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Commodore 1541 | A Wisdom Archive on Commodore 1541 | | Commodore 1541 A selection of articles related to Commodore 1541 | |
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More material related to Commodore 1541 can be found here:
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Commodore 1541 | |
| | |  Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Commodore International - History
Commodore International - Foundation and early years.
The company that would become Commodore International was started in Toronto by Jack Tramiel in 1954. He had already run a small business fixing typewriters for a few years while living in New York and driving a cab, but managed to sign a deal with a Czechoslovakian company to manufacture their designs in Canada and moved to Toronto to start production. By the late 1950s a wave of Japanese machines forced most North American typewriter companies out of busin ...
See also:Commodore International, Commodore International - History, Commodore International - Foundation and early years, Commodore International - Computers for the masses not the classes, Commodore International - Tramiel quits; The Amiga vs ST battle, Commodore International - The beginning of the end, Commodore International - The sun sets on Commodore, Commodore International - Post-Commodore International Ltd., Commodore International - Product line, Commodore International - Computers 8-bit, Commodore International - Computers 16/32-bit, Commodore International - Peripherals, Commodore International - Software Read more here: » Commodore International: Encyclopedia II - Commodore International - History |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Commodore 64 peripherals - Storage
Commodore 64 peripherals - Floppy disk drives.
Although not always supplied with the machine, floppy disk drives of the 5¼ inch (Commodore 1541 and 1571) and, later, 3½ inch (1581) variety were available. The 1541 was excruciatingly slow in loading programs because of a poorly-implemented serial bus, a legacy of the Commodore VIC-20. A common joke advised users to "go grab a cup of hot chocolate milk" afte ...
See also:Commodore 64 peripherals, Commodore 64 peripherals - Storage, Commodore 64 peripherals - Floppy disk drives, Commodore 64 peripherals - Tape drives, Commodore 64 peripherals - Hard Drives and expansions, Commodore 64 peripherals - Input/Output, Commodore 64 peripherals - Serial communications, Commodore 64 peripherals - RAM expansions, Commodore 64 peripherals - Input devices, Commodore 64 peripherals - Other peripherals, Commodore 64 peripherals - Notes Read more here: » Commodore 64 peripherals: Encyclopedia II - Commodore 64 peripherals - Storage |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - History
Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk.
See also: Table of 8-inch floppy formats
In 1967 IBM gave their San Jose, California storage development center a new task: develop a simple and inexpensive system for loading microcode into their System/370 mainframes. The 370s were the first IBM machines to use semiconductor memory, and whenever the power was turned off the microcode had to be reloaded ('magnetic core' memory, used in the 370s' predecessors, the System/360 line, did not lose its ...
See also:Floppy disk, Floppy disk - Background, Floppy disk - History, Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk, Floppy disk - The 5¼-inch minifloppy, Floppy disk - New formats no standard, Floppy disk - The 3½-inch microfloppy diskette, Floppy disk - Floppy killers, Floppy disk - Structure, Floppy disk - Current situation, Floppy disk - Compatibility, Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats, Floppy disk - Using the disk space efficiently, Floppy disk - The Commodore 64/128, Floppy disk - The Commodore Amiga, Floppy disk - The Acorn Archimedes, Floppy disk - 12-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - 4-inch floppies, Floppy disk - Auto-loaders, Floppy disk - Floppy mass storage, Floppy disk - 2-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - Ultimate capacity speed, Floppy disk - Usability, Floppy disk - The floppy as a metaphor, Floppy disk - Floppy trivia Read more here: » Floppy disk: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - History |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Original Amiga chipset - Agnus The central aspect of the chipset's power is that all operations are synchronised with the output of the video beam. This includes access to the built-in RAM, which is known as chip RAM because the chipset has access to it. The CPU and other members of the chipset have to arbitrate for access with Agnus. From the perspective of system architecture, this is known as Direct Memory Access (DMA), and Agn ...
See also:Original Amiga chipset, Original Amiga chipset - Overview of chips, Original Amiga chipset - Agnus, Original Amiga chipset - Blitter, Original Amiga chipset - Copper, Original Amiga chipset - Denise, Original Amiga chipset - External video timing, Original Amiga chipset - Video output, Original Amiga chipset - Paula, Original Amiga chipset - Audio features in general, Original Amiga chipset - Feature overview, Original Amiga chipset - Hardware registers, Original Amiga chipset - Audio state machines, Original Amiga chipset - Floppy disk controller, Original Amiga chipset - Serial port Read more here: » Original Amiga chipset: Encyclopedia II - Original Amiga chipset - Agnus |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - List of computing topics - 0–9 1.TR.6 -- 100BaseFX -- 100BaseTX -- 100BaseT -- 100BaseVG -- 100VG-AnyLAN -- 10base2 -- 10base5 -- 10baseT -- 120 reset -- 16-bit -- 16-bit application -- 16550 UART -- 1NF -- 1TBS --
2.PAK -- 20-Gate programming language -- 20-GATE -- 28-bit -- 2B1D -- 2B1Q -- 2D -- 2NF --
3-tier (computing) -- 32-bit application -- 32-bit -- 320xx microprocessor -- 320xx -- 386BSD -- 386SPART.PAR -- 3Com Corporation -- 3DO -- 3D computer graphics -- 3GL -- 3NF -- 3Station --
4.2BSD -- 404 error -- 431A -- 473L Query programming language -- 486SX -- 4GL -- 4NF --
51forth programming language -- 56 kbit/s ...
See also:List of computing topics, List of computing topics - 0–9, List of computing topics - A, List of computing topics - B, List of computing topics - C, List of computing topics - D, List of computing topics - E, List of computing topics - F, List of computing topics - G, List of computing topics - H, List of computing topics - I, List of computing topics - J, List of computing topics - K, List of computing topics - L, List of computing topics - M, List of computing topics - N, List of computing topics - O, List of computing topics - P, List of computing topics - Q, List of computing topics - R, List of computing topics - S, List of computing topics - T, List of computing topics - U, List of computing topics - V, List of computing topics - W, List of computing topics - X, List of computing topics - Y, List of computing topics - Z Read more here: » List of computing topics: Encyclopedia II - List of computing topics - 0–9 |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Commodore REU - Hardware description Although the C128 could access more than 64KB of RAM through bank switching, the memory inside the REU could only be accessed by memory-transfers (STORE/LOAD/SWAP/COMPAREs) between the main memory and the REU memory, thus, giving an equivalent to a (slow) small memory window. Additionally, the C128's built-in BASIC 7.0 had three statements, STASH,FETCH, and SWAP, for storing and retrieving data from the REU.
Officially, only the 1700 and 1750 were supported on the C128. The 256KB model, the 1764, was released ...
See also:Commodore REU, Commodore REU - Hardware description, Commodore REU - Model differences, Commodore REU - REU software support Read more here: » Commodore REU: Encyclopedia II - Commodore REU - Hardware description |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - History
Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk.
In 1967 IBM gave their San Jose, California storage development center a new task: develop a simple and inexpensive system for loading microcode into their System/370 mainframes. The 370s were the first IBM machines to use semiconductor memory, and whenever the power was turned off the microcode had to be reloaded ('magnetic core' memory, used in the 370s' predecessors, the System/360 line, did not lose its contents when powered down). Normally this task would be left to var ...
See also:Floppy disk, Floppy disk - Background, Floppy disk - History, Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk, Floppy disk - The 5¼-inch minifloppy, Floppy disk - New formats no standard, Floppy disk - The 3½-inch microfloppy diskette, Floppy disk - Floppy killers, Floppy disk - Structure, Floppy disk - Current situation, Floppy disk - Compatibility, Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats, Floppy disk - Using the disk space efficiently, Floppy disk - The Commodore 64/128, Floppy disk - The Commodore Amiga, Floppy disk - The Acorn Archimedes, Floppy disk - 12-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - 4-inch floppies, Floppy disk - Auto-loaders, Floppy disk - Floppy mass storage, Floppy disk - 2-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - Ultimate capacity speed, Floppy disk - Usability, Floppy disk - The floppy as a metaphor, Floppy disk - Floppy trivia Read more here: » Floppy disk: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - History |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Structure The 5¼-inch disk had a large circular hole in the center for the spindle of the drive and a small oval aperture in both sides of the plastic to allow the heads of the drive to read and write the data. The magnetic medium could be spun by rotating it from the middle hole. A small notch on the right hand side of the disk would identify whether the disk was read-only or writable, detected by a mechanical switch or photo transistor above it. Another LED/phototransistor pair located near the center of the disk could detect a small hole once per ...
See also:Floppy disk, Floppy disk - Background, Floppy disk - History, Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk, Floppy disk - The 5¼-inch minifloppy, Floppy disk - New formats no standard, Floppy disk - The 3½-inch microfloppy diskette, Floppy disk - Floppy killers, Floppy disk - Structure, Floppy disk - Current situation, Floppy disk - Compatibility, Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats, Floppy disk - Using the disk space efficiently, Floppy disk - The Commodore 64/128, Floppy disk - The Commodore Amiga, Floppy disk - The Acorn Archimedes, Floppy disk - 12-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - 4-inch floppies, Floppy disk - Auto-loaders, Floppy disk - Floppy mass storage, Floppy disk - 2-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - Ultimate capacity speed, Floppy disk - Usability, Floppy disk - The floppy as a metaphor, Floppy disk - Floppy trivia Read more here: » Floppy disk: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Structure |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Usability One of the chief usability problems of the floppy disk is its vulnerability. Even inside a closed plastic housing, the disk medium is still highly sensitive to dust, condensation, and temperature extremes. As with any magnetic storage, it is also vulnerable to magnetic fields. Blank floppies have usually been distributed with an extensive set of warnings, cautioning the user not to expose it to conditions which can endanger it.
Users damaging floppy disks (or their contents) were once a staple of "stupid user" folklore among computer ...
See also:Floppy disk, Floppy disk - Background, Floppy disk - History, Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk, Floppy disk - The 5¼-inch minifloppy, Floppy disk - New formats no standard, Floppy disk - The 3½-inch microfloppy diskette, Floppy disk - Floppy killers, Floppy disk - Structure, Floppy disk - Current situation, Floppy disk - Compatibility, Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats, Floppy disk - Using the disk space efficiently, Floppy disk - The Commodore 64/128, Floppy disk - The Commodore Amiga, Floppy disk - The Acorn Archimedes, Floppy disk - 12-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - 4-inch floppies, Floppy disk - Auto-loaders, Floppy disk - Floppy mass storage, Floppy disk - 2-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - Ultimate capacity speed, Floppy disk - Usability, Floppy disk - The floppy as a metaphor, Floppy disk - Floppy trivia Read more here: » Floppy disk: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Usability |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Current situation The 8-inch, 5¼-inch and 3-inch formats can be considered almost totally dead. 3½-inch drives and disks are still widely available. As of 2005 3½-inch drives are still common equipment on many new PCs other than laptops. On others, they are either optional, or can be purchased as aftermarket equipment. Even after the beginning of 2006, there have been floppy disks at retail computer stores.
However, the advent of other portable storage options, such as Zip disks, USB storage devices, and recordable or rewritable CDs, and the rise of ...
See also:Floppy disk, Floppy disk - Background, Floppy disk - History, Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk, Floppy disk - The 5¼-inch minifloppy, Floppy disk - New formats no standard, Floppy disk - The 3½-inch microfloppy diskette, Floppy disk - Floppy killers, Floppy disk - Structure, Floppy disk - Current situation, Floppy disk - Compatibility, Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats, Floppy disk - Using the disk space efficiently, Floppy disk - The Commodore 64/128, Floppy disk - The Commodore Amiga, Floppy disk - The Acorn Archimedes, Floppy disk - 12-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - 4-inch floppies, Floppy disk - Auto-loaders, Floppy disk - Floppy mass storage, Floppy disk - 2-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - Ultimate capacity speed, Floppy disk - Usability, Floppy disk - The floppy as a metaphor, Floppy disk - Floppy trivia Read more here: » Floppy disk: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Current situation |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Floppy killers Through the early 1990s a number of attempts were made by various companies to introduce newer floppy-like formats based on the now-universal 3½-inch physical format. Most of these systems provided the ability to read and write standard DD and HD disks, while at the same time introducing a much higher-capacity format as well. There were a number of times where it was felt that the existing floppy was just about to be replaced by one of these newer devices, but a variety of problems ensured this never took place. None of these ever reached t ...
See also:Floppy disk, Floppy disk - Background, Floppy disk - History, Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk, Floppy disk - The 5¼-inch minifloppy, Floppy disk - New formats no standard, Floppy disk - The 3½-inch microfloppy diskette, Floppy disk - Floppy killers, Floppy disk - Structure, Floppy disk - Current situation, Floppy disk - Compatibility, Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats, Floppy disk - Using the disk space efficiently, Floppy disk - The Commodore 64/128, Floppy disk - The Commodore Amiga, Floppy disk - The Acorn Archimedes, Floppy disk - 12-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - 4-inch floppies, Floppy disk - Auto-loaders, Floppy disk - Floppy mass storage, Floppy disk - 2-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - Ultimate capacity speed, Floppy disk - Usability, Floppy disk - The floppy as a metaphor, Floppy disk - Floppy trivia Read more here: » Floppy disk: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Floppy killers |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Original Amiga chipset - Denise Denise controls the video timings, but can also synchronise to an external video signal. Denise is programmed to fetch planar video data from 1 to 5 bitplanes and translate that into a colour lookup. The number of bitplanes is arbitrary, thus if 32 colours are not needed, 2, 4, 8 or 16 can be used instead. The number of bitplanes (and resolution) can be changed on the fly by the copper. This allows for very economical use of chip RAM. There is also a sixth bitplane, which can be used in special modes:
Extra-HalfBrite (EHB) – i ...
See also:Original Amiga chipset, Original Amiga chipset - Overview of chips, Original Amiga chipset - Agnus, Original Amiga chipset - Blitter, Original Amiga chipset - Copper, Original Amiga chipset - Denise, Original Amiga chipset - External video timing, Original Amiga chipset - Video output, Original Amiga chipset - Paula, Original Amiga chipset - Audio features in general, Original Amiga chipset - Feature overview, Original Amiga chipset - Hardware registers, Original Amiga chipset - Audio state machines, Original Amiga chipset - Floppy disk controller, Original Amiga chipset - Serial port Read more here: » Original Amiga chipset: Encyclopedia II - Original Amiga chipset - Denise |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Commodore SX-64 - History The SX-64 did not sell well, and its failure has been variously attributed to its small screen, high weight, bad marketing, and smaller business software library than that of its competitors, the Osborne 1 (Zilog Z80 CPU, CP/M OS) and Compaq Portable (16-bit CPU, MS-DOS). In addition, the Osborne and Compaq computers were faster, and in the case of the Osborne, was competitively priced.
SX-64 sales have been estimated as low as 9,000 units f ...
See also:Commodore SX-64, Commodore SX-64 - Description, Commodore SX-64 - History, Commodore SX-64 - Technical information Read more here: » Commodore SX-64: Encyclopedia II - Commodore SX-64 - History |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Current situation The 8-inch, 5¼-inch and 3-inch formats can be considered almost totally dead. 3½-inch drives and disks are still widely available. As of 2005 3½-inch drives are still common equipment on many new PCs other than laptops. On others, they are either optional, or can be purchased as aftermarket equipment.
However, the advent of other portable storage options, such as Zip disks, USB storage devices, and recordable or rewritable CDs, and the rise of multi-megapixel digital photography have encouraged the creation and use of files larger ...
See also:Floppy disk, Floppy disk - Background, Floppy disk - History, Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk, Floppy disk - The 5¼-inch minifloppy, Floppy disk - New formats no standard, Floppy disk - The 3½-inch microfloppy diskette, Floppy disk - Floppy killers, Floppy disk - Structure, Floppy disk - Current situation, Floppy disk - Compatibility, Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats, Floppy disk - Using the disk space efficiently, Floppy disk - The Commodore 64/128, Floppy disk - The Commodore Amiga, Floppy disk - The Acorn Archimedes, Floppy disk - 12-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - 4-inch floppies, Floppy disk - Auto-loaders, Floppy disk - Floppy mass storage, Floppy disk - 2-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - Ultimate capacity speed, Floppy disk - Usability, Floppy disk - The floppy as a metaphor, Floppy disk - Floppy trivia Read more here: » Floppy disk: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Current situation |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Compatibility In general, different physical sizes of floppy disks are incompatible by definition, and disks can only be loaded on the correct size of drive. There were some drives available with both 3½-inch and 5¼-inch slots that were popular in the transition period between the sizes.
However there are many more subtle incompatibilities within each form factor. Consider, for example the following Apple/IBM 'schism': Apple Macintosh computers can read, write and format IBM PC-format 3½-inch diskettes, provided suitable software is installed. H ...
See also:Floppy disk, Floppy disk - Background, Floppy disk - History, Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk, Floppy disk - The 5¼-inch minifloppy, Floppy disk - New formats no standard, Floppy disk - The 3½-inch microfloppy diskette, Floppy disk - Floppy killers, Floppy disk - Structure, Floppy disk - Current situation, Floppy disk - Compatibility, Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats, Floppy disk - Using the disk space efficiently, Floppy disk - The Commodore 64/128, Floppy disk - The Commodore Amiga, Floppy disk - The Acorn Archimedes, Floppy disk - 12-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - 4-inch floppies, Floppy disk - Auto-loaders, Floppy disk - Floppy mass storage, Floppy disk - 2-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - Ultimate capacity speed, Floppy disk - Usability, Floppy disk - The floppy as a metaphor, Floppy disk - Floppy trivia Read more here: » Floppy disk: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - Compatibility |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Commodore 64 peripherals - Input/Output
Commodore 64 peripherals - Serial communications.
Likewise, because Commodore offered a number of inexpensive modems for the C64, the machine also helped popularize the use of modems for telecommunications. In the United States, Quantum Computer Services (later America Online) offered an online service called Quantum Link for the C64 that featured chat, downloads, and online games. In the UK, Compunet was a very popular online service for C64 users (requiring special Compunet modems) from 1984 to the early 1990s. ...
See also:Commodore 64 peripherals, Commodore 64 peripherals - Storage, Commodore 64 peripherals - Floppy disk drives, Commodore 64 peripherals - Tape drives, Commodore 64 peripherals - Hard Drives and expansions, Commodore 64 peripherals - Input/Output, Commodore 64 peripherals - Serial communications, Commodore 64 peripherals - RAM expansions, Commodore 64 peripherals - Input devices, Commodore 64 peripherals - Other peripherals, Commodore 64 peripherals - Notes Read more here: » Commodore 64 peripherals: Encyclopedia II - Commodore 64 peripherals - Input/Output |
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| | | | Commodore 1541: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats
Floppy disk - Using the disk space efficiently.
In general, data is written to floppy disks in a series of sectors, angular blocks of the disk, and in tracks, concentric rings at a constant radius, e.g. the HD format of 3½-inch floppy disks uses 512 bytes per sector, 18 sectors per track, 80 tracks per side and two sides, for a total of 1,474,560 bytes per disk. (Some disk controllers can vary these parameters at the user's request, increasing the amount of storage on the disk, although these formats may not be ...
See also:Floppy disk, Floppy disk - Background, Floppy disk - History, Floppy disk - Origins the 8-inch disk, Floppy disk - The 5¼-inch minifloppy, Floppy disk - New formats no standard, Floppy disk - The 3½-inch microfloppy diskette, Floppy disk - Floppy killers, Floppy disk - Structure, Floppy disk - Current situation, Floppy disk - Compatibility, Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats, Floppy disk - Using the disk space efficiently, Floppy disk - The Commodore 64/128, Floppy disk - The Commodore Amiga, Floppy disk - The Acorn Archimedes, Floppy disk - 12-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - 4-inch floppies, Floppy disk - Auto-loaders, Floppy disk - Floppy mass storage, Floppy disk - 2-inch floppy disks, Floppy disk - Ultimate capacity speed, Floppy disk - Usability, Floppy disk - The floppy as a metaphor, Floppy disk - Floppy trivia Read more here: » Floppy disk: Encyclopedia II - Floppy disk - More on floppy disk formats |
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More material related to Commodore 1541 can be found here:
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