computed tomography

A brain tumour is any intracranial mass created by an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells either normally found in the brain itself: neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), lymphatic tissue, blood vessels), in the cranial nerves (myelin producing Schwann cells), in the brain envelopes (meninges), skull, pituitary and pineal gland, or spread from cancers primarily located in other organs (metastatic tumors). Primary (true) brain tumours are commonly located in the posterior cranial fossa in children and in the anterior two-thirds of the cerebral hemispheres in adult ...

Including:

• Brain tumor - Causes
• Brain tumor - Classification
• Brain tumor - Symptoms
• Brain tumor - Diagnosis
• Brain tumor - Treatment and Prognosis

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Medicine is the branch of health science concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. It is both an area of knowledge – a science of body systems, their diseases and treatment – and the applied practice of that knowledge. The practice of medical care is shared between the medical profession (physicians or doctors) and other groups of professionals such as nurses and pharmacists (sometimes known as allied health professionals). Historically, only th ...

Including:

• Medicine - History of medicine
• Medicine - Practice of medicine
• Medicine - Healthcare delivery systems
• Medicine - Patient-doctor relationship
• Medicine - Clinical skills
• Medicine - Settings where medical care is delivered
• Medicine - Branches of medicine
• Medicine - Basic sciences
• Medicine - Diagnostic specialties
• Medicine - Clinical disciplines
• Medicine - Interdisciplinary fields
• Medicine - Medical education
• Medicine - Medical devices
• Medicine - Legal restrictions
• Medicine - Criticism

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Aphasia is a loss or impairment of the ability to produce or comprehend language, due to brain damage. It is usually a result of damage to the language centres of the brain (like Broca's area). These areas are always located in the left hemisphere and in most people this is where the ability to produce and comprehend language is found. However in a very small number of people language ability is found in the right hemisphere. Damage to these language areas can be caused by a stroke or physical injury. Depending on the area and extent ...

Including:

• Aphasia - Who has aphasia?
• Aphasia - Causes
• Aphasia - Diagnosis
• Aphasia - Treatment
• Aphasia - What research is being done for aphasia?
• Aphasia - Types of aphasia

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Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels (as well as veins that have been surgically moved to function as arteries). Athēra is porridge in Greek, as the plaque changes have a foamy appearance under high-power light microscopy. Sclerosis denotes hardening; calcification within the oldest, outermost portion of atheroma increase wall stiffness. Some sources draw a distinction between "Arteriosclerosis," "Atherosclerosis," and "Arteriolosclerosis". In these contexts, "Atherosclerosis" is used whe ...

Including:

• Atherosclerosis - Symptoms
• Atherosclerosis - Atherogenesis
• Atherosclerosis - Cellular
• Atherosclerosis - Calcification and lipids
• Atherosclerosis - Visible features
• Atherosclerosis - Stenosis and rupture
• Atherosclerosis - Diagnosis of plaque-related disease
• Atherosclerosis - Risk factors
• Atherosclerosis - Treatment
• Atherosclerosis - Recent research
• Atherosclerosis - Related topics

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI), traumatic injuries to the brain, also called acquired brain injury, intracranial injury, or simply head injury, occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. Parts of the brain that can be damaged include the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem (see brain damage). Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain. Outcome can be anything from complete recovery to permanent disability or death. Traumatic brain injury ...

Including:

• Traumatic brain injury - Epidemiology
• Traumatic brain injury - Signs and Symptoms of TBI
• Traumatic brain injury - Causes of and Risk Factors for TBI
• Traumatic brain injury - Types of TBI
• Traumatic brain injury - Effects on consciousness
• Traumatic brain injury - Complications
• Traumatic brain injury - General Trauma
• Traumatic brain injury - Disabilities Resulting From TBI
• Traumatic brain injury - Other Long-Term Problems Associated With TBI
• Traumatic brain injury - Treatment
• Traumatic brain injury - Rehabilitation
• Traumatic brain injury - Prevention
• Traumatic brain injury - Famous persons with TBI

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Brain abscess (or cerebral abscess) is an abscess caused by inflammation and collection of infected material coming from local (ear infection, infection of paranasal sinuses, infection of the mastoid air cells of the temporal bone, epidural abscess) or remote (lung, heart, kidney etc.) infectious sources within the brain tissue. The infection may also be introduced through a skull fracture following a head trauma or surgical procedures. Brain abscess is usually associated with congenital heart disease in young children. It may occur a ...

Including:

• Brain abscess - Features
• Brain abscess - Pathophysiology
• Brain abscess - Diagnosis
• Brain abscess - Treatment

Read more here: » Brain abscess: Encyclopedia - Brain abscess

CT or ct may stand for: c't, a magazine Calgary Transit "can't talk", in Internet slang Canton and Enderbury Islands, ISO 3166 country code (obsolete 1984) carat (ct) Catania Province, Italy centime (ct) Central African Republic, FIPS Pub 10-4 and obsolete NATO digram Central Trains Česká televize (ČT), Czech television Chrono Trigger, a role playing video game produced in 1995 for the SNES cit

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An atheroma (plural: atheromata) is an abnormal fatty deposit which develops within the walls of arteries over time. Veins do not develop atheromata, unless surgically moved to function as an artery, as in bypass surgery. In the context of heart or artery matters, atheroma is commonly referred to as "plaque." Collectively, the process of atheroma development within an individual is called atherogenesis and the overall result of the disease process is termed atherosclerosis. Atheroma - Stages. ...

Including:

• Atheroma - Stages
• Atheroma - Difficulty of Tracking Researching and Better Understanding Atheroma
• Atheroma - Evolving Concepts and Understanding
• Atheroma - Actual Artery/Atheroma Behavior:
• Atheroma - 1. External Artery Enlargement; Eventual Possible Stenosis and/or Closure
• Atheroma - 2. External Artery Enlargement and Lumen Enlargement
• Atheroma - Evolution of Strategies and Changing Focus
• Atheroma - Related topics

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Colonoscopy is the minimally invasive endoscopic examination of the large colon and the distal part of the small bowel with a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. It may provide a visual diagnosis (e.g. ulceration, polyps) and grants the opportunity for biopsy of suspected lesions. Virtual colonoscopy, which uses 3D imagery reconstructed from computed tomography (CAT) scans, is also possible, as a totally non-invasive medical test, although it is not standard and still under investigation. Colonoscopy is simi ...

Including:

• Colonoscopy - Uses
• Colonoscopy - Procedure
• Colonoscopy - Preparation
• Colonoscopy - The investigation
• Colonoscopy - Risks

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Imaging is the action or process of producing images, animations, 3D computer graphics or any other spatial representation of a physical object. Imaging - Specialized meanings. The word also has many specialized meanings in various disciplines and contexts: In photography, digital imaging is the creation of digital images, typically by image scanning or digital photography, and the processing, compression, storage, printing, and display of such images. In document management, i ...

Including:

• Imaging - Specialized meanings

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Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or bowel cancer, includes cancerous growths in the colon, rectum and appendix. It is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death among cancers in the Western world. Many colorectal cancers are thought to arise from adenomatous polyps in the colon. These mushroom-like growths are usually benign, but some may develop into cancer over time. The majority of the time, the diagnosis of localized colon cancer is through colonoscopy. Therapy is usually th ...

Including:

• Colorectal cancer - Symptoms
• Colorectal cancer - Risk factors
• Colorectal cancer - Diagnosis screening and monitoring
• Colorectal cancer - Identification of malignancy
• Colorectal cancer - Pathology
• Colorectal cancer - Staging
• Colorectal cancer - TNM or Duke's
• Colorectal cancer - AJCC stage groupings
• Colorectal cancer - Pathogenesis
• Colorectal cancer - Treatment
• Colorectal cancer - Surgery
• Colorectal cancer - Chemotherapy
• Colorectal cancer - Radiation therapy
• Colorectal cancer - Immunotherapy
• Colorectal cancer - Support therapies
• Colorectal cancer - Prognosis
• Colorectal cancer - Prevention
• Colorectal cancer - Surveillance
• Colorectal cancer - Lifestyle
• Colorectal cancer - Chemoprevention

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A short-lived radioactive tracer isotope which decays by emitting a positron, chemically incorporated into a metabolically active molecule, is injected into the living subject (usually into blood circulation). There is a waiting period while the metabolically active molecule (usually a sugar) becomes concentrated in tissues of interest, then the subject is placed in the imaging scanner. The short-lived isotope decays, emitting a positron. After travelling up to a few millimeters the positron annihilates with an electron, producing a pair of ...

See also:

Positron emission tomography, Positron emission tomography - Description, Positron emission tomography - Applications, Positron emission tomography - PET scans safety

Read more here: » Positron emission tomography: Encyclopedia II - Positron emission tomography - Description

Commonly used imaging modalities include plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and nuclear imaging techniques. These techniques are usually non-invasive. Each of these modalities has strengths and limitations which dictate its use in diagnosis. Radiology - Plain radiography. Main article: Radiography Radiographs (or Roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of X-rays, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923)) are often used for evaluation of b ...

See also:

Radiology, Radiology - Subdivisions, Radiology - Training, Radiology - Diagnostic radiology, Radiology - Plain radiography, Radiology - CT scanning, Radiology - Ultrasound, Radiology - MRI/NMR, Radiology - Nuclear medicine

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Exposure to carcinogens, such as those present in tobacco smoke, immediately causes cumulative changes to the tissue lining the bronchi of the lungs (the bronchial mucous membrane) and more tissue gets damaged until a tumour develops. There are four major causes of lung cancer (and, actually, cancer in general): Carcinogens such as those in cigarette smoke Radiation exposure Genetic susceptibility Viral infection Lun ...

See also:

Lung cancer, Lung cancer - Signs and symptoms, Lung cancer - Diagnosis, Lung cancer - Types, Lung cancer - Non-small cell lung cancer, Lung cancer - Small cell lung cancer, Lung cancer - Other types, Lung cancer - Metastatic, Lung cancer - Causes, Lung cancer - The role of smoking, Lung cancer - Asbestos, Lung cancer - Radon gas, Lung cancer - Genetics and viruses, Lung cancer - Treatment, Lung cancer - Surgery, Lung cancer - Chemotherapy, Lung cancer - Targeted therapy, Lung cancer - Radiotherapy, Lung cancer - Interventional radiology, Lung cancer - Epidemiology, Lung cancer - Prevention, Lung cancer - Primary prevention, Lung cancer - Screening and secondary prevention

Read more here: » Lung cancer: Encyclopedia II - Lung cancer - Causes

Spinal fusion is the most widely performed surgery for scoliosis. In this procedure bone (either harvested from elsewhere on the body, or donor bone) is grafted to the vertebrae so that when it heals, they will form one solid bone mass. This restricts spinal movement and prevents worsening of the curve, and straightens the curve as much as possible. Originally spinal fusions were done without metal implants. A cast was applied after the surgery, usually under traction to pull the curve as straight as possible and then hold it there wh ...

See also:

Scoliosis, Scoliosis - Prevalence, Scoliosis - Symptoms, Scoliosis - Associated conditions, Scoliosis - Investigation, Scoliosis - Management, Scoliosis - Surgery, Scoliosis - Prognosis

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Eosinophilic pneumonia can develop in several different ways depending on the underlying cause of the disease. Eosinophils are thought to play a central role in defending the body against infection by parasites. Many diseases, such as asthma and eczema, are caused when eosinophils overreact to environmental triggers and release an excess of chemicals (cytokines) such as histamine. The common characteristic among different causes of EP is eosinophil overreaction or dysfunction in the lung. Eosinophilic p ...

See also:

Eosinophilic pneumonia, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Types of eosinophilic pneumonia, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Symptoms, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Medications and environmental exposures, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Parasitic infections, Eosinophilic pneumonia - AEP and CEP, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Diagnosis, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Treatment, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Prognosis, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Epidemiology, Eosinophilic pneumonia - History

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Sometimes, health complications occur in the period immediately following a TBI. These complications are not types of TBI, but are distinct medical problems that arise as a result of the injury. Although complications are rare, the risk increases with the severity of the trauma. Complications of TBI include immediate seizures, hydrocephalus or post-traumatic ventricular enlargement, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, infections, vascular injuries, cranial nerve injuries, pain, bed sores, multiple organ system failure in unconscious patients, and polytrauma (trau ...

See also:

Traumatic brain injury, Traumatic brain injury - Epidemiology, Traumatic brain injury - Signs and Symptoms of TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Causes of and Risk Factors for TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Types of TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Effects on consciousness, Traumatic brain injury - Complications, Traumatic brain injury - General Trauma, Traumatic brain injury - Disabilities Resulting From TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Other Long-Term Problems Associated With TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Treatment, Traumatic brain injury - Rehabilitation, Traumatic brain injury - Prevention, Traumatic brain injury - Famous persons with TBI

Read more here: » Traumatic brain injury: Encyclopedia II - Traumatic brain injury - Complications

Myasthenia can be a difficult diagnosis, as the symptoms can be subtle and hard to distinguish from both normal variants and other neurological disorders (Scherer et al 2005). A thorough physical examination can reveal easy fatiguability, with the weakness improving after rest and worsening again on repeat of the exertion testing. Applying ice to the weak muscle groups may characteristically improve the weakness. See also:

Myasthenia gravis, Myasthenia gravis - Signs and symptoms, Myasthenia gravis - Diagnosis, Myasthenia gravis - Blood tests, Myasthenia gravis - Single-fiber electromyography, Myasthenia gravis - Edrophonium test, Myasthenia gravis - Imaging, Myasthenia gravis - Pulmonary function test, Myasthenia gravis - Pathophysiology, Myasthenia gravis - Epidemiology, Myasthenia gravis - Treatment, Myasthenia gravis - Prognosis

Read more here: » Myasthenia gravis: Encyclopedia II - Myasthenia gravis - Diagnosis

Colonoscopy - Preparation. The days prior to the colonoscopy the patient is given a laxative preparation (such as sodium picosulfate, sodium phosphate solution, or a solution of polyethylene glycol and electrolytes) and large quantities of fluid and a low fibre or clear fluid only diet. Colonoscopy - The investigation. During the procedure the patient is often given sedation intravenously, employing agents such as midazolam or pethidine (meperidine or Demerol®). The average person will receive a combination of these two drugs, usually between 1-4 mg iv ...

See also:

Colonoscopy, Colonoscopy - Uses, Colonoscopy - Procedure, Colonoscopy - Preparation, Colonoscopy - The investigation, Colonoscopy - Risks

Read more here: » Colonoscopy: Encyclopedia II - Colonoscopy - Procedure

Atherogenesis is the developmental process of atheromatous plaques. It is characterized by a remodeling of arteries involving the concomitant accumulation of cells (most notably leukocytes such as monocyte derived macrophages) and modified lipoproteins. The ensuing inflammation leads to formation of atheromatous plaques in the arterial intima, a region of the vessel wall located between the endothelium and the media and adventitia. The bulk of these lesions is comprised of excess fat, cells, collagen, and elastin. The plaques initially grow without producing any narrowing, s ...

See also:

Atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis - Symptoms, Atherosclerosis - Atherogenesis, Atherosclerosis - Cellular, Atherosclerosis - Calcification and lipids, Atherosclerosis - Visible features, Atherosclerosis - Stenosis and rupture, Atherosclerosis - Diagnosis of plaque-related disease, Atherosclerosis - Risk factors, Atherosclerosis - Treatment, Atherosclerosis - Recent research

Read more here: » Atherosclerosis: Encyclopedia II - Atherosclerosis - Atherogenesis