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commutator

A Wisdom Archive on commutator

commutator

A selection of articles related to commutator

We recommend this article: commutator - 1, and also this: commutator - 2.
commutator, Commutator, Commutator - Group theory, Commutator - Ring theory, Commutator - Identities

ARTICLES RELATED TO commutator

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Algebra ring theory - Formal definition

Let R be a commutative ring. An R-algebra is a set A which has the structure of both a ring and an R-module in such a way that ring multiplication is an R-bilinear map. Explicity, we must have If A itself is commutative (as a ring) then it is called a commutative R-algebra. Starting with an R-module A, we get an R-algebra by equipping A with an R-bilinear map A × A< ...

See also:

Algebra ring theory, Algebra ring theory - Formal definition, Algebra ring theory - Algebra homomorphisms, Algebra ring theory - Examples, Algebra ring theory - Constructions

Read more here: » Algebra ring theory: Encyclopedia II - Algebra ring theory - Formal definition

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Ternary logic - Dyadic two-argument functions

In order to avoid confusion with the binary numeral system, functions accepting two inputs will be referred to as dyadic functions, following the convention introduced in The Art of Assembly Language by Randall Hyde. Ternary logic - Commutativity. As stated above, there are 19,683 dyadic ternary functions. However, only of these are commutative. Of the four functions defined above, OR, AND, and EQUIV are commutative, while IF/THEN is not. For com ...

See also:

Ternary logic, Ternary logic - Formal definitions, Ternary logic - Representation of values, Ternary logic - Ternary operators, Ternary logic - Dyadic two-argument functions, Ternary logic - Commutativity, Ternary logic - Implementation

Read more here: » Ternary logic: Encyclopedia II - Ternary logic - Dyadic two-argument functions

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Multiset - Formal definition

Within set theory, a multiset can be formally defined as a pair (A, m) where A is some set and m : A → N is a function from A to the set N of (positive) natural numbers. The set A is called the underlying set of elements. For each a in A the multiplicity (that is, number of occurences) of a is the number m(a). It is common to write the function m as a set of ordered pairs {(a, m(a))& ...

See also:

Multiset, Multiset - Formal definition, Multiset - Examples, Multiset - Operations, Multiset - Multiset coefficients, Multiset - Free commutative monoids

Read more here: » Multiset: Encyclopedia II - Multiset - Formal definition

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Multiset - Examples

One of the most natural and simple examples is the multiset of prime factors of a number n. Here the underlying set of elements is the set of prime divisors of n. For example the number 120 has the prime factorization 120 = 233151 which gives the multiset {2, 2, 2, 3, 5}. Another is the multiset of solutions of an algebraic equation. Everyone learns in secondary school that a quadratic equation has two solutions, but in some cases th ...

See also:

Multiset, Multiset - Formal definition, Multiset - Examples, Multiset - Operations, Multiset - Multiset coefficients, Multiset - Free commutative monoids

Read more here: » Multiset: Encyclopedia II - Multiset - Examples

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Multiset - Operations

The usual set operations such as union, intersection and Cartesian product can be easily generalized for multisets. Suppose (A, m) and (B, n) are multisets The union can be defined as (A ∪ B, f) where f(x) = max{m(x), n(x)}. The intersection can be defined as (A ∩ B, f) where f(x) = min{m(x), n(x)}. The cartesian product can be defined as (A ...

See also:

Multiset, Multiset - Formal definition, Multiset - Examples, Multiset - Operations, Multiset - Multiset coefficients, Multiset - Free commutative monoids

Read more here: » Multiset: Encyclopedia II - Multiset - Operations

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Multiset - Multiset coefficients

The number of submultisets of size k in a set of size n is the multiset coefficient where the expressions to the right of "=" are binomial coefficients, i.e., the number of such multisets is the same as the number of subsets of size k in a set of size n + k − 1. Unlike the situation with sets, this cardinality will not be 0 when k > n. One simple way to prove this involves representing multisets in the following way. First, consider the notation for mult ...

See also:

Multiset, Multiset - Formal definition, Multiset - Examples, Multiset - Operations, Multiset - Multiset coefficients, Multiset - Free commutative monoids

Read more here: » Multiset: Encyclopedia II - Multiset - Multiset coefficients

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Free semigroup - Free generators and rank

The members of a set A are called the free generators for A^* and A+. More generally, if S is an abstract free monoid (semigroup), then a set of elements which maps onto the set of single-letter words under an isomorphism to a semigroup A+ (monoid A*) is called a set of free generators for S. Each free semigroup (or monoid) S has exactly one set of free generators, the ...

See also:

Free semigroup, Free semigroup - Free generators and rank, Free semigroup - Examples, Free semigroup - The free commutative monoid

Read more here: » Free semigroup: Encyclopedia II - Free semigroup - Free generators and rank

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Addition - Properties

Addition - Commutativity. Addition is commutative, meaning that one can reverse the terms in a sum left-to-right, and the result will be the same. Symbolically, if a and b are any two numbers, then a + b = b + a. The fact that addition is commutative is known as the "commutative law of addition". This phrase suggests that there are other commutative laws: for example, there is a commutative law of multiplication. However, many binary operations are not commutative, such as subtraction and division, so it is misleading to spe ...

See also:

Addition, Addition - Notation and terminology, Addition - Interpretations, Addition - Combining sets, Addition - Extending a measure, Addition - Combining translations, Addition - Properties, Addition - Commutativity, Addition - Associativity, Addition - Zero and one, Addition - Units, Addition - Definitions and proofs for the real numbers, Addition - Naturals, Addition - Integers, Addition - Rationals, Addition - Reals, Addition - Generalizations, Addition - In algebra, Addition - Addition of sets, Addition - Related operations, Addition - Notes

Read more here: » Addition: Encyclopedia II - Addition - Properties

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Addition - Properties

Addition - Commutativity. Addition is commutative, meaning that one can reverse the terms in a sum left-to-right, and the result will be the same. Symbolically, if a and b are any two numbers, then a + b = b + a. The fact that addition is commutative is known as the "commutative law of addition". This phrase suggests that there are other commutative laws: for example, there is a commutative law of multiplication. However, many binary operations are not commutative, such as subtraction and division, so it is misleading to spe ...

See also:

Addition, Addition - Notation and terminology, Addition - Interpretations, Addition - Combining sets, Addition - Extending a measure, Addition - Combining translations, Addition - Properties, Addition - Commutativity, Addition - Associativity, Addition - Zero and one, Addition - Units, Addition - Performing addition, Addition - Definitions and proofs for the real numbers, Addition - Naturals, Addition - Integers, Addition - Rationals, Addition - Reals, Addition - Generalizations, Addition - In algebra, Addition - Addition of sets, Addition - Related operations, Addition - Arithmetic, Addition - Ordering, Addition - Other ways to add, Addition - In literature, Addition - Notes

Read more here: » Addition: Encyclopedia II - Addition - Properties

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Free semigroup - Examples

The monoid (N,+) of natural numbers (including zero) under addition is a free monoid on a single generator (i.e. rank 1). The unique free generator is the number 1. If Σ is a finite alphabet (a set of symbols), then Σ* consists of all words over Σ in the sense of formal language theory. Thus, the abstract study of formal languages can be thought of as the study of subsets of finitely generated free monoids. There are deep connections between the theory of semigroups and that of automata. For example, the regular languages over Σ are the homomorphic pre- ...

See also:

Free semigroup, Free semigroup - Free generators and rank, Free semigroup - Examples, Free semigroup - The free commutative monoid

Read more here: » Free semigroup: Encyclopedia II - Free semigroup - Examples

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Logical disjunction - Union

The union used in set theory is defined in terms of a logical disjunction: x ∈ A ∪ B if and only if (x ∈ A) ∨ (x ∈ B). Because of this, logical disjunction satisfies many of the same identities as set-theoretic union, such as associativity, commutativity, distributivity, and de Morgan's laws. ...

See also:

Logical disjunction, Logical disjunction - Definition, Logical disjunction - Symbol, Logical disjunction - Associativity and Commutativity, Logical disjunction - Bitwise operation, Logical disjunction - Union, Logical disjunction - Note

Read more here: » Logical disjunction: Encyclopedia II - Logical disjunction - Union

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Stone–von Neumann theorem - The Heisenberg group

The commutation relations for P, Q look very similar to the commutation relations that define the Lie algebra of general Heisenberg group Hn for n a positive integer. This is the Lie group of (n+2) × (n+2) square matrices of the form In fact, using the Heisenberg group, we can formulate a far-reaching generalization of the Stone von Neumann theorem. Note that the ce ...

See also:

Stone–von Neumann theorem, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Trying to represent the commutation relations, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Weyl form of the canonical commutation relations, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Another formulation, Stone–von Neumann theorem - The Heisenberg group, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Relation to the Fourier transform, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Representations of finite Heisenberg groups, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Generalizations

Read more here: » Stone–von Neumann theorem: Encyclopedia II - Stone–von Neumann theorem - The Heisenberg group

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Cycle space - The integral cycle space

The foregoing development can be carried out over the integers, Z. The integral edge space is the abelian group ZE of functions from the edge set E to the integers. It is necessary (for the notation) to choose an arbitrary orientation of the graph in order to define the cycle space, but the definition does not depend on that choice. An integral cycle is a function such that the sum of values on edges oriented into a vertex x equals the sum of values on edges oriented out of x ...

See also:

Cycle space, Cycle space - The binary cycle space, Cycle space - The integral cycle space, Cycle space - The cycle space over a field or commutative ring

Read more here: » Cycle space: Encyclopedia II - Cycle space - The integral cycle space

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Convolution - Definition

The convolution of f and g is written f * g. It is defined as the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reversed and shifted. The integration range depends on the domain on which the functions are defined. While the symbol t is used above, it need not represent the time domain. In the case of a finite integration range, f and g are often considered to extend periodically in both directions ...

See also:

Convolution, Convolution - Uses, Convolution - Definition, Convolution - Properties, Convolution - Commutativity, Convolution - Associativity, Convolution - Distributivity, Convolution - Associativity with scalar multiplication, Convolution - Convolution theorem, Convolution - Convolutions on groups

Read more here: » Convolution: Encyclopedia II - Convolution - Definition

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Mathematical singularity - Complex analysis

In complex analysis, there are four kinds of singularity, to be described below. Suppose U is an open subset of the complex numbers C, a is an element of U, and f is a holomorphic function defined on U \ {a}. The point a is a removable singularity of f if there exists a holomorphic function g defined on all of U such that f(z) = g(z) for all z in U − {a}. The point a is a pole ...

See also:

Mathematical singularity, Mathematical singularity - Complex analysis, Mathematical singularity - From the point of view of dynamics, Mathematical singularity - Algebraic geometry and commutative algebra

Read more here: » Mathematical singularity: Encyclopedia II - Mathematical singularity - Complex analysis

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Madrid Metro - Lines

Madrid's metro consists of the following lines:  (see also List of Madrid metro stations) Notes: * Includes light rail from Puerta de Arganda to Arganda del Rey (18 km, 4 stations) ** For Ramal, "branch" You only need one ticket to go from any station to any other in the whole Metro Network. Old stations are not accessible to people with disabilities but all n ...

See also:

Madrid Metro, Madrid Metro - History, Madrid Metro - Commuter Train transfer, Madrid Metro - Lines, Madrid Metro - Operators

Read more here: » Madrid Metro: Encyclopedia II - Madrid Metro - Lines

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Stone–von Neumann theorem - Another formulation

We can formulate this somewhat differently, noting that the unitary groups {eis P} and {eit Q} are jointly irreducible. This means that there are no closed subspaces other than {0} and L2(R) which are invariant under all the operators eis P and eit Q. Theorem. Let H be a (non-trivial) separable Hilbert space A, B self-adjoint operators on H such that the Weyl commutation relations above hold and {eit A} and {eis B} are jointly irreducible. Then ...

See also:

Stone–von Neumann theorem, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Trying to represent the commutation relations, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Weyl form of the canonical commutation relations, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Another formulation, Stone–von Neumann theorem - The Heisenberg group, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Relation to the Fourier transform, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Representations of finite Heisenberg groups, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Generalizations

Read more here: » Stone–von Neumann theorem: Encyclopedia II - Stone–von Neumann theorem - Another formulation

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Stone–von Neumann theorem - Representations of finite Heisenberg groups

The Heisenberg group Hn(K) is defined for any commutative ring K. In this section let us specialize to the field K = Z/p Z for p a prime. This field has the property that there is an imbedding ω of K as an additive group into the circle group T. Note that Hn(K) is finite with cardinality |K|2 n+1. For finite Heisenberg group Hn(K) one can give a simple proof of the Stone–von Neumann theorem u ...

See also:

Stone–von Neumann theorem, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Trying to represent the commutation relations, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Weyl form of the canonical commutation relations, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Another formulation, Stone–von Neumann theorem - The Heisenberg group, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Relation to the Fourier transform, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Representations of finite Heisenberg groups, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Generalizations

Read more here: » Stone–von Neumann theorem: Encyclopedia II - Stone–von Neumann theorem - Representations of finite Heisenberg groups

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Cycle space - The binary cycle space

In graph theory, certain vector spaces over the two-element field Z2 are associated with an undirected graph; this allows one to use the tools of linear algebra to study graphs. Let G be a finite simple undirected graph with edge set E. The power set of E becomes a Z2-vector space if we take the symmetric difference as addition. Every element of this vector space can be thought of as a linear combination of edges with coefficient from Z2. In yet another interpr ...

See also:

Cycle space, Cycle space - The binary cycle space, Cycle space - The integral cycle space, Cycle space - The cycle space over a field or commutative ring

Read more here: » Cycle space: Encyclopedia II - Cycle space - The binary cycle space

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Convolution - Convolutions on groups

If G is a suitable group endowed with a measure m (for instance, a locally compact Hausdorff topological group with the Haar measure) and if f and g are real or complex valued m-integrable functions of G, then we can define their convolution by In this case, it is also possible to give, for instance, a Convolution Theorem, however it is much more difficult to phrase and requires representation theory for these types of groups and the Peter-Weyl theorem of Harmonic analysis. It is very difficult to do these calculations without more structure, and Lie groups turn ...

See also:

Convolution, Convolution - Uses, Convolution - Definition, Convolution - Properties, Convolution - Commutativity, Convolution - Associativity, Convolution - Distributivity, Convolution - Associativity with scalar multiplication, Convolution - Convolution theorem, Convolution - Convolutions on groups

Read more here: » Convolution: Encyclopedia II - Convolution - Convolutions on groups

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Madrid Metro - History

The metro opened on October 17, 1919 under the direction of the Compañía de Metro Alfonso XIII. Metro stations served as air raid shelters during the Spanish Civil War. Starting in the 1970s, it was sequentially greatly expanded to cope with the influx of population and urban sprawl from Madrid's economic ascendancy. A huge project in the late 1990s and early 2000s installed approximately 50 kilometres of new metro tunnels, including a direct connection between downtown Madrid and Barajas International Airport (line 8), and service to outlying areas, including a huge 40-kilometre loop called MetroSur (lin ...

See also:

Madrid Metro, Madrid Metro - History, Madrid Metro - Commuter Train transfer, Madrid Metro - Lines, Madrid Metro - Operators

Read more here: » Madrid Metro: Encyclopedia II - Madrid Metro - History

commutator: Encyclopedia II - Stone–von Neumann theorem - Relation to the Fourier transform

For any non-zero h, the mapping is an automorphism of Hn which is the identity on the center of Hn. In particular, the representations Uh and Uh α are unitarily equivalent. This means that there is a unitary operator W on L2(Rn) such that for any g in Hn, Moreover, by irreducibility of the representations Uh, it foll ...

See also:

Stone–von Neumann theorem, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Trying to represent the commutation relations, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Weyl form of the canonical commutation relations, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Another formulation, Stone–von Neumann theorem - The Heisenberg group, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Relation to the Fourier transform, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Representations of finite Heisenberg groups, Stone–von Neumann theorem - Generalizations

Read more here: » Stone–von Neumann theorem: Encyclopedia II - Stone–von Neumann theorem - Relation to the Fourier transform




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