship between Confucianism and Confucius himself, however, is tenuous. Confucius' ideas were not accepted during his lifetime and he frequently bemoaned the fact that he remained unemployed by any of the feudal lords. Confucianism - Development by Confucius. Although we do not have direct access to Confucius' beliefs, we can sketch out Confucius' ideas from the fragments t ...

See also:

Confucianism, Confucianism - Core Confucian texts, Confucianism - The Four Books, Confucianism - The Five Classics, Confucianism - Development of early Confucianism, Confucianism - Development by Confucius, Confucianism - Development after Confucius, Confucianism - The spread of Confucianism, Confucianism - Core Concepts, Confucianism - Rites, Confucianism - Relationships, Confucianism - Humaneness, Confucianism - The perfect gentleman, Confucianism - Governing, Confucianism - Meritocracy, Confucianism - Debates, Confucianism - Does Confucianism promote corruption?, Confucianism - Was there a Confucianism?, Confucianism - The Script controversy, Confucianism - Is Confucianism a religion?, Confucianism - Names for Confucianism

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Several names for Confucianism exist in Chinese. "School of the Scholars" (pinyin Rújiā) 儒家 (Traditional and Simplified Chinese) "Teaching of the Scholars" (pinyin: Rujiao) 儒教 (Traditional and Simplified) "Scholarly study" or "Scholar studies" (pinyin: Ruxue) 儒學 (Traditional) 儒学 (Simplified) "Teaching of Confucius" or "Religion of Confucius" (pinyin: Kongjiao)

The development of Confucianism is traced through the development of its canon. It is therefore helpful to first list the main Confucian texts. The orthodox canon of Confucian texts, as eventually formulated by Zhu Xi, is the so-called "Four Books and Five Classics". These are: Confucianism - The Four Books. The Great Learning (pinyin Dàxúe, 大學) The Doctrine of the Mean (pinyin Zhōngyōng, 中庸) The Analects of Confucius (pinyin Lùnyǔ, 論語) See also:

Confucianism, Confucianism - Core Confucian texts, Confucianism - The Four Books, Confucianism - The Five Classics, Confucianism - Development of early Confucianism, Confucianism - Development by Confucius, Confucianism - Development after Confucius, Confucianism - The spread of Confucianism, Confucianism - Core Concepts, Confucianism - Rites, Confucianism - Relationships, Confucianism - Humaneness, Confucianism - The perfect gentleman, Confucianism - Governing, Confucianism - Meritocracy, Confucianism - Debates, Confucianism - Does Confucianism promote corruption?, Confucianism - Was there a Confucianism?, Confucianism - The Script controversy, Confucianism - Is Confucianism a religion?, Confucianism - Names for Confucianism

Read more here: » Confucianism: Encyclopedia II - Confucianism - Core Confucian texts

Confucianism - Does Confucianism promote corruption?. Different from many other political philosophies, Confucianism is reluctant to employ laws. In a society where relationships are considered more important than the laws themselves, if no other power forces government officers to take the common interest into consideration, corruption and nepotism will arise. As government officers' salary was often far lower than the minimum required to raise a family, Chinese society has frequently been affected by those prob ...

See also:

Confucianism, Confucianism - Core Confucian texts, Confucianism - The Four Books, Confucianism - The Five Classics, Confucianism - Development of early Confucianism, Confucianism - Development by Confucius, Confucianism - Development after Confucius, Confucianism - The spread of Confucianism, Confucianism - Core Concepts, Confucianism - Rites, Confucianism - Relationships, Confucianism - Humaneness, Confucianism - The perfect gentleman, Confucianism - Governing, Confucianism - Meritocracy, Confucianism - Debates, Confucianism - Does Confucianism promote corruption?, Confucianism - Was there a Confucianism?, Confucianism - The Script controversy, Confucianism - Is Confucianism a religion?, Confucianism - Names for Confucianism

Read more here: » Confucianism: Encyclopedia II - Confucianism - Debates

Confucianism - Rites. "Lead the people with administrative injunctions and put them in their place with penal law, and they will avoid punishments but will be without a sense of shame. Lead them with excellence and put them in their place through roles and ritual practices, and in addition to developing a sense of shame, they will order themselves harmoniously." (Analects II, 3) The above explains an essential difference between legalism and ritualism and points to a key difference between Western a ...

See also:

Confucianism, Confucianism - Core Confucian texts, Confucianism - The Four Books, Confucianism - The Five Classics, Confucianism - Development of early Confucianism, Confucianism - Development by Confucius, Confucianism - Development after Confucius, Confucianism - The spread of Confucianism, Confucianism - Core Concepts, Confucianism - Rites, Confucianism - Relationships, Confucianism - Humaneness, Confucianism - The perfect gentleman, Confucianism - Governing, Confucianism - Meritocracy, Confucianism - Debates, Confucianism - Does Confucianism promote corruption?, Confucianism - Was there a Confucianism?, Confucianism - The Script controversy, Confucianism - Is Confucianism a religion?, Confucianism - Names for Confucianism

Read more here: » Confucianism: Encyclopedia II - Confucianism - Core Concepts

By 2005, with around 50% of the religious Koreans putting themselves down as Christians, the landscape of Confucian schools, temples, places of ancestral worship, and scholarship have been minimized, if not put to the side as historical artefacts worthy only of tourists, scholars, or neglected preservation. However, Confucian values arguably still immensely influence the psyche of Korean people. Moreover, Confucianism may also not be regarded as a religion, therefore allowing one to be a Taoist, Chr ...

See also:

Korean Confucianism, Korean Confucianism - Introduction, Korean Confucianism - Goryeo Dynasty Confucianism, Korean Confucianism - Neo-confucianism in the Joseon dynasty, Korean Confucianism - Contemporary society and Confucianism, Korean Confucianism - Korean confucian art, Korean Confucianism - Confucian ceremonials, Korean Confucianism - The future of Korean confucianism, Korean Confucianism - External link

Read more here: » Korean Confucianism: Encyclopedia II - Korean Confucianism - Contemporary society and Confucianism