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computer architecture

A Wisdom Archive on computer architecture

computer architecture

A selection of articles related to computer architecture

More material related to Computer Architecture can be found here:
Index of Articles
related to
Computer Architecture
computer architecture, Computer architecture - Computer architecture on a future horizon, Computer architecture - Design goals, Computer architecture - Virtual memory, Computer architecture - Cost, Computer architecture - Performance, Computer hardware, CPU design, Orthogonal instruction set, List of computer architecture topics

ARTICLES RELATED TO computer architecture

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Complex Instruction Set Computer

A Complex Instruction Set Core (CISC) is a microprocessor instruction set architecture (ISA) in which each instruction can execute several low-level operations, such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all in a single instruction. The term was coined in contrast to Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC). Before the first RISC processors were designed, many computer architects tried to bridge the "semantic gap" - to design instruction sets to support high-level programming languages by providing ...

Read more here: » Complex Instruction Set Computer: Encyclopedia - Complex Instruction Set Computer

computer architecture: Encyclopedia II - RISC - Meanwhile...

While the RISC philosophy was coming into its own, new ideas about how to dramatically increase performance of the CPUs were starting to develop. In the early 1980s it was thought that existing design was reaching theoretical limits. Future improvements in speed would be primarily through improved semiconductor "process", that is, smaller features (transistors and wires) on the chip. The complexity of the chip would remain largely the same, but the smaller size would allow it to run at higher clock rates. A considerable amount of effo ...

See also:

RISC, RISC - RISC design philosophy, RISC - Pre-RISC design philosophy, RISC - Meanwhile..., RISC - Early RISC, RISC - Later RISC, RISC - Alternative term

Read more here: » RISC: Encyclopedia II - RISC - Meanwhile...

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Benchmark computing

In computing, a benchmark is the result of running a computer program, or a set of programs, in order to assess the relative performance of an object, by running a number of standard tests and trials against it. The term, benchmark, is also commonly used for specially-designed benchmarking programs themselves. Benchmarking is usually associated with assessing performance characteristics of computer hardware, for example, the floating point operation performance of a ...

Including:

Read more here: » Benchmark computing: Encyclopedia - Benchmark computing

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Branch predictor

In computer architecture, a branch predictor is the part of a processor that determines whether a conditional branch in the instruction flow of a program is likely to be taken or not. This is called branch prediction. Branch predictors are crucial in today's modern, superscalar processors for achieving high performance. They allow processors to fetch and execute instructions without waiting for a branch to be resolved. Almost all pipelined processors do branch prediction of some form, because they must guess the address ...

Including:

Read more here: » Branch predictor: Encyclopedia - Branch predictor

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Assembly language

Assembly language commonly called assembly or asm, is a human-readable notation for the machine language that a specific computer architecture uses. Machine language, a pattern of bits encoding machine operations, is made readable by replacing the raw values with symbols called mnemonics. For example, a computer with the appropriate processor will understand this x86/IA-32 machine language: 10110000 01100001 For programmers, however, it is easier to remember the equivalent assem ...

Including:

Read more here: » Assembly language: Encyclopedia - Assembly language

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - 8-bit

In computer architecture, 8-bit is an adjective used to describe integers, memory addresses or other data units that are at most 8 bits (1 octet) wide, or to describe CPU and ALU architectures based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 8-bit CPUs normally use an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit address bus which means that their address space is limited to 64 kilobytes; this is not a "natural l ...

Including:

Read more here: » 8-bit: Encyclopedia - 8-bit

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - User Friendly characters

User Friendly characters are the characters that feature on the webcomic User Friendly. User Friendly characters - Main characters. User Friendly characters - A.J. Garrett. First Appearance: November 17, 1997 A.J. is the creative guy for the company, maintaining and designing their websites. As a web designer, he's uncomfortably crammed in that tiny crevasse between the techies and the marketing people. This means he's not disliked by anyone, but they ...

Including:

Read more here: » User Friendly characters: Encyclopedia - User Friendly characters

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Word computer science

In computing, "word" is a term for the natural unit of data used by a particular computer design. A word is simply a fixed-sized group of bits that are handled together by the machine. The word size (or length) is an important characteristic of a computer architecture. The size of a word influences many aspects of a computer's structure and operation. The majority of the registers in the computer are usually word-sized. The typical numeric value manipulated by the computer is probably word sized. The amount of data transferred ...

Including:

Read more here: » Word computer science: Encyclopedia - Word computer science

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Coherence

Coherence is from Latin cohaerere = stick together, to be connected with, logically consistent. See: Coherence (physics). Coherence is an attribute of physical quantities that can be described in terms of waves when a well-defined wavefront can be defined, as in classical optics. Coherence (linguistics). In linguistics, coherence is what makes a text semantically meaningful. Cache coherence and (more generally) memory coherence are concepts in computer architecture. Coherentism is an epis

Read more here: » Coherence: Encyclopedia - Coherence

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Computer program

A computer program or software program (usually abbreviated to "a program") is a step-by-step list of instructions written for a particular computer architecture in a particular computer programming language. A layman equivalent example would be writing a step-by-step list of instructions in English instructing a human how to make a Peanut butter and jelly sandwich (the human being the specific architecture). More often than not, computer programs are compiled or assembled into non-human readable format. Executable uncom ...

Including:

Read more here: » Computer program: Encyclopedia - Computer program

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Computer bus

In computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data or power between computer components inside a computer or between computers. Unlike a point-to-point connection, a bus can logically connect several peripherals over the same set of wires. Each bus defines its set of connectors to physically plug devices, cards or cables together. Early computer buses were literally parallel electrical buses with multiple connections, but the term is now used for any physical arrangement that provides the same logical functional ...

Including:

Read more here: » Computer bus: Encyclopedia - Computer bus

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Emulator

A software emulator allows computer programs to run on a platform (computer architecture and/or operating system) other than the one for which they were originally written. Unlike a simulation, which only attempts to reproduce a program's behavior, an emulation attempts to precisely model the state of the device being emulated. A popular use of emulators is to mimic the experience of running arcade games or console games on Linux, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows. Emulating these on modern desktop computers is usually less cumbe ...

Including:

Read more here: » Emulator: Encyclopedia - Emulator

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Control unit

A control unit is the part of a CPU or other device that directs its operation. The outputs of the unit control the activity of the rest of the device. A control unit can be thought of as a finite state machine. At one time control units for CPUs were ad-hoc logic, and they were difficult to design. Now they are often implemented as a microprogram that is stored in a control store. Words of the microprogram are selected by a microsequencer and the bits from those words directly control the different parts of the device, includi ...

Read more here: » Control unit: Encyclopedia - Control unit

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - Computer science

Computer science, an academic discipline (abbreviated CS , CSC, or Comp. Sci.), is a body of knowledge generally about computer hardware, software, computation and its theory. The discipline focuses on the management of the complexity in the construction and analysis of computer systems. The computer's operating system controls the hardware by its software with algorithms. Software involves a study of computer languages and programming paradigms, which further involves mathematical practices and abstraction. Hardw ...

Including:

Read more here: » Computer science: Encyclopedia - Computer science

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - User Friendly

User Friendly is an online daily comic strip about the staff of a small, fictional internet service provider, Columbia Internet. The strip's humor tends to be centered around technology jokes and geek humor. It is drawn and authored by J.D. Frazer, a.k.a. "Illiad". It is considered to be one of the first major webcomics, and has been running since November 17, 1997. Although the drawings were shaky to start with, the jokes have been popular and t ...

Including:

Read more here: » User Friendly: Encyclopedia - User Friendly

computer architecture: Encyclopedia II - RISC - Later RISC

Berkeley's research was not directly commercialized, but the RISC-II design was used by Sun Microsystems to develop the SPARC, by Pyramid Technology to develop their line of mid-range multi-processor machines, and by almost every other company a few years later. It was Sun's use of a RISC chip in their new machines that demonstrated that RISC's benefits were real, and their machines quickly outpaced the competition and essentially took ...

See also:

RISC, RISC - RISC design philosophy, RISC - Pre-RISC design philosophy, RISC - Meanwhile..., RISC - Early RISC, RISC - Later RISC, RISC - Alternative term

Read more here: » RISC: Encyclopedia II - RISC - Later RISC

computer architecture: Encyclopedia II - RISC - Early RISC

The first system that would today be known as RISC was not at the time; it was the CDC 6600 supercomputer, designed in 1964 by Jim Thornton and Seymour Cray. Thornton and Cray designed it as a number-crunching CPU (with 74 op-codes, compared with a 8086's 400) plus 12 simple computers called "peripheral processors" to handle I/O (most of the operating system was in one of these). The CDC 6600 had a load/store architecture with only two addressing modes. There were eleven pipelined functional units for arithmetic and logic, plus five load uni ...

See also:

RISC, RISC - RISC design philosophy, RISC - Pre-RISC design philosophy, RISC - Meanwhile..., RISC - Early RISC, RISC - Later RISC, RISC - Alternative term

Read more here: » RISC: Encyclopedia II - RISC - Early RISC

computer architecture: Encyclopedia II - RISC - Pre-RISC design philosophy

In the early days of the computer industry, compiler technology did not exist. Programming was done in either machine code or assembly language. To make programming easier, computer architects created more and more complex instructions which were direct representations of high level functions of high level programming languages. The attitude at the time was that hardware design was easier than compile ...

See also:

RISC, RISC - RISC design philosophy, RISC - Pre-RISC design philosophy, RISC - Meanwhile..., RISC - Early RISC, RISC - Later RISC, RISC - Alternative term

Read more here: » RISC: Encyclopedia II - RISC - Pre-RISC design philosophy

computer architecture: Encyclopedia II - RISC - RISC design philosophy

In the late 1970s research at IBM (and similar projects elsewhere) demonstrated that the majority of these "orthogonal" addressing modes were ignored by most programs. This was a side effect of the increasing use of compilers to generate the programs, as opposed to writing them in assembly language. The compilers in use at the time only had a limited ability to take advantage of the features provided by CISC CPUs; this was largely a result of the difficulty of writing a compiler. The market was clearly moving to even wider use of compilers, diluting the ...

See also:

RISC, RISC - RISC design philosophy, RISC - Pre-RISC design philosophy, RISC - Meanwhile..., RISC - Early RISC, RISC - Later RISC, RISC - Alternative term

Read more here: » RISC: Encyclopedia II - RISC - RISC design philosophy

computer architecture: Encyclopedia - 64-bit

In computer architecture, 64-bit is an adjective used to describe integers, memory addresses or other data units that are at most 64 bits (8 octets) wide, or to describe CPU and ALU architectures based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. As of 2004, 64-bit CPUs are common in servers, and have recently been introduced to the (previously 32-bit) mainstream personal computer arena in the form of the AMD64, EM64T, and P ...

Including:

Read more here: » 64-bit: Encyclopedia - 64-bit

More material related to Computer Architecture can be found here:
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