The standing of the field of parapsychology has always been controversial within the scientific community. As its name indicates, parapsychology is sometimes considered a sub-branch of psychology, and this has arisen historically since it involved the study of apparently mental faculties. In its modern form, parapsychology is an interdisciplinary field, which has attracted physicists, engineers, and biologists, as well as psychologists and those from other sciences. (For an argument that parapsychological phenomena may not in fact be ...

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Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Well-known psychic mediums, Parapsychology - Other claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links

Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Status of the field

Buffalo has a thriving theater and music scene that has spawned several national acts worth noting. Historical musicians of note include Jazz saxophonist Grover Washington Jr., seminal 1940s harmonic group The Modernaires, all graduates of Lafayette High School (the city's oldest public high school), singer-songwriter Willie Nile, and songwriters Harold Arlen and Jack Yellen. (Arlen's career was recently commemorated in Buffalo's twenties-era theater, Sh ...

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Famous people from Buffalo NY, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Authors, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Entertainers, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Politics and law, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Other residents, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Sports, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Sports names, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Buffalo companies, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Infamous Buffalo people and events, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Other events and trivia

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The phenomena in question fall into two broad groups. Extra-sensory perception (ESP) is also known as anomalous cognition, and includes telepathy, clairvoyance, clairaudience, clairalience, clairgustance, clairsentience, precognition, postcognition, psychometry, and dream transference. Anomalous operation includes psychokinesis (in the past referred to as telekinesis), out-of-body experiences, astral projection, near-death experiences, mediumship, and reincarnation. The general term "psi phenomena" (or the somewhat older term, "psychic phenomena," which was said to be the "psi ...

See also:

Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Well-known psychic mediums, Parapsychology - Other claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links

Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology

Noted twentieth-century architect Gordon Bunshaft was born here, attending the same high school (Lafayette) as famed science-fiction cover artist Kelly Freas, Fran Striker, the creator of the radio serial "The Lone Ranger", and Bruce Shanks, Pulitzer Prize-winning political cartoonist for the Buffalo Evening News. Known to some as the man who vacumed his face, but also as the husband of Peppers, this can only be Greg Sanderson Anthropologists Marvin Opler and Morris Opler were b ...

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Present: Righteous Babe Records (Ani DiFranco's label) Moog, Inc M&T Bank Past: Pierce-Arrow Bell Aircraft Corporation Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company Buffalo Electric Carriage Thomas Motor Company ...

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Famous people from Buffalo NY, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Authors, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Entertainers, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Politics and law, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Other residents, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Sports, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Sports names, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Buffalo companies, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Infamous Buffalo people and events, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Other events and trivia

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Many scientists hold that the entire body of evidence to date is of poor quality and not properly controlled; in their view, the entire field of parapsychology has produced no results whatsoever. Frequently, however, those who hold this view have not had any contact with the published literature of the field such as that which can be found in the Journal of Parapsychology, the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, or in the proceedings of the annual convention of the Paraps ...

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Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Well-known psychic mediums, Parapsychology - Other claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links

Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence

In mid-1981 the two were fairly famous in the PSI world, and even outside it, and Phillips was planning on releasing a full report of their powers at a PSI meeting in August. After the announcements in the press, Randi wrote to the lab again and stated that it was entirely possible the two were simply magicians, using common sleight of hand to fool the researchers. In July 1981 Phillips finally asked Randi to join him in designing some of the experiments. Randi then replied with a videotape showing him duplicating spoon and key bending, using the exact methods the two were using at the lab. P ...

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Project Alpha, Project Alpha - Peter Phillips' experiments, Project Alpha - Steve Shaw and Michael Edwards, Project Alpha - Revelation and aftermath, Project Alpha - External articles

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The Free Soil Party held its first convention here. The Workers World Party started here. The service organization Optimist International started here. Millard Filmore was a long-term resident of Buffalo and he is buried there. Grover Cleveland was another long-term resident and mayor of Buffalo, married to Frances Cleveland. William Donovan was born here. Jack Kemp was the a sports hero and the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency in the 1996. He has been a figure in local politics for the past 30 years.< ...

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Famous people from Buffalo NY, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Authors, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Entertainers, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Politics and law, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Other residents, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Sports, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Sports names, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Buffalo companies, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Infamous Buffalo people and events, Famous people from Buffalo NY - Other events and trivia

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Ufology - The natural explanation hypothesis. This is a theory that most UFO sightings are misunderstood phenomena such as ball lightning or by a visual illusions. See UFO#Identified Flying Objects (IFOs). Ufology - Psychosocial Hypothesis. This is a theory that some UFO sightings are hallucinations or fantasies and are caused by the same mechanism as various occult, paranormal, supernatural. or religious experiences (compare alleged sightings of the ...

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Ufology, Ufology - Hypotheses involving the objective existence of UFO's, Ufology - The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, Ufology - The advanced human aircraft hypothesis, Ufology - The Interdimensional Hypothesis a.k.a. Cosmic Trickster Ultraterrestrial Hypothesis, Ufology - Sky Critter Hypothesis, Ufology - UFO's as perception or illusion, Ufology - The natural explanation hypothesis, Ufology - Psychosocial Hypothesis, Ufology - Groups Involved with Ufology, Ufology - UFO Researchers, Ufology - Sources

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Philosophical Skeptics Sextus Empiricus David Hume Scientific Skeptics Isaac Asimov Martin Gardner James Randi Carl Sagan Michael Shermer Harry Houdini ...

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Skepticism, Skepticism - Spelling, Skepticism - Philosophical skepticism, Skepticism - Religious and Scientific Skepticism, Skepticism - Skeptics and cynics, Skepticism - Debunkers, Skepticism - Scientific Skepticism as Inertia, Skepticism - Quotations, Skepticism - Religious and Scientific Skepticism, Skepticism - Famous skeptics, Skepticism - Essays on famous skeptics, Skepticism - Organizations dedicated to skepticism, Skepticism - TV shows and documentaries based upon skepticism

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Skepticism - Religious and Scientific Skepticism. (The first two quotes are often erroneously attributed to Carl Sagan.) "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof." - Marcello Truzzi "Keeping an open mind is a virtue—but not so open that your brains fall out." - James Oberg "A wise skepticism is the first attribute of a good critic." - James Russell Lowell "I think ...

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Skepticism, Skepticism - Spelling, Skepticism - Philosophical skepticism, Skepticism - Religious and Scientific Skepticism, Skepticism - Skeptics and cynics, Skepticism - Debunkers, Skepticism - Scientific Skepticism as Inertia, Skepticism - Quotations, Skepticism - Religious and Scientific Skepticism, Skepticism - Famous skeptics, Skepticism - Essays on famous skeptics, Skepticism - Organizations dedicated to skepticism, Skepticism - TV shows and documentaries based upon skepticism

Read more here: » Skepticism: Encyclopedia II - Skepticism - Quotations

Sagan was among the first to hypothesize that Saturn's moon Titan[2] and Jupiter's moon Europa may possess oceans (a subsurface ocean, in the case of Europa) or lakes, thus making the hypothesized water ocean on Europa potentially habitable for life. Europa's subsurface ocean was later indirectly confirmed by the spacecraft Galileo. He furthered insights regarding the atmosphere of Venus, seasonal changes on Mars, and Saturn's moon Titan. Sagan es ...

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Carl Sagan, Carl Sagan - Education and scientific career, Carl Sagan - Scientific achievements, Carl Sagan - Scientific advocacy, Carl Sagan - Social concerns, Carl Sagan - Popularization of science, Carl Sagan - Personality, Carl Sagan - Legacy, Carl Sagan - Awards and medals, Carl Sagan - Related books and media

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Sagan was a proponent of the search for extraterrestrial life. He urged the scientific community to listen with large radio telescopes for signals from intelligent extraterrestrial lifeforms. He advocated sending probes to other planets. Sagan was Editor in Chief of Icarus (a professional journal concerning planetary research) for 12 years. He cofounded the Planetary Society and was ...

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Carl Sagan, Carl Sagan - Education and scientific career, Carl Sagan - Scientific achievements, Carl Sagan - Scientific advocacy, Carl Sagan - Social concerns, Carl Sagan - Popularization of science, Carl Sagan - Personality, Carl Sagan - Legacy, Carl Sagan - Awards and medals, Carl Sagan - Related books and media

Read more here: » Carl Sagan: Encyclopedia II - Carl Sagan - Scientific advocacy

Sagan's capability to convey his ideas allowed many people to better understand the cosmos. He delivered the 1977/1978 Christmas Lectures for Young People at the Royal Institution. He wrote (with Ann Druyan, eventually his third wife) and narrated the highly popular thirteen part PBS television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage (modeled on Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man); he also wrote books to popularize science, such as Cosmos, which reflected and expanded upon some of the themes of A Personal Voyage, The ...

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Carl Sagan, Carl Sagan - Education and scientific career, Carl Sagan - Scientific achievements, Carl Sagan - Scientific advocacy, Carl Sagan - Social concerns, Carl Sagan - Popularization of science, Carl Sagan - Personality, Carl Sagan - Legacy, Carl Sagan - Awards and medals, Carl Sagan - Related books and media

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Sagan believed that the Drake equation suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form, but that the lack of evidence of such civilizations (the Fermi paradox) suggests that technological civilizations tend to destroy themselves rather quickly. This stimulated his interest in identifying and publicizing ways that humanity could destroy itself, with the hope of avoiding such destruction a ...

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Carl Sagan, Carl Sagan - Education and scientific career, Carl Sagan - Scientific achievements, Carl Sagan - Scientific advocacy, Carl Sagan - Social concerns, Carl Sagan - Popularization of science, Carl Sagan - Personality, Carl Sagan - Legacy, Carl Sagan - Awards and medals, Carl Sagan - Related books and media

Read more here: » Carl Sagan: Encyclopedia II - Carl Sagan - Social concerns

Philosophical skepticism originated in ancient Greek philosophy. One of its first proponents was Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360-275 B.C.), who traveled and studied as far as India, and propounded the adoption of 'practical' skepticism. Subsequently, in the 'New Academy' Arcesilaos (c. 315-241 B.C.) and Carneades (c. 213-129 B.C.) developed more theoretical perspectives, by which conceptions of absolute truth and falsity were refuted. Carneades criticised the views of the Dogmatists, especially supporters of Stoicism, asserting that absolute certaint ...

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Skepticism, Skepticism - Spelling, Skepticism - Philosophical skepticism, Skepticism - Religious and Scientific Skepticism, Skepticism - Skeptics and cynics, Skepticism - Debunkers, Skepticism - Scientific Skepticism as Inertia, Skepticism - Quotations, Skepticism - Religious and Scientific Skepticism, Skepticism - Famous skeptics, Skepticism - Essays on famous skeptics, Skepticism - Organizations dedicated to skepticism, Skepticism - TV shows and documentaries based upon skepticism

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The following are famous primarily for fields other than parapsychology but still had important working interests in the field: Hans Eysenck Alister Hardy Carl Jung Arthur Koestler Rupert Sheldrake ...

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Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Psychic investigations, Parapsychology - General organizations, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links

Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists

The standing of the field of parapsychology has always been controversial within the scientific community. As its name indicates, parapsychology is sometimes considered a sub-branch of psychology, and this has arisen historically since it involved the study of apparently mental faculties. In its modern form, parapsychology is an interdisciplinary field, which has attracted physicists, engineers, and biologists, as well as psychologists and those from other sciences. (For an argument that parapsychological phenomena may not in fact be ...

See also:

Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Psychic investigations, Parapsychology - General organizations, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links

Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Status of the field

The phenomena in question fall into two broad groups. Extra-sensory perception (ESP) is also known as anomalous cognition, and includes telepathy, clairvoyance, clairaudience, clairalience, clairgustance, clairsentience, precognition, postcognition, psychometry, and dream transference. Anomalous operation includes psychokinesis (in the past referred to as telekinesis), out-of-body experiences, astral projection, near-death experiences, mediumship, and reincarnation. The general term "psi phenomena" (or the somewhat older term, "psychic phenomena," which was said to be the "psi ...

See also:

Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Psychic investigations, Parapsychology - General organizations, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links

Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology

Many scientists hold that the entire body of evidence to date is of poor quality and not properly controlled; in their view, the entire field of parapsychology has produced no results whatsoever. Frequently, however, those who hold this view have not had any contact with the published literature of the field such as that which can be found in the Journal of Parapsychology, the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, or in the proceedings of the annual convention of the Paraps ...

See also:

Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Psychic investigations, Parapsychology - General organizations, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links

Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence

The opinion of parapsychologists regarding the overall evaluation of the body of evidence to date is divided. As noted above, some parapsychologists are skeptic and do not believe that there is anything observed so far which cannot ultimately be explained within the existing framework of known science. Probably a majority of parapsychologists believe in the likelihood, or at least the possibility, of actual psi phenomena, though there is a range of attitudes toward the evidence. Regarding the evidence, the rule of the thumb of the ske ...

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Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Psychic investigations, Parapsychology - General organizations, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links

Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms

There are a variety of other objections to parapsychology as well. Psi Phenomena as a Violation of the Laws of Physics or Nature Some critics claim that the existence of psi phenomena would violate "the known laws of physics", and some of these critics believe that this is reason enough that such phenomena should not be studied. Parapsychologists respond that "laws of nature" are simply summaries of existing scientific knowledge and do get revised from time to time during the course of scientific progress, in ...

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Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms,