Combustion or burning is a chemical process, an exothermic reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer), usually O2, to release heat. In a complete combustion reaction, a compound reacts with an oxidizing element, and the products are compounds of each element in the fuel with the oxidizing element. For example: CH2S + 6 F2 → CF4 + 2 HF + SF6 + heat Combustion - Rapid combustion. Rapid combustion is a form of combusti ...

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Combustion - Rapid combustion Combustion - Slower combustion Combustion - Complete combustion Combustion - Incomplete combustion Combustion - Chemical equation Combustion - Combustion phases Combustion - Combustion temperatures Combustion - Combustion Analysis

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Combustion, Combustion - Rapid combustion, Combustion - Slower combustion, Combustion - Complete combustion, Combustion - Incomplete combustion, Combustion - Chemical equation, Combustion - Combustion phases, Combustion - Combustion temperatures, Combustion - Combustion Analysis

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Assuming perfect combustion conditions, such as an adiabatic (no heat loss) and complete combustion, the adiabatic combustion temperature can be determined. The formula that yields this temperature is based on the first law of thermodynamics and takes note of the fact that the heat of combustion (calculated from the fuel's heating value) is used entirely for warming up fuel and gas (e.g. oxygen or air). In the case of fossil fuels burnt in air, the combustion temperature depends on the heating value the stoichiometric air ratio λ the heat capacity of fuel a ...

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Combustion, Combustion - Rapid combustion, Combustion - Slower combustion, Combustion - Complete combustion, Combustion - Incomplete combustion, Combustion - Chemical equation, Combustion - Combustion phases, Combustion - Combustion temperatures, Combustion - Combustion Analysis

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A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the emissions from an internal combustion engine. Most commonly used in an automobile's exhaust system, catalytic converters are now commonly used on generator sets, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses, trains, and other machines that have engines to provide an environment for a chemical reaction where unburned hydrocarbons are more completely combusted. Automobile converters use platinum or palladium and rhodium as catalysts. Hence the combustion (redox) process continues, but o ...

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Catalytic converter - Purpose and function of catalytic converters Catalytic converter - Catalyst Poisoning Catalytic converter - Technical details Catalytic converter - Regulations Catalytic converter - Patents

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Being more than 75% water, the human body does not burn very well. However, in many cases of SHC, victims' bodies were reduced to cinders. To reduce the bodies of victims to such a state, temperatures of more than 1700° C (3000° F) are required. In modern crematoria, which have temperatures around 1100° C (2000° F), the bones are not broken down completely and have to be ground into smaller pieces. Many murderers have tried to burn their victims (in fact, many have attempted to cover up their crimes by SHC). However, once the acce ...

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Spontaneous Human Combustion, Spontaneous Human Combustion - Characteristics, Spontaneous Human Combustion - Complications, Spontaneous Human Combustion - The 'Wick' Effect, Spontaneous Human Combustion - Experiment, Spontaneous Human Combustion - SHC debunked, Spontaneous Human Combustion - References

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In the Otto cycle (4 stroke Gasoline engine) the fuel and air are pre-mixed before being drawn into the cylinder. The mixture is then compressed and ignited at the right moment with a spark plug. The fuel/air charge is ignited just before the piston reaches Top Dead Center. Gasoline burns more quickly than diesel fuel, and since the combustion cycle starts earlier (15 degrees before Top Dead Center is common), the entire combustion process is usually complete by the time the piston reachs Bottom Dead Center. It is critical for this typ ...

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Diesel cycle, Diesel cycle - Diesel cycle, Diesel cycle - Otto cycle, Diesel cycle - Other internal combustion engines without spark plugs

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The fuel is widely used in Sweden and is becoming increasingly common in the United States, mainly in the Midwest where corn is a major crop and is the primary source material for ethanol fuel production. Minnesota has the largest number of E85 fuel pumps of any U.S. state, with 158 of the 400+ pumps in the country. As of July 2005, Illinois has the second-greatest number of E85 pumps (about 60); most other states have fewer than two dozen. Even in Minnesota, the ethanol pumps represent a tiny fraction of the fuel outlets—there are about 4 ...

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E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

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A flame is a self-sustaining oxidizing chemical reaction most often producing carbon dioxide and gaseous water. It consists of reacting gases emitting heat and light, which is dependent on the chemical composition of the burning flame. In many cases such as burning organic matter like wood or incomplete combustion of gas, incandescent solid particles (soot) produce the familiar red-orange 'fire' color light. This light has a continuous spectrum. Complete combustion of gas has a dim blue color due to the emission of single wavelength r ...

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Flame - Flame Colors Flame - See Also

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As of 2005, E85 is frequently sold for a 0 to 35% lower cost than gasoline. Much of this discount can be attributed to various government subsidies, and, at least in the United States, the elimination of state taxes that typically apply to gasoline and can amount to 47 cents, or more, per gallon of fuel. The federal tax exemption that keeps ethanol economically competitive with petroleum fuel products is due to expire in 2007, but this exemption may be extended through legislative action. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the pr ...

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E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

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E85 is best used in engines modified to accept higher concentrations of ethanol. Such flexible-fuel engines are designed to run on any mixture of gasoline or ethanol with up to 85% ethanol by volume. The primary differences from non-FFVs is the elimination of bare magnesium, aluminium, and rubber parts in the fuel system, the use of fuel pumps capable of operating with electrically-conductive (alcohol) instead of non-conducting dielectric (gasoline) fuel, specially-coated wear-resistant engine parts, fuel injection control systems having a w ...

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E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

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E85 has a considerably higher octane rating than gasoline — about 110 — a difference significant enough that it does not burn as efficiently in traditionally-manufactured internal-combustion engines. Use of E85 in non-FFV vechicles is generally experimental, with some users recommending light blends as low as 20%, while others have successfully run 100% E85. The attraction of burning E85, of course, is th ...

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E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

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Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of ethanol may corrode metal and rubber parts in older engines (pre-1988) designed primarily for gasoline. The hydroxyl group on the ethanol molecule is an extremely weak acid, but it can enhance corrosion for some natural materials. For post-1988 fuel-injected engines, all the components are already designed to accommodate E10 (10% ethanol) blends through the elimination of exposed magnesium and aluminium metals and natural rubber and cork gasketed parts. Hence, there is a greater degree of flexibil ...

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E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

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After-market conversion kits, for converting standard engines to operate on E85, are generally not legal in U.S. states subject to emissions controls unless you get your converted vehicle independently EPA certified. This is despite the fact that the exhaust emissions from any such converted cars are improved by utilizing higher percentages of ethanol in the gasoline blend. (Unfortunately, EPA certification costs in excess of $23,000 and you additionally have to prove that your vehicle will maintain low emissions for at least 50,000 miles ...

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E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

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E85 fuel requires a richer air fuel mixture than gasoline for best results. Successful conversions generally require 27% - 30% more fuel flow than when the engine burns 100% gasoline. (In contrast, methanol conversions require even more fuel flow increase than ethanol conversions.) Flexible fuel vehicles additionally impose a wider range of air fuel ratios that must be achieved than what is required for vehicles that operate only on gasoline or alcohol. This is because a wider range of air fuel ratios is required to use all the varyi ...

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E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

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E85 - Europe. Ford Focus, Focus C-MAX Saab 9-5 Volvo S40, V50 E85 - USA. Chrysler Sebring Dodge Caravan, Durango, Grand Caravan, Ram Pickup, Stratus Ford Crown Victoria, F-150, Grand Marquis, Taurus Chevrolet Avalanche, Impala, Silverado, Suburban, TahoeSee also:

E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

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In theory a stoich mixture has just enough air to completely burn the available fuel. In practice this is never quite achieved, due primarily to the very short time available in an internal combustion engine for each combustion cycle. Most of the combustion process completes in approximately 4-5 milliseconds at an engine speed of 6000 rpm. This is the time that elapses from when the spark is fired until the burning of the fuel air mix is essentially complete after some 80 degrees of crankshaft rotation. Catalytic converters are designed to work best when the exhaust gases passing through them show ...

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Air-fuel ratio, Air-fuel ratio - Synopsis, Air-fuel ratio - Other terms used, Air-fuel ratio - AFR, Air-fuel ratio - FAR, Air-fuel ratio - Lambda, Air-fuel ratio - Equivalence ratio

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Depending on topography and climatic conditions, wood heating in certain areas can cause air pollution, particularly particulates. "Slow combustion stoves" increase efficiency of wood heaters burning logs, but also increase particulate production. Low pollution slow combustion stoves are a current area of research. An alternative approach is to use pyrolysis to produce several useful biochemical byproducts, and clean burning charcoal, or to burn fuel extremely quickly inside a large thermal mass. This has the effect of allowing the fuel to burn completely without producing particulat ...

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Wood fuel, Wood fuel - Energy Content, Wood fuel - Combustion by-products, Wood fuel - Environmental Impact, Wood fuel - Firewood, Wood fuel - Measurement of firewood, Wood fuel - European use of wood fuel, Wood fuel - United States use of wood heat, Wood fuel - 1973 energy crisis, Wood fuel - Today

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Specific Energy Aside from physical or chemical analyses to determine the handling and pollutant profile of a coal, the energy output of a coal is determined using a bomb calorimeter which measures the specific energy output of a coal during complete combustion. This is required particularly for coals used in steam-raising. Ash Fusion Test The behaviour of a coal's ash residue at high temperature is a critical factor in selecting coals for steam power generation. Most furnaces are designed to remove as ...

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Coal assay, Coal assay - Chemical properties of coal, Coal assay - Physical and Mechanical Properties, Coal assay - Special Combustion Tests

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Alkane - Reactions with oxygen. All alkanes react with oxygen in a combustion reaction, although they become increasing difficult to ignite as the number of carbon atoms increases. The general equation for complete combustion is: 2CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)O2 → 2(n+1)H2O + 2nCO2 In the absence of sufficient oxygen, carbon monoxide or even soot can be formed, as shown below for methane: 2CH4 + 3O2 → 2CO + 4H2O CH4 + O2< ...

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Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations

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Image:Flames.jpg The image at right demonstrates the difference in flame colors depending on how complete the combustion is. Pictured is a bunsen burner burning mainly methane. When the gas is burnt it burns with yellow flame, also called a safety flame, at 1,000 C. When the flame is blue, using the heat color rule it is much hotter, around 1,600 C. Flame temperatures of common items include a blowlamp at 1,300 C, a candle at 1,400 C, or a much hotte ...

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Flame, Flame - Flame Colors, Flame - See Also

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