common good

Capital goods, in contrast to consumer goods, are goods used in the production of (physical) capital. Many goods could be categorized as capital goods, or as consumer goods according to usage; for example cars and personal computers. Most CG are durable goods, for example cars and personal computers. collective good (social good) - private good - common good - common-pool resource - club good - ...

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Fair use History of copyright law Idea-expression dichotomy History of patent law Patentability Sufficiency of disclosure Patent infringement Trademark dilution Trademark registration Database rights Mask work Plant breeders' rights Supplementary protection certificate (SPC) Traditional knowledge A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state t ...

Including:

• Patent - Economic rationale and criticisms
• Patent - Legal implementation
• Patent - Example
• Patent - Governing laws
• Patent - Patent prosecution
• Patent - Patentable subject matter
• Patent - Novelty
• Patent - Inventive step and non-obviousness
• Patent - Term of patent
• Patent - Example
• Patent - Miscellaneous
• Patent - History of patents
• Patent - Patent models
• Patent - Legal concepts
• Patent - Special types of patents and patent applications
• Patent - Organizations and patent offices
• Patent - Treaties conventions and other legal texts and frameworks
• Patent - Other

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In common usage, the word capitalism means an economic system in which all or most of the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit, and the investment of capital is privately determined; and in which production, distribution, and prices of goods, services, and labor are determined mainly through the influence of the forces of supply and demand in the operation of a free market . Capitalism has also been referred by various sources by the terms free market economy, free enterprise system,e ...

Including:

• Capitalism - Etymology
• Capitalism - Capitalist theory
• Capitalism - Contrasts with capitalism
• Capitalism - History of capitalism
• Capitalism - Capitalism as a theory
• Capitalism - Capitalism as a practice
• Capitalism - Characteristics of capitalist economies
• Capitalism - Private ownership of the means of production
• Capitalism - Free market
• Capitalism - Profit
• Capitalism - Self interest
• Capitalism - Private enterprise
• Capitalism - Economic growth
• Capitalism - Economic mobility
• Capitalism - Self-organization
• Capitalism - Which economies are capitalist?
• Capitalism - Criticisms of capitalism
• Capitalism - Unequal distribution of wealth and income
• Capitalism - Employment/unemployment
• Capitalism - Marxist critique of capitalism
• Capitalism - Capitalism in decline or on the rise?
• Capitalism - Sustainability
• Capitalism - Human rights violations imperialism and democracy
• Capitalism - Other approaches
• Capitalism - Capitalism in political ideologies
• Capitalism - Indices of economic freedom
• Capitalism - Notes

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In economics Final goods are goods that are ultimately consumed rather than used in the production of another good. For example, a car sold to a consumer is a final good; the components such as tires sold to the car manufacturer are not; they are intermediate goods used to make the final good. When used in measures of national income and output the term Final goods only includes new goods. For instance, the GDP excludes items counted in an earlier year to prevent double counting of production based o ...

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A credence good is a term used in economics for a good whose utility impact is difficult or impossible for the consumer to ascertain, unlike experience goods the utility gain or loss is difficult to measure after consumption as well. The seller of the good knows the utility impact of the good, creating a situation of asymmetric information. Examples of credence goods include; Vitamin supplements. Education. collective good (social good) - private good - common good - common-pool resource - club good ...

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A complement or complementary good is defined in economics as a good that should be consumed with another good, its cross elasticity of demand is negative. This means that, if goods A and B were complements, more of good A being bought would result in more of good B also being bought. An example of complement goods is hamburgers and hamburger buns. If the price of hamburgers falls, more hamburger buns wo ...

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A community is an amalgamation of living things that share an environment. The individual living beings can be plant or animal; any species; any size. What characterizes a community is sharing interaction in many ways. In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs and a multitude of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the degree of adhesion within the mixture, but the definitive driver of community is that all individual subjects in the mix have something in common. This is ...

Including:

• Community - The nature of community
• Community - The context of community
• Community - The processes of community
• Community - Problems of community
• Community - The sense of community
• Community - The spirit of community

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Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. Pluralism is, in the general sense, the affirmation and acceptance of diversity. The concept is used, often in different ways, in a wide range of issues. In politics, the affirmation of diversity in the interests and beliefs of the citizenry, is one of the most important features of modern democracy. In science, the concept often describes the view that several methods, theories or ...

Including:

• Pluralism - Pluralism in politics
• Pluralism - Pluralism and the common good
• Pluralism - Conditions for pluralism
• Pluralism - Pluralism and Subsidiarity
• Pluralism - Pluralism in the scientific community
• Pluralism - Pluralism in philosophy

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Collective goods (or social goods) are defined in economics as public goods that could be delivered as private goods, but are delivered instead by the government for various reasons (usually social policy) and financed from public funds like taxes. In a more broad definition, the term "collective good" describes the general good of all people in a given community. collective good (social good) - private good - common good - common-pool resource - club goo ...

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Utopian, in its most common and general positive meaning, refers to the human efforts to create a better, or perhaps perfect society. Ideas which could/are considered able to radically change our world are often called utopian ideas. "Utopian" in a negative meaning is used to discredit ideas as too advanced, too optimistic or unrealistic, impossible to realize. Hence, for example, the use by Marxists ...

Including:

• Utopia - Basics of Utopia
• Utopia - Utopia's Family
• Utopia - Derivation of utopia
• Utopia - Etymology
• Utopia - Related terms
• Utopia - History of utopia
• Utopia - Types of utopia
• Utopia - Economic utopia
• Utopia - Political and historical utopia
• Utopia - Religious utopia
• Utopia - Scientific and technological utopia
• Utopia - Examples of utopia

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Intellectual property - Overview. The purposes of laws dealing with exclusive rights over intangible subject matter or the product of intellectual or creative endeavour have varied, but they all share in common the appearance of granting the "owner" of the exclusive rights a monopoly on copying or distribution of a protected form of "property". In common law jurisdictions, this was historically done to grant a boon to a king's favourite in the form of letters patent (with some positive advantages to the pu ...

See also:

Intellectual property, Intellectual property - Overview, Intellectual property - Exclusive rights, Intellectual property - History, Intellectual property - Development of specific laws, Intellectual property - History of the term, Intellectual property - Critique, Intellectual property - Overview, Intellectual property - Arguments against the term, Intellectual property - Expansion in nature and scope of IP laws, Intellectual property - Economic view, Intellectual property - Alternative systems of protection, Intellectual property - Valuation of intellectual property, Intellectual property - Types of intellectual property, Intellectual property - Bibliography

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Utopia - Utopia's Family. Adjective - utopian: According to Oxford dictionary, it is usually used negatively to criticise proposals or ideas having or aiming for a level of perfection of utopia which is impossible or very difficult to achieve. Noun - utopian: The word utopian can be used as a noun to mean someone who imagines, proposes, or supports a utopia. See also:

Utopia, Utopia - Basics of Utopia, Utopia - Utopia's Family, Utopia - Derivation of utopia, Utopia - Etymology, Utopia - Related terms, Utopia - History of utopia, Utopia - Types of utopia, Utopia - Economic utopia, Utopia - Political and historical utopia, Utopia - Religious utopia, Utopia - Scientific and technological utopia, Utopia - Examples of utopia

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collective good (social good) - private good - common good - common-pool resource - club good - public good - global public good - Accounting good durable good - non-durable good - intermediate good (producer good) - final good - consumer good - capital good. Giffen good - inferior good - normal good - luxury good - Veblen good - superior good search good - experience good ...

See also:

Good economics, Good economics - Labour as a good, Good economics - Private and public goods, Good economics - Other good types

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At the beginning of his essay, Hardin draws attention to problems that cannot be solved by technical means (i.e. as opposed to those problems with solutions that require "a change only in the techniques of the natural sciences, demanding little or nothing in the way of change in human values or ideas of morality"). Hardin contends that this class of problems includes those raised by human population ...

See also:

Tragedy of the commons, Tragedy of the commons - Introduction, Tragedy of the commons - The Essay, Tragedy of the commons - Controversy, Tragedy of the commons - Historical commons, Tragedy of the commons - Possible solutions to the 'tragedy', Tragedy of the commons - Games Theory analysis, Tragedy of the commons - Application to Evolutionary Psychology, Tragedy of the commons - Modern commons

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There are two primary justifications for granting patents. First, in accordance with the original definition of the term "patent," it is argued that patents facilitate and encourage disclosure of innovations into the public domain for the common good. If inventors did not have the legal protection of patents, they may prefer or tend to keep their inventions secret. Awarding patents generally makes the details of new technology publicly available, for exploitation by anyone after patent protection ends, or for further improvement by other inv ...

See also:

Patent, Patent - Economic rationale, Patent - Criticism, Patent - Legal implementation, Patent - The right to exclude - example, Patent - Governing laws, Patent - Patent prosecution, Patent - Patentable subject matter, Patent - Novelty, Patent - Inventive step and non-obviousness, Patent - Term of patent, Patent - Example, Patent - Miscellaneous, Patent - History of patents, Patent - Patent models, Patent - Reform, Patent - Legal concepts, Patent - Special types of patents and patent applications, Patent - Organizations and patent offices, Patent - Treaties conventions and other legal texts and frameworks, Patent - Other

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Typically, an application for a patent is prepared by a professional agent known as a patent attorney or patent agent, who files the application with a patent office. The person applying for a patent generally does not need to be the inventor who created or authored the invention. However, in the United States a patent application must be filed in the name of the actual inventor or inventors, although the application can be assigned to another party, such as the employer of the inventor. At the patent office an examiner will consider ...

See also:

Patent, Patent - Economic rationale and criticisms, Patent - Legal implementation, Patent - Example, Patent - Governing laws, Patent - Patent prosecution, Patent - Patentable subject matter, Patent - Novelty, Patent - Inventive step and non-obviousness, Patent - Term of patent, Patent - Example, Patent - Miscellaneous, Patent - History of patents, Patent - Patent models, Patent - Legal concepts, Patent - Special types of patents and patent applications, Patent - Organizations and patent offices, Patent - Treaties conventions and other legal texts and frameworks, Patent - Other

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Perhaps the primary application of the co-intelligence frame of reference is in the field of social theory concerning the potential collective intelligence and wisdom of groups, organizations, communities and societies. Under the right conditions, evidence suggests that greater intelligence and wisdom are possible from a group or community than from any individual member of that group or community. Creative use of human differences and conflicts is a major factor in this, if groupthink and polarization -- which usually indicate an abs ...

See also:

Co-intelligence, Co-intelligence - Group Organizational and Political Applications, Co-intelligence - Spiritual and Metaphysical Implications, Co-intelligence - External links

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Intellectual property - Overview. The purposes of laws dealing with exclusive rights over intangible subject matter or the product of intellectual or creative endeavor have varied, but they all share in common the appearance of granting the "owner" of the exclusive rights a monopoly on copying or distribution of a protected form of "property". In common law jurisdictions, this was historically done to grant a boon to a king's favorite in the form of letters patent (with some positive advantages to the publ ...

See also:

Intellectual property, Intellectual property - Overview, Intellectual property - Exclusive rights, Intellectual property - History, Intellectual property - Development of specific laws, Intellectual property - History of the term, Intellectual property - Critique, Intellectual property - Overview, Intellectual property - Arguments against the term, Intellectual property - Expansion in nature and scope of IP laws, Intellectual property - Economic view, Intellectual property - Alternative systems of protection, Intellectual property - Valuation of intellectual property, Intellectual property - Types of intellectual property, Intellectual property - Bibliography

Read more here: » Intellectual property: Encyclopedia II - Intellectual property - Critique

In democratic politics, pluralism is a guiding principle which permits the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions and lifestyles. Unlike totalitarianism or particularism, pluralism acknowledges the diversity of interests and considers it legitimate for members of society to work for their realization, to represent them and to articulate them in a process of conflict and dialogue. In political philosophy, those who embrace pluralism are often described as liberals, while those who take up a more critical attitude towards the diversity o ...

See also:

Pluralism, Pluralism - Pluralism in politics, Pluralism - Pluralism and the common good, Pluralism - Conditions for pluralism, Pluralism - Pluralism and Subsidiarity, Pluralism - Pluralism in the scientific community, Pluralism - Pluralism in philosophy

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In 2000, right around the founding of the Singularity Institute, two books were released that discussed the potential and near-term (before 2040) feasibility of strong AI. These were Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind by Carnegie Mellon robotics guru Hans Moravec and The Age of Spiritual Machines by Ray Kurzweil. The widespread popularity and success of both these books contributed to the early growth and support of SIAI as an organization. Primarily existing as an online entity, SIAI's main donor base consists of ...

See also:

Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence - Founding, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence - Early years, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence - Recent progress

Read more here: » Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence - Early years