The Comtat Venaissin, often called the Comtat for short, is the former name of the region around the city of Avignon in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France. It comprised roughly the area between the Rhône, the Durance and Mont Ventoux, with a small exclave located to the north around the town of Valréas. The entire region was an enclave within the Kingdom of France. Avignon itself was, however, never part of the Comtat but constituted a separate comtat (county) in its own ...

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2 Population sans doubles comptes, i.e. not counting those people already counted in another commune (such as students and military personal). Avignon (pronounced [aviɲɔ̃] in IPA, Provençal: Avignoun) is a commune in southern France with some 88,300 inhabitants in the city itself and 155,500 in the Greater Avignon area. Avignon - Location. Avignon is situated on the left bank of the Rhône, in the Vauclu ...

Including:

• Avignon - Location
• Avignon - Administration
• Avignon - History
• Avignon - Early history
• Avignon - Avignon under the Popes
• Avignon - Sights
• Avignon - Miscellaneous
• Avignon - Famous residents include
• Avignon - Twin towns

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The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from September 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. Its purpose was to redraw the continent's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France the previous spring. The discussions continued despite the ex-Emperor Napoleon I's return from exile and resumption of power in France in March 1815, and the Congress's Final Act was signed nine days before his ...

Including:

• Congress of Vienna - Participants
• Congress of Vienna - Waterloo campaign
• Congress of Vienna - Territorial changes
• Congress of Vienna - Polish-Saxon crisis
• Congress of Vienna - Other changes
• Congress of Vienna - Later criticism
• Congress of Vienna - Other meanings

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In the history of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1305 to 1378 during which the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, lived in Avignon (now a part of France) rather than in Rome. Seven popes, all French, resided in Avignon during this period: Pope Clement V: 1305–1314 Pope John XXII: 1316–1334 Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342 Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352 Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362 Pope Urban V: 136 ...

Including:

• Avignon Papacy - Background
• Avignon Papacy - The Papacy in the 14th Century
• Avignon Papacy - Conflict between the Popes and the king of France
• Avignon Papacy - Cooperation
• Avignon Papacy - Submission
• Avignon Papacy - Schism: The War of the Eight Saints
• Avignon Papacy - Criticism
• Avignon Papacy - Summary

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The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, "States of the Church") was one of the major historical states of Italy before the boot-shaped peninsula was unified under the Piedmontese crown of Savoy (later a republic). The Papal States comprised those territories over which the Pope was the ruler in a civil as well as a spiritual sense before 1870. This governing power is commonly called the temporal power of the Pope, as opposed to his (unique and more essential) ecclestiastical primacy. The plural is u ...

Including:

• Papal States - Origins
• Papal States - The Donation of Pippin and the Holy Roman Empire
• Papal States - The Renaissance
• Papal States - The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon
• Papal States - Italian nationalism and the end of the Papal States
• Papal States - Institutions

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Provence has been inhabited since prehistoric times. It was known in ancient times as part of Narbonensis, inhabited by Ligurians and later Celts. The coastal strip was settled by Greeks and Phoenicians from around 600 BC onwards, with Marseille becoming one of the great trading cities of the Mediterranean. It was progressively settled by the Romans from the 2nd century BC, eventually becoming a province of the Roman Empire. This gave it its name, from the Latin provincia, as Provence was one of the first and most romanised provinces ...

See also:

Provence, Provence - History, Provence - Geography, Provence - Climate, Provence - Sights, Provence - Culture

Read more here: » Provence: Encyclopedia II - Provence - History

Congress of Vienna - Polish-Saxon crisis. The most contentious subject at the Congress was the so-called Polish-Saxon Crisis. The Russians and Prussians proposed a deal in which much of the Prussian and Austrian shares of the partitions of Poland would go to Russia, which would create an independent Polish Kingdom in personal union with Russia with Alexander as king. In exchange, the Prussians would receive as compensation all of Saxony, whose King was a gayot considered to have forfeited his throne because he ha ...

See also:

Congress of Vienna, Congress of Vienna - Participants, Congress of Vienna - Waterloo campaign, Congress of Vienna - Territorial changes, Congress of Vienna - Polish-Saxon crisis, Congress of Vienna - Other changes, Congress of Vienna - Later criticism, Congress of Vienna - Other meanings

Read more here: » Congress of Vienna: Encyclopedia II - Congress of Vienna - Territorial changes

This refers to those territories where a country is sovereign, but which cannot be reached without entering another country. The best-known example was West Berlin, before the reunification of Germany, which was de facto a West German exclave within East Germany, and thus an East German enclave (many small West Berlin land areas, such as Steinstücken, were in turn separated from the main one, some by only a few meters). De jure all of Berlin was ruled by the four Allied powers; this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament, and that it ...

See also:

Enclave, Enclave - Enclaved countries, Enclave - Coastal countries, Enclave - Coastal fragments, Enclave - True enclaves, Enclave - Practical enclaves, Enclave - Subnational enclaves, Enclave - Ethnic enclaves, Enclave - Extraterritoriality, Enclave - Land ceded to a Foreign Country

Read more here: » Enclave: Encyclopedia II - Enclave - True enclaves

Drôme is part of the current region of Rhône-Alpes and is surrounded by the départements of Ardèche, Isère, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-Maritimes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, and Vaucluse. The boundaries of the département have changed several times with the incorporation of the Comtat Venaissin in 1792 and the creation of the département of Vaucluse in 1793. There is an enclave of the département of Vaucluse, the canton of Valr ...

See also:

Drôme, Drôme - History, Drôme - Geography, Drôme - Economy, Drôme - Demographics, Drôme - Main cities, Drôme - Tourism

Read more here: » Drôme: Encyclopedia II - Drôme - Geography

Avignon Papacy - Conflict between the Popes and the king of France. The beginning of the century, that would later be characterised by calamities such as the Black Death and the Hundred Years War between the two major powers in Europe, saw a Papacy apparently at the height of its power. Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303, born Benedict Caetani), an experienced politician sometimes described as brusque and arrogant, was a ferocious proponent of the Universal Sovereignty of the Papacy over all Christendom, as stated in ...

See also:

Avignon Papacy, Avignon Papacy - Background, Avignon Papacy - The Papacy in the 14th Century, Avignon Papacy - Conflict between the Popes and the king of France, Avignon Papacy - Cooperation, Avignon Papacy - Submission, Avignon Papacy - Schism: The War of the Eight Saints, Avignon Papacy - Criticism, Avignon Papacy - Summary

Read more here: » Avignon Papacy: Encyclopedia II - Avignon Papacy - The Papacy in the 14th Century

The Roman Catholic Church spent its first three centuries as an outlawed organization and was thus unable to hold or transfer property. After the ban was lifted by the Emperor Constantine I, the church's private property grew quickly through the donations of the pious and the wealthy; the Lateran Palace was the first significant donation, a gift of Constantine himself. Other donations soon followed, mainly in mainland Italy but also in the provinces. However, the Church held all of these lands as a private landowner, not as a sovereign entit ...

See also:

Papal States, Papal States - Origins, Papal States - The Donation of Pippin and the Holy Roman Empire, Papal States - The Renaissance, Papal States - The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon, Papal States - Italian nationalism and the end of the Papal States, Papal States - Institutions

Read more here: » Papal States: Encyclopedia II - Papal States - Origins

Congress of Vienna - Polish-Saxon crisis. The most contentious subject at the Congress was the so-called Polish-Saxon Crisis. The Russians and Prussians proposed a deal in which much of the Prussian and Austrian shares of the partitions of Poland would go to Russia, which would create an independent Polish Kingdom in personal union with Russia with Alexander as king. In exchange, the Prussians would receive as compensation all of Saxony, whose King was a gayot considered to have forfeited his throne because he ha ...

See also:

Congress of Vienna, Congress of Vienna - Participants, Congress of Vienna - Territorial changes, Congress of Vienna - Polish-Saxon crisis, Congress of Vienna - Other changes, Congress of Vienna - Later criticism, Congress of Vienna - Other meanings

Read more here: » Congress of Vienna: Encyclopedia II - Congress of Vienna - Territorial changes

Avignon - Early history. The site of Avignon was settled very early on; the rocky outcrop (le Rocher les Doms) at the north end of the town, overlooking the Rhône, may have been the site of a Celtic oppidum or hill fort. During the Roman Empire the city was a major center of Gallia Narbonensis, but very little from this period remains (a few fragments of the forum near Rue Molière). It was badly damaged by the barbarian invasions of the 5th century and was destroyed in 737 by the Franks under Char ...

See also:

Avignon, Avignon - Location, Avignon - Administration, Avignon - History, Avignon - Early history, Avignon - Avignon under the Popes, Avignon - Sights, Avignon - Miscellaneous, Avignon - Famous residents include, Avignon - Twin towns

Read more here: » Avignon: Encyclopedia II - Avignon - History

Provinces of France - Provinces. Île-de-France (Paris) Berry (Bourges) Orléanais (Orléans) Normandy (Rouen) Languedoc (Toulouse) Lyonnais (Lyon) Dauphiné (Grenoble) Champagne (Troyes) Aunis (La Rochelle) Saintonge (Saintes) Poitou (Poitiers) Guyenne and Gascony (Bordeaux) Burgundy (Dijon) Picardy (Amiens) Anjou (Angers) Provence (Aix-en-Provence)

See also:

Provinces of France, Provinces of France - The meaning of province, Provinces of France - List of former provinces of France, Provinces of France - Provinces, Provinces of France - Parts of France in 1789, Provinces of France - Provinces not part of France in 1789

Read more here: » Provinces of France: Encyclopedia II - Provinces of France - List of former provinces of France

Provence is bounded by the Alps to the east and the Rhône River to the west, with the Mediterranean Sea providing its southern border. It has an unusually varied physical aspect, with landscapes ranging from fertile plains in the Rhône valley, to mountains in the east (notably Mont Ventoux, the Luberon and the Alpilles) and marshlands in the south (the Camargue). The Principality of Monaco is nestled between Nice and Italy. Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, Avignon and Arles are other cities of note in Provence. Marseille is by far the la ...

See also:

Provence, Provence - History, Provence - Geography, Provence - Climate, Provence - Sights, Provence - Culture

Read more here: » Provence: Encyclopedia II - Provence - Geography

The Congress of Vienna was frequently criticized by 19th century and more recent historians for ignoring national and liberal impulses, and for imposing a stifling reaction on the continent. Indeed, this criticism was already voiced by the Whig opposition in the UK as soon as the Congress had concluded. The Congress of Vienna was an integral part in what became known as the Conservative Order in which peace and stability were traded for the liberties a ...

See also:

Congress of Vienna, Congress of Vienna - Participants, Congress of Vienna - Territorial changes, Congress of Vienna - Polish-Saxon crisis, Congress of Vienna - Other changes, Congress of Vienna - Later criticism, Congress of Vienna - Other meanings

Read more here: » Congress of Vienna: Encyclopedia II - Congress of Vienna - Later criticism

French départements, their names, and their borders were chosen by the central government. In contrast, the existence of provinces came from the droit coutumier ("customary law") and was merely certified by the state. A province, also called a pays ("country"), was characterized by the laws that belonged to it. A province itself could encompass several other provinces. For example, Burgundy was a province but Bress ...

See also:

Provinces of France, Provinces of France - The meaning of province, Provinces of France - List of former provinces of France, Provinces of France - Provinces, Provinces of France - Parts of France in 1789, Provinces of France - Provinces not part of France in 1789

Read more here: » Provinces of France: Encyclopedia II - Provinces of France - The meaning of province

At the Congress, the United Kingdom was represented first by its Foreign Secretary, the Viscount Castlereagh; after February 1815, by the Duke of Wellington; and in the last weeks, after Wellington left to meet Napoleon, by the Earl of Clancarty. Austria was represented by Prince Klemens von Metternich, the Foreign Minister, and by his deputy, Baron Wessenberg. Prussia was represented by Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, the Chancellor, and the diplomat and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt. Louis XVIII's France was represented by its foreign mi ...

See also:

Congress of Vienna, Congress of Vienna - Participants, Congress of Vienna - Territorial changes, Congress of Vienna - Polish-Saxon crisis, Congress of Vienna - Other changes, Congress of Vienna - Later criticism, Congress of Vienna - Other meanings

Read more here: » Congress of Vienna: Encyclopedia II - Congress of Vienna - Participants

Some areas of land in a country are owned by another country and in some cases it has special privileges, such as being exempt from taxes. These lands are not Enclaves and do not have Extraterritoriality. Examples of this include: Napoleon's original grave in Longwood, Saint Helena ceded to France. The World War II Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Normandy, France which contains the graves of 9,386 American military dead, most of whom gave their lives during the landings and ensuing operations of World ...

See also:

Enclave, Enclave - Enclaved countries, Enclave - Coastal countries, Enclave - Coastal fragments, Enclave - True enclaves, Enclave - Practical enclaves, Enclave - Subnational enclaves, Enclave - Ethnic enclaves, Enclave - Extraterritoriality, Enclave - Land ceded to a Foreign Country

Read more here: » Enclave: Encyclopedia II - Enclave - Land ceded to a Foreign Country

Provence is noted for its landscapes and climate, its cuisine, some of its wines, and its perfumes. The major perfume-making region of Grasse is located near Nice. Provençal cuisine is characterized by the use of vegetables such as tomatoes, courgettes, eggplants, herbs such as thyme, and olive oil. Much rosé wine is produced under the Côtes de Provence appellation, using some of the typical grapes of southern France, Grenache, Syrah, Carignan, and Cinsault. It is often at its best young. The other Appelations of Provence are Bandol AOC, Les Baux de Provence AOC, Bellet AOC, Cassis AOC, Coteaux d'Aix-en-Provence AOC, ...

See also:

Provence, Provence - History, Provence - Geography, Provence - Climate, Provence - Sights, Provence - Culture

Read more here: » Provence: Encyclopedia II - Provence - Culture