On August 12th 1787 Dr. Charles Inglis was consecrated bishop of Nova Scotia, with jurisdiction over all the British possessions in North America. In 1793 the see of the Québec was founded; Jamaica and Barbados followed in 1824, and Toronto and Newfoundland in 1839. Meanwhile the needs of India were met, on the urgent representations in parliament of William Wilberforce and others, by the consecration of Dr. T. F. Middleton as bishop of Calcutta, with three archdeacons to assist him. In 1829, on the nomination of the duke o ...

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History of the Anglican Communion, History of the Anglican Communion - Origins, History of the Anglican Communion - The Church in the colonies, History of the Anglican Communion - Provincial organization, History of the Anglican Communion - Freedom from state control, History of the Anglican Communion - Spiritual autonomy, History of the Anglican Communion - Pan-Anglican Congress

Read more here: » History of the Anglican Communion: Encyclopedia II - History of the Anglican Communion - The Church in the colonies

Christian denominations differ in their understanding of whether they may receive the Eucharist together with those not in full communion with them. Closed communion was the universal practice of the early Church. The famed apologist St. Justin Martyr, ca. A.D. 150, wrote: "No one else is permitted to partake of it, except one who believes our teaching to be true...." For the first several hundred years of Church history, non-members were forbidden even to be present at the sacramental ritual; visitors and catechumens (those still undergoing ...

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Eucharist, Eucharist - Names for the Eucharist, Eucharist - Eucharist in the Bible, Eucharist - Christian Theology, Eucharist - Roman Catholic: Sacrifice; Transubstantiation, Eucharist - Eastern Christianity: Sacrifice and Objective Reality but Pious Silence on the Particulars, Eucharist - Anglicans/Episcopalians: Real Presence with Opinion, Eucharist - Lutherans - the Sacramental Union: in with and under, Eucharist - Methodism: presence as mystery, Eucharist - Calvinist Reformed: spiritual feeding pneumatic presence, Eucharist - Reformed/Congregational: no Real Presence, Eucharist - Summary of views, Eucharist - Ritual and liturgy, Eucharist - The Agape feast, Eucharist - Eastern Christianity, Eucharist - Roman Catholicism, Eucharist - Protestantism, Eucharist - Jehovah's Witnesses, Eucharist - Open and closed communion, Eucharist - Footnotes, Eucharist - Resources

Read more here: » Eucharist: Encyclopedia II - Eucharist - Open and closed communion

By degrees, also, the colonial churches have been freed from their rather burdensome relations with the state. The church of the West Indies was disestablished and disendowed in 1868. In 1857 it was decided, in Regina v. Eton College, that the crown could not claim the presentation to a living when it had appointed the former incumbent to a colonial bishopric, as it does in the case of an English bishopric. In 1861, after some protest from the crown lawyers, two missionary bishops were consecrated without letters patent for regions ou ...

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History of the Anglican Communion, History of the Anglican Communion - Origins, History of the Anglican Communion - The Church in the colonies, History of the Anglican Communion - Provincial organization, History of the Anglican Communion - Freedom from state control, History of the Anglican Communion - Spiritual autonomy, History of the Anglican Communion - Pan-Anglican Congress

Read more here: » History of the Anglican Communion: Encyclopedia II - History of the Anglican Communion - Freedom from state control

In most of the Anglican Communion the dean is the chief resident clergyperson of a cathedral or other collegiate church and the head of the chapter of canons. He or she is styled "The Very Reverend". Some influential deaneries include the Dean of St Paul's and the Dean of Canterbury. In the Anglican Church of Canada, this person is referred to as "Rector of [Cathedral] and Dean of [Diocese]". Thus, Peter Elliott is Rector of ...

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Dean religion, Dean religion - Anglican Communion, Dean religion - Roman Catholic Church

Read more here: » Dean religion: Encyclopedia II - Dean religion - Anglican Communion

Although the Easter Vigil is not universal in the Anglican Communion, its use has become far more common in recent decades. Formerly it was only common in parishes in the Anglo-Catholic tradition. The service follows more or less the same form as in the Roman Catholic Church. The current version of the Book of Common Prayer used by the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, for example, begins the service similarly to the description of the Roman Catholic service above, with some differences in names and custom. For example, the lessons from t ...

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Easter Vigil, Easter Vigil - Roman Catholicism, Easter Vigil - Anglican Communion, Easter Vigil - Eastern Orthodoxy

Read more here: » Easter Vigil: Encyclopedia II - Easter Vigil - Anglican Communion

Synod - Catholic and Orthodox usage. In the Catholic and Orthodox churches, synods are composed of bishops. Under the Catholic Church the synod was originally mandated by the second Vatican Council's decree on the Bishops' Pastoral Office in the Church (n.5) The Pope serves as its president, determines its agenda, and can grant it deliberative power, if he so chooses ...

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Synod, Synod - Uses in different Communions, Synod - Catholic and Orthodox usage, Synod - Anglican usage, Synod - Lutheran usage, Synod - Presbyterian usage, Synod - Reformed usage, Synod - Some notable synods

Read more here: » Synod: Encyclopedia II - Synod - Uses in different Communions

The title is often encountered in the churches of the Anglican Communion, which is divided into provinces each of which usually has a metropolitan. The senior metropolitan in the national church is called the primate, though this title was only in recent years added by the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. In England, however, the metropolitans of the two provinces of Canterbury and York, the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York, are Primate of All England and Pri ...

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Primate religion, Primate religion - Orthodox Christianity, Primate religion - Anglican Communion, Primate religion - Roman Catholic Church, Primate religion - Regular equivalent, Primate religion - Sources and References

Read more here: » Primate religion: Encyclopedia II - Primate religion - Anglican Communion

On December 26, 1985, Strieber reportedly had an experience in which he thought he was abducted from his cabin in upstate New York by non-human beings of some kind. He wrote about these experiences in his first non-fiction book, the best-selling Communion (1987). Communion is generally interpreted as a claim of alien abduction, but Strieber says that he draws no firm conclusions about the nature or source of his experience. He refers to the beings as "the visitors," a name chosen to be as neutral as possible, and leaves open th ...

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Whitley Strieber, Whitley Strieber - Early life, Whitley Strieber - Fiction, Whitley Strieber - Communion and the visitors, Whitley Strieber - The Master of the Key, Whitley Strieber - Personal

Read more here: » Whitley Strieber: Encyclopedia II - Whitley Strieber - Communion and the visitors

There are four extant specimens of these services: in the Stowe Missal and the Books of Dimma, Mulling and Deer. The Stowe and Dimma are the longest and most complete, and agree very closely. The Mulling differs in the preliminary bidding prayers and in adding at the beginning a "Benedictio aquae" and "Benedictio hominis", the latter of which comes, in the Stowe and Dimma, at the end, though in a different form, and it agrees with the Dimma in inserting a recitation of the Creed, which is not in the Stowe. The Deer form has only the commun ...

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Celtic Rite, Celtic Rite - How Christianity Reached the Area, Celtic Rite - Formation and Development, Celtic Rite - Establishment of the Gaelic Rite, Celtic Rite - The Easter Question, Celtic Rite - The Form of the Tonsure, Celtic Rite - Some Unspecified Difference in the Manner of Baptizing, Celtic Rite - Celtic Christianity in Scotland, Celtic Rite - Attempts at Spreading the Gaelic Style, Celtic Rite - Celtic Prayer, Celtic Rite - The Celtic Rite in the Grand Scheme, Celtic Rite - Manuscript Sources, Celtic Rite - The Divine Office, Celtic Rite - The Baptismal Sercice, Celtic Rite - The Visitation Unction and Communion of The Sick, Celtic Rite - The Consecration of Churches, Celtic Rite - Hymns

Read more here: » Celtic Rite: Encyclopedia II - Celtic Rite - The Visitation Unction and Communion of The Sick

hạ sĩ quan (non-comssioned officers): Thuong Si Nhat (Senior Warrant Officer) Thuong Si (Warrant Officer or Adjutant) Trung Si Nhat (Senior Sergeant) Trung Si (Sergeant) Ha Si Nhat (Senior Corporal) Ha Si (Corporal) chiến sĩ ("combatants" or enlisted ranks): Binh Nhat (1st trooper) Binh Nhi (2nd trooper) ...

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Vietnamese military ranks and insignia, Vietnamese military ranks and insignia - Commisioned Officers of the People's Army of Vietnam Ground Forces Border Defence Forces and Strategic Rear Forces as well as the PAVN Air Force, Vietnamese military ranks and insignia - General Officers and Brass, Vietnamese military ranks and insignia - Middle-ranking and Low-ranking Officers, Vietnamese military ranks and insignia - Cadets, Vietnamese military ranks and insignia - Non-Communioned Officers and Enlisted Members of the People's Army of Vietnam Ground Forces Border Defence Forces and Strategic Rear Forces as well as the PAVN Air Force

Read more here: » Vietnamese military ranks and insignia: Encyclopedia II - Vietnamese military ranks and insignia - Non-Communioned Officers and Enlisted Members of the People's Army of Vietnam Ground Forces Border Defence Forces and Strategic Rear Forces as well as the PAVN Air Force

In the Roman Catholic Church, a dean is a priest responsible for a number of parishes within a diocese. The office is sometimes referred to as the deanery of the diocese. This function is sometimes titled vicar forane. Another important use of the term within the Roman Catholic Church is in the office of the Dean of the College of Cardinals, currently Angelo Cardinal Sodano. ...

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Dean religion, Dean religion - Anglican Communion, Dean religion - Roman Catholic Church

Read more here: » Dean religion: Encyclopedia II - Dean religion - Roman Catholic Church

In the Roman Catholic tradition the service normally consists of four parts: The Service of Light The Liturgy of the Word Christian Initiation, or the Renewal of Baptismal Vows The Holy Eucharist Most parishes do not begin the service until after sundown on Holy Saturday. The service begins in the darkness, often in a place other the main sanctuary, such as a side chapel, or perhaps outside. A new fire is lit and blessed, and the Paschal candle, symbolizing the Light of Christ, is lit fro ...

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Easter Vigil, Easter Vigil - Roman Catholicism, Easter Vigil - Anglican Communion, Easter Vigil - Eastern Orthodoxy

Read more here: » Easter Vigil: Encyclopedia II - Easter Vigil - Roman Catholicism

In the Roman Catholic Church, a coadjutor bishop or a coadjutor archbishop is a bishop or archbishop that has been appointed by the Pope to assist a diocesan bishop or archbishop with his diocese. Unlike auxiliary bishops, coadjutors are given the automatic right of succession to the episcopal see, meaning that when the ordinary they are assisting dies, retires, resigns, or is reassigned, the coadj ...

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Coadjutor bishop, Coadjutor bishop - Roman Catholic Church, Coadjutor bishop - Anglican Communion, Coadjutor bishop - Lutheran Church

Read more here: » Coadjutor bishop: Encyclopedia II - Coadjutor bishop - Roman Catholic Church

In the Roman Catholic Church, a coadjutor bishop is a special kind of auxiliary bishop. Unlike auxiliary bishops, coadjutors are given the automatic right of succession to the episcopal see, meaning that when the diocesan bishop they are assisting dies, retires, resigns, or is reassigned, the coadjutor automatically becomes the next bishop of the particular church. Until then, the diocesan bishop appoints the coadjutor to act as vicar general. In modern church practice, the appointment of a coadjutor is usually done in cases where a d ...

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Coadjutor bishop, Coadjutor bishop - Roman Catholic Church, Coadjutor bishop - Anglican Communion, Coadjutor bishop - Lutheran Church

Read more here: » Coadjutor bishop: Encyclopedia II - Coadjutor bishop - Roman Catholic Church

Ordination of women - Roman Catholic Church. The ordination of women is much discussed in the Roman Catholic Church today, as vocations to the priesthood decline and with them access to the sacraments, most immediately the Eucharist. The official teaching of the Church is presented first, followed by the arguments for ordaining Catholic women and a few facts about the movement for change. The Church teaching on the ordination of only men holds that maleness was integral to the personhood of both Jesus and ...

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Ordination of women, Ordination of women - Christianity, Ordination of women - Roman Catholic Church, Ordination of women - Eastern Orthodox, Ordination of women - Anglican Communion, Ordination of women - Other communions, Ordination of women - Judaism, Ordination of women - Islam, Ordination of women - Buddhism, Ordination of women - Thailand

Read more here: » Ordination of women: Encyclopedia II - Ordination of women - Christianity

Jewish tradition and law does not presume that women have more or less of an aptitude or moral standing required of rabbis. However, it has been the longstanding practice that only men become rabbis. This practice continues to this day within the Orthodox community but has been revised within non-Orthodox organizations. Reform Judaism created its first woman rabbi in 1972, Reconstructionist Judaism in 1974, and Conservative ...

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Ordination of women, Ordination of women - Christianity, Ordination of women - Roman Catholic Church, Ordination of women - Eastern Orthodox, Ordination of women - Anglican Communion, Ordination of women - Other communions, Ordination of women - Judaism, Ordination of women - Islam, Ordination of women - Buddhism, Ordination of women - Thailand

Read more here: » Ordination of women: Encyclopedia II - Ordination of women - Judaism

Although Muslims do not formally ordain religious leaders, the imam serves as a spiritual leader and religious authority. There is a current controversy among Muslims on the circumstances in which women may act as imams — that is, lead a congregation in salat (prayer). Three of the four Sunni schools, as well as many Shia, agree that a woman may lead a congregation consisting of women alone in prayer, although the Maliki school does not allow this. According to all currently existing traditional schools of Islam, a woman cannot lead a mixe ...

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Ordination of women, Ordination of women - Christianity, Ordination of women - Roman Catholic Church, Ordination of women - Eastern Orthodox, Ordination of women - Anglican Communion, Ordination of women - Other communions, Ordination of women - Judaism, Ordination of women - Islam, Ordination of women - Buddhism, Ordination of women - Thailand

Read more here: » Ordination of women: Encyclopedia II - Ordination of women - Islam

This ordination of women is currently and historically practised in some Buddhist regions and not in others. The tradition of the ordained monastic community (sangha) began with Buddha, who established orders of Bhikkhu (monks) and later, after an initial reluctance, of Bhikkuni (nuns). The stories, sayings and deeds of some of the distinguished Bhikkhuni of early Buddhism are recorded in many places in the Pali Canon, most notably in the Therigatha. However, not only did the Buddha lay down more rules of discipline for the bhikkhuni (311 compared to the bhikkhu's 227), he also ...

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Ordination of women, Ordination of women - Christianity, Ordination of women - Roman Catholic Church, Ordination of women - Eastern Orthodox, Ordination of women - Anglican Communion, Ordination of women - Other communions, Ordination of women - Judaism, Ordination of women - Islam, Ordination of women - Buddhism, Ordination of women - Thailand

Read more here: » Ordination of women: Encyclopedia II - Ordination of women - Buddhism

Robinson was elected bishop by the New Hampshire diocese on June 7, 2003. As this election occurred within 120 days of the Episcopal General Convention, it required ratification there, rather than by the alternative process of diocesan standing committees. The General Convention of 2003 became the center for debate over Robinson's election, as conservatives and liberals within the Church argued over whether Robinson should be allowed to become bishop. Some conservative elements threatened a schism within both the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion should Robinson be elected. See also:

Gene Robinson, Gene Robinson - Background, Gene Robinson - Election as bishop, Gene Robinson - Allegations of impropriety, Gene Robinson - Confirmation as bishop, Gene Robinson - Ramifications for the Anglican Communion

Read more here: » Gene Robinson: Encyclopedia II - Gene Robinson - Election as bishop

Robinson was born in Lexington, Kentucky. He and his family attended the Disciples of Christ church. He later attended the University of the South in Sewanee, which is affiliated with the Episcopal Church, and soon became involved in Episcopal life. After graduating that University in 1969 with a B.A. in American Studies History, Robinson began a course of study toward a Master of Divinity degree at the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church in New York. He received his degree in 1973. After being ordained as a deacon and later as a priest, Robinson briefly served as Curat ...

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Gene Robinson, Gene Robinson - Background, Gene Robinson - Election as bishop, Gene Robinson - Allegations of impropriety, Gene Robinson - Confirmation as bishop, Gene Robinson - Ramifications for the Anglican Communion

Read more here: » Gene Robinson: Encyclopedia II - Gene Robinson - Background

In the Western Church, a Primate is an archbishop (or rarely a suffragan or exempt bishop) of a see (called a primas) which confers precedence over the other bishops of his own province, or over a number of provinces (possibly part of a province), such as a 'national' church in (historical) political/cultural terms. This precedence gives no additional authority over these other bishops, such as that exercised by a Metropolitan bishop. The term is generally found in the older Catholic countries, and is now purely honorific, enjo ...

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Primate religion, Primate religion - Orthodox Christianity, Primate religion - Anglican Communion, Primate religion - Roman Catholic Church, Primate religion - Regular equivalent, Primate religion - Sources and References

Read more here: » Primate religion: Encyclopedia II - Primate religion - Roman Catholic Church

From the Book of Common Prayer 1979 The Holy Eucharist is the sacrament commanded by Christ for the continual remembrance of his life, death, and resurrection, until his coming again. Because the Eucharist, the Church's sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving, is the way by which the sacrifice of Christ is made present, and in which he unites us to his one offering of himself. The Holy Eucharist is called the Lord's Supper, and Holy Communion; ...

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Eucharistic discipline, Eucharistic discipline - Catholic practice, Eucharistic discipline - Orthodox practice, Eucharistic discipline - Anglican/Episcopalian practice, Eucharistic discipline - Lutheran practice, Eucharistic discipline - Methodist practice, Eucharistic discipline - Presbyterian practice, Eucharistic discipline - Other Protestant practice

Read more here: » Eucharistic discipline: Encyclopedia II - Eucharistic discipline - Anglican/Episcopalian practice