comfort women

Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. Resistance movements are sometimes also referred to as "the underground". Among the most notable resistance movements were the French Maquis, the Polish Home Army, and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Communist resistance was among the fiercest since they were already organiz ...

See also:

World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labor camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

Read more here: » World War II: Encyclopedia II - World War II - Resistance

The belligerents of the Second World War are usually considered to belong to either of the two blocs: the Axis and the Allies. A number of smaller countries participated in the war, some of them under occupation or as proxies of one of the large powers. Some nations participated on different sides at different times. The Axis Powers consisted primarily of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which split the Earth into three spheres of influence under the Tripartite Pact of 1940, and vowed to defend one another against aggression. Smaller countr ...

See also:

World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labor camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

Read more here: » World War II: Encyclopedia II - World War II - Participants

Main articles: Causes of World War II, Events preceding World War II in Europe, and Events preceding World War II in Asia [2]The causes of World War II are naturally a debated subject, but a common view, particularly among the allies in the early post-war years, ties them to the policy of appeasement, which was directed by Britain and France after the First World War and expansionism of Germany and J ...

See also:

World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labor camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

Read more here: » World War II: Encyclopedia II - World War II - Causes

Home front is the name given to the activities of the civilians in a state of total war. In the United Kingdom, women joined the work force in jobs that the men used to occupy. Food, clothing, petrol and other items were rationed. Access to luxuries was severely restricted, though there was also a significant black market. Families also grew victory gardens, small home vegetable gardens, to supply themselves with food. Civilians also served as Air Raid Wardens, volunteer emergency services and other critical functions. Schools and org ...

See also:

World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labor camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

Read more here: » World War II: Encyclopedia II - World War II - The Home fronts

[8]The massive research and development demands of the war, including the Manhattan Project's efforts to quickly develop the atomic bomb, had a great impact on the scientific community, among other things creating a network of national laboratories in the United States and new sciences like cybernetics. In addition, the pressing need for numerous time-critical calculations for various projects like code-breaking and ballistics tables accentuated the need fo ...

See also:

World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labor camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

Read more here: » World War II: Encyclopedia II - World War II - Technologies

Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. Resistance movements are sometimes also referred to as "the underground". Among the most notable resistance movements were the French Maquis, the Polish Home Army, and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Communist resistance was among the fiercest since they were already organiz ...

See also:

World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

Read more here: » World War II: Encyclopedia II - World War II - Resistance

World War II - Casualties. Main article: World War II casualties At least 60 million people lost their lives in World War II —about 25 million soldiers and 35 million civilians, with estimates varying widely. This includes the estimated 10 million lives lost due to the Holocaust, consisting of about 6 million Jews and 4 million non-Jews made up of ...

See also:

World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labor camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

Read more here: » World War II: Encyclopedia II - World War II - Aftermath

The Second World War saw large-scale atrocities aimed against the civilian populations of many of the nations involved. Germany killed between 11 million and 24 million civilians in deliberate acts of genocide and mass murder which often took priority over pressing military needs, while the Soviet Union and Japan used labor camps and often conducted massacres of their own, with Japan killing around 6 million civilians in areas they occupied, and the Soviets approximately 4 million civilians, half of these being from among the Soviet Union's ...

See also:

World War II, World War II - Causes, World War II - Participants, World War II - Chronology, World War II - A debated starting date, World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe, World War II - 1940: The war spreads, World War II - 1941: The war becomes global, World War II - 1942: Deadlock, World War II - 1943: The war turns, World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end, World War II - 1945: The end of the war, World War II - Resistance, World War II - The Home fronts, World War II - Technologies, World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities, World War II - Genocide, World War II - Concentration camps labor camps and internment, World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians, World War II - Aftermath, World War II - Casualties, World War II - A world in ruins, World War II - United Nations, World War II - The Cold War begins, World War II - Main articles, World War II - Media

Read more here: » World War II: Encyclopedia II - World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities

Sexual slavery - Sexual slavery in North America. In the mid-19th century in the U.S., there was a white slavery scare which suggested that large numbers of white women were being kidnapped and forced into prostitution. The prevalence of this practice was greatly exaggerated due to xenophobia, and this phenomenon is generally regarded today as having been an example of a moral panic. In fact, at that time, the US victims of sexual slavery were overwhelmingly women of African descent, held as slaves, often ...

See also:

Sexual slavery, Sexual slavery - Modern-day sexual slavery, Sexual slavery - Forced prostitution, Sexual slavery - Sexual slavery in Africa, Sexual slavery - Sexual slavery in the Middle East, Sexual slavery - Sexual slavery in the past, Sexual slavery - Sexual slavery in North America, Sexual slavery - Sexual slavery in East and Southeast Asia during World War II, Sexual slavery - Sexual slavery in Japan post World War II, Sexual slavery - Sexual slavery in Korea, Sexual slavery - Sexual slavery in the Middle East, Sexual slavery - External references, Sexual slavery - Quality Organizations

Read more here: » Sexual slavery: Encyclopedia II - Sexual slavery - Sexual slavery in the past

Pramoedya was released from imprisonment in 1979, but remained under house arrest in Jakarta until 1992. During this time he wrote The Girl From the Coast, another semi-fictional novel based on his grandmother's own experience. He also wrote Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu (1995; A Mute's Soliloquy), an autobiography based on the letters that he wrote for his daughter but were not allowed to be sent, and Arus Balik (1995). More recently, he has written many columns and short articles criticizing the current Indon ...

See also:

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Early years, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Prominence Post-Independence, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Imprisonment under Suharto, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Release and subsequent works, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Notes

Read more here: » Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Encyclopedia II - Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Release and subsequent works

The question as to which political group directed the Chinese war effort and exerted most of the effort to resist the Japanese still remains a controversial issue. In the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War of Resistance Memorial near the Marco Polo Bridge, the People’s Republic of China emphasizes that it was the Communist Party that directed Chinese efforts in the war and did everything to resist the Japanese invasion. Recently, however, with a change in the political climate, the CCP has admitted that certain Nationalist generals ...

See also:

Second Sino-Japanese War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Nomenclature, Second Sino-Japanese War - Invasion of China, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Strategy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Number of troops involved, Second Sino-Japanese War - National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese side, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese and Japanese equipment, Second Sino-Japanese War - The National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Imperial Japanese Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Stalemate and foreign aid, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Pacific War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Casualties assessment, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Aftermath, Second Sino-Japanese War - Legacy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Who really fought the Sino-Japanese War?, Second Sino-Japanese War - Major figures, Second Sino-Japanese War - Military engagements, Second Sino-Japanese War - Campaigns, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles in Burmese Campaign, Second Sino-Japanese War - Attacks on civilians, Second Sino-Japanese War - Footnotes

Read more here: » Second Sino-Japanese War: Encyclopedia II - Second Sino-Japanese War - Who really fought the Sino-Japanese War?

To this day the war is a major point of contention between (both People's Republic and Republic of) China and Japan. A small but vocal group of Japanese nationalists and/or right-wingers deny a variety of crimes attributed to Japan. The Japanese invasion of its neighbours is often glorified or whitewashed, and wartime atrocities, most notably the Nanjing Massacre, comfort women, and Unit 731, are frequently denied by such individuals. The Japanese government has also been accused of historical revisionism by allowing the approval of school textboo ...

See also:

Second Sino-Japanese War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Nomenclature, Second Sino-Japanese War - Invasion of China, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Strategy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Number of troops involved, Second Sino-Japanese War - National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese side, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese and Japanese equipment, Second Sino-Japanese War - The National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Imperial Japanese Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Stalemate and foreign aid, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Pacific War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Casualties assessment, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Aftermath, Second Sino-Japanese War - Legacy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Who really fought the Sino-Japanese War?, Second Sino-Japanese War - Major figures, Second Sino-Japanese War - Military engagements, Second Sino-Japanese War - Campaigns, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles in Burmese Campaign, Second Sino-Japanese War - Attacks on civilians, Second Sino-Japanese War - Footnotes

Read more here: » Second Sino-Japanese War: Encyclopedia II - Second Sino-Japanese War - Legacy

As of mid 1945, all sides expected the war to continue for at least another year. However it was suddenly ended after the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan capitulated to the allies on August 14, 1945. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on September 9, 1945 and by the provisions of the Cairo Conference of 1943 the lands of Manchuria, Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands reverted to China. However, the ...

See also:

Second Sino-Japanese War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Nomenclature, Second Sino-Japanese War - Invasion of China, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Strategy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Number of troops involved, Second Sino-Japanese War - National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese side, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese and Japanese equipment, Second Sino-Japanese War - The National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Imperial Japanese Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Stalemate and foreign aid, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Pacific War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Casualties assessment, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Aftermath, Second Sino-Japanese War - Legacy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Who really fought the Sino-Japanese War?, Second Sino-Japanese War - Major figures, Second Sino-Japanese War - Military engagements, Second Sino-Japanese War - Campaigns, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles in Burmese Campaign, Second Sino-Japanese War - Attacks on civilians, Second Sino-Japanese War - Footnotes

Read more here: » Second Sino-Japanese War: Encyclopedia II - Second Sino-Japanese War - Aftermath

China: Nationalist Bai Chongxi (白崇禧) Chen Cheng (陳誠,陈诚) Chiang Kai-Shek (蔣介石,蒋介石) Du Yuming (杜聿明) Fang Xianjue (方先覺,方先觉) Feng Yuxiang (馮玉祥,冯玉祥) Gu Zhutong (顧祝同,顾祝同) He Yingqin (何應欽,何应钦) Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of Republic of China H. H. Kung (孔祥熙) Hu Zongnan (胡宗南) Li Zongren (李宗仁) Long Yun (龍雲,龙云) ...

See also:

Second Sino-Japanese War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Nomenclature, Second Sino-Japanese War - Invasion of China, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Strategy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Number of troops involved, Second Sino-Japanese War - National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese side, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese and Japanese equipment, Second Sino-Japanese War - The National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Imperial Japanese Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Stalemate and foreign aid, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Pacific War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Casualties assessment, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Aftermath, Second Sino-Japanese War - Legacy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Who really fought the Sino-Japanese War?, Second Sino-Japanese War - Major figures, Second Sino-Japanese War - Military engagements, Second Sino-Japanese War - Campaigns, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles in Burmese Campaign, Second Sino-Japanese War - Attacks on civilians, Second Sino-Japanese War - Footnotes

Read more here: » Second Sino-Japanese War: Encyclopedia II - Second Sino-Japanese War - Major figures

Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles. Battle of Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge Incident) Battle of Shanghai Battle of Nanjing (also known as the Defense of Nanjing) Battle of Taierzhuang Battle of Xuzhou Battle of Wuhan Battle of Changsha Retreat of Xianggui Battle of Hengyang Hundred Regiments Offensive Battle of Sinkow Battle of Hsuchow Battle of Wuchang and Hankow Battle of Nanchang< ...

See also:

Second Sino-Japanese War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Nomenclature, Second Sino-Japanese War - Invasion of China, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Strategy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Number of troops involved, Second Sino-Japanese War - National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese side, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese and Japanese equipment, Second Sino-Japanese War - The National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Imperial Japanese Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Stalemate and foreign aid, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Pacific War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Casualties assessment, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Aftermath, Second Sino-Japanese War - Legacy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Who really fought the Sino-Japanese War?, Second Sino-Japanese War - Major figures, Second Sino-Japanese War - Military engagements, Second Sino-Japanese War - Campaigns, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles in Burmese Campaign, Second Sino-Japanese War - Attacks on civilians, Second Sino-Japanese War - Footnotes

Read more here: » Second Sino-Japanese War: Encyclopedia II - Second Sino-Japanese War - Campaigns

In the first years after the independence struggle, a wave of anti-communist and anti-Chinese fervor came to a head with the assassinations of several right-wing generals, allegedly by elements loyal to the Communist Party of Indonesia. After the rise to power of Suharto, Pramoedya's sympathies with the Indonesian Chinese and esteem within leftist circles gained the enmity of the "New Order" regime. He was arrested, beaten, and imprisoned by Suharto's government and named a tapol ("political prisoner"). His books were banned from circ ...

See also:

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Early years, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Prominence Post-Independence, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Imprisonment under Suharto, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Release and subsequent works, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Notes

Read more here: » Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Encyclopedia II - Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Imprisonment under Suharto

In the first years after the independence struggle, Pramoedya wrote several works of fiction dealing with the problems of the newly founded nation, as well as semi-autobiographical works based on his wartime memoirs. He was soon able to live in the Netherlands as part of a cultural exchange program. In the years that followed, he would take an interest in several other cultural exchanges, including trips to the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, a ...

See also:

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Early years, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Prominence Post-Independence, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Imprisonment under Suharto, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Release and subsequent works, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Awards, Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Notes

Read more here: » Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Encyclopedia II - Pramoedya Ananta Toer - Prominence Post-Independence

Germany's response to its war crimes has been largely lauded by the former Allies. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany until 1990) has offered official apologies for the role of Germany in the Holocaust. Additionally, German leaders have continuously expressed repentance, most notably when former Chancellor Willy Brandt fell on his knees in front of a Holocaust memorial in the Warsaw Ghetto, also known as the Warschauer Kniefall in 1970. Germany has also paid extensive reparations, including n ...

See also:

Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Germany, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Japan, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - China PRC/ People's Republic of China ROC / Republic of ChinaTaiwan, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Singapore, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Japan In detail, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - War Criminal And Yasukuni, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Biological/Chemical weapons, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Textbooks, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Law, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Conclusion, Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Resources

Read more here: » Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes: Encyclopedia II - Responses of Germany and Japan to World War II crimes - Germany

The conflict lasted for 97 months and 3 days (measured from 1937 to 1945). Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Casualties. The Kuomintang fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38931 skirmishes. The CCP mostly fought guerilla attacks in rural area in North China. It would later give them credence to win them support in the Chinese Civil War.

China: Nationalist Bai Chongxi (白崇禧) Chen Cheng (陳誠,陈诚) Chiang Kai-Shek (蔣介石,蒋介石) Du Yuming (杜聿明) Fang Xianjue (方先覺,方先觉) Feng Yuxiang (馮玉祥,冯玉祥) Gu Zhutong (顧祝同,顾祝同) He Yingqin (何應欽,何应钦) Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of Republic of China H. H. Kung (孔祥熙) Hu Zongnan (胡宗南) Li Zongren (李宗仁) Long Yun (龍雲,龙云) ...

See also:

Second Sino-Japanese War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Nomenclature, Second Sino-Japanese War - Invasion of China, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Strategy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Number of troops involved, Second Sino-Japanese War - National Revolutionary Army, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese side, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese and Japanese equipment, Second Sino-Japanese War - Stalemate and foreign aid, Second Sino-Japanese War - The Pacific War, Second Sino-Japanese War - Casualties assessment, Second Sino-Japanese War - Chinese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Japanese Casualties, Second Sino-Japanese War - Aftermath, Second Sino-Japanese War - Legacy, Second Sino-Japanese War - Who really fought the Sino-Japanese War?, Second Sino-Japanese War - Major figures, Second Sino-Japanese War - Military engagements, Second Sino-Japanese War - Campaigns, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles, Second Sino-Japanese War - Battles in Burmese Campaign, Second Sino-Japanese War - Attacks on civilians, Second Sino-Japanese War - Footnotes

Read more here: » Second Sino-Japanese War: Encyclopedia II - Second Sino-Japanese War - Major figures

Eyewitness accounts from the period state that over the course of six weeks following the fall of Nanking, Japanese troops engaged in an orgy of rape, murder, theft, and arson. The most reliable accounts came from foreigners who opted to stay behind in order to protect Chinese civilians from certain harm, including the diaries of John Rabe and Minnie Vautrin. Others include first-person testimonies of the Massacre survivors. Still more were gathered from eyewitnesses reports of journalists, both Western and Japanese, as well as the field dia ...

See also:

Nanking Massacre, Nanking Massacre - Events leading to the Massacre, Nanking Massacre - Japanese Atrocities Begin, Nanking Massacre - Rape, Nanking Massacre - Murder, Nanking Massacre - Theft and arson, Nanking Massacre - Death toll estimates, Nanking Massacre - Geographical Extent and the Killing Duration, Nanking Massacre - Prisoners of war debate, Nanking Massacre - Various Estimates, Nanking Massacre - Historiography and Debate, Nanking Massacre - Post-1972 Japanese Interest, Nanking Massacre - The Ienaga Textbook Incident, Nanking Massacre - Chinese and International Historiography, Nanking Massacre - Current Situation in Japan

Read more here: » Nanking Massacre: Encyclopedia II - Nanking Massacre - Japanese Atrocities Begin

Following the Mukden Incident in 1931, Japan began its invasion of Manchuria, China. Because the Communists and the Kuomintang (KMT) were engaged in the Chinese Civil War they were distracted from the reality of Japanese advances. However, in 1937, following the Xi'an Incident, the Chinese communists and nationalists agreed to form a united front. The KMT then formally started an all-out defense against the Japanese threat. However, the Chinese army was poorly trained and equipped: some regiments were armed primarily with swords and hand gre ...

See also:

Nanking Massacre, Nanking Massacre - Events leading to the Massacre, Nanking Massacre - Japanese Atrocities Begin, Nanking Massacre - Rape, Nanking Massacre - Murder, Nanking Massacre - Theft and arson, Nanking Massacre - Death toll estimates, Nanking Massacre - Geographical Extent and the Killing Duration, Nanking Massacre - Prisoners of war debate, Nanking Massacre - Various Estimates, Nanking Massacre - Historiography and Debate, Nanking Massacre - Post-1972 Japanese Interest, Nanking Massacre - The Ienaga Textbook Incident, Nanking Massacre - Chinese and International Historiography, Nanking Massacre - Current Situation in Japan

Read more here: » Nanking Massacre: Encyclopedia II - Nanking Massacre - Events leading to the Massacre