Encyclopedia - Combustion: Encyclopedia - Combustion
Combustion or burning is a chemical process, an exothermic reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer), usually O2, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Combustion Chamber: Encyclopedia - Combustion Chamber
A combustion chamber is part of an engine in which fuel is burned. The leftover hot gases produced by this combustion tend to occupy a fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Combustion: Encyclopedia Ii - Combustion - Combustion Temperatures
Assuming perfect combustion conditions, such as an adiabatic (no heat loss) and complete combustion, the adiabatic combustion temperature...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Combustion: Encyclopedia Ii - Combustion - Chemical Equation
Generally, the chemical equation for burning a hydrocarbon (such as octane) in oxygen is as follows: CxHy + (x + y/4)O2 → xCO2 + (y/2)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spontaneous Human Combustion: Encyclopedia - Spontaneous Human Combustion
Spontaneous Human Combustion (SHC) is an urban legend of a person igniting without the presence of an external source of ignition. Sponta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Controlled Combustion Engine: Encyclopedia - Controlled Combustion Engine
Controlled Combustion Engine (CCE) is a type of internal combustion engine designed by Brad Howell-Smith in 1995. It uses two counter-rot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flame: Encyclopedia - Flame
A flame is a self-sustaining oxidizing chemical reaction most often producing carbon dioxide and gaseous water. It consists of reacting g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Boiler: Encyclopedia - Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated under pressure. The steam or hot fluid is then circulated out of the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fuel: Encyclopedia - Fuel
Fuel is a material with one type of energy which can be transformed into another usable energy. A common example is potential energy bein...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phlogiston Theory: Encyclopedia - Phlogiston Theory
The phlogiston theory is an obsolete scientific theory of combustion. It was developed by J. J. Becher late in the 17th century and was e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Smoke: Encyclopedia - Smoke
Smoke is a suspension in air (aerosol) of small particles resulting from incomplete combustion of a fuel. It is commonly an unwanted by-p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Machine: Encyclopedia - Machine
A machine is any mechanical or organic device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. It norm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Car Engine: Encyclopedia - Car Engine
Car engines are needed to make the vehicle run. Most car engines these days work by four-stroke internal combustion system. The reason fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evaporation: Encyclopedia - Evaporation
Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fire: Encyclopedia - Fire
Fire, a form of combustion, is the most spectacular chemical phenomenon. Linguistically, the word fire refers to the combination of the b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia - Coal Assay
Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particlar physical and chemical properties of coals. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wood Fuel: Encyclopedia - Wood Fuel
Wood burning is the largest current use of biomass derived energy. Wood can be used as a solid fuel for cooking or heating, or occasional...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia - Gasoline
Gasoline is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. Gasolin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weapon: Encyclopedia - Weapon
A weapon is a tool which can be used during combat to kill or incapacitate, to destroy property, or to otherwise render resources non-fun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Incense: Encyclopedia - Incense
Incense is a preparation of aromatic plant matter, often with the addition of essential oils extracted from plant or animal sources, inte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia - Coal
Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). It is a readily combustible blac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Automobile: Encyclopedia - Automobile
An automobile is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own motor. Different types of automobiles include cars, buses, trucks, vans, and moto...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Combustible Incense: Craft Witchcraft Dictionary On Combustible Incense
COMBUSTIBLE INCENSE: selfburning incense containing potassium nitrate, usually in cone, block or stick form. NOTE: incense is an Air E...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Detonation Internal Combustion Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Detonation Internal Combustion Engine - Normal Combustion
Under ideal conditions the common piston internal combustion engine burns its fuel air mix in the cylinder in a orderly and controlled fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heat Of Combustion: Encyclopedia Ii - Heat Of Combustion - Heating Value
The heat of combustion for fuels is sometimes expressed as the HHV (Higher Heating value), LHV (Lower Heating Value), or GHV (Gross Heati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spontaneous Human Combustion: Encyclopedia Ii - Spontaneous Human Combustion - Hypotheses
At the present day, opinion on SHC remains divided. As with any apparently anomalous phenomenon, there are a number of theories that atte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flame: Encyclopedia Ii - Flame - Flame Colors
Image:Flames.jpg The image at right demonstrates the difference in flame colors depending on how complete the combustion is. Pictured is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spontaneous Human Combustion: Encyclopedia Ii - Spontaneous Human Combustion - Use In Other Popular Culture
Spontaneous human combustion is also used in popular culture movies and television shows: In an episode of the BBC's sitcom Red Dwarf ti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spontaneous Human Combustion: Encyclopedia Ii - Spontaneous Human Combustion - Some Survivors Of Alleged Shc
A number of persons have reported serious burns that injured their bodies with no apparent cause. If this is not the alleged phenomenon k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spontaneous Human Combustion: Encyclopedia Ii - Spontaneous Human Combustion - Alleged Characteristics
There are many characteristics that together distinguish alleged SHC from other forms of fire. Indeed, it is a combination of most or all...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Internal Combustion Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Internal Combustion Engine - Operation
All internal combustion engines depend on the exothermic chemical process of combustion: the reaction of a fuel, typically with air, alth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Internal Combustion Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Internal Combustion Engine - Classification
There is a wide range of internal combustion engines corresponding to their many varied applications. Likewise there is a wide range of w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Internal Combustion Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Internal Combustion Engine - History
Internal combustion engine - Non-compression. Leonardo da Vinci, in 1509, and Christiaan Huygens, in 1673, described constant pressure ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Internal Combustion Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Internal Combustion Engine - Applications
Internal combustion engines are most commonly used for mobile propulsion systems. In mobile scenarios internal combustion is advantageous...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spontaneous Combustion: Encyclopedia Ii - Spontaneous Combustion - Plot Synopsis
In this episode, Kyle Broflovski discovers that his dad and his mom are having marital difficulties, and he and the others (Kenny McCormi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Internal Combustion Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Internal Combustion Engine - Parts
The parts of an engine vary depending on the engine's type. For a four-stroke engine, key parts of the engine include the crankshaft (pur...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Spontaneous Human Combustion: Parapsychology Dictionary On Spontaneous Human Combustion
Spontaneous Human Combustion: Refers to cases in which a badly burned human body has been discovered in circumstances suggesting that...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spontaneous Human Combustion: Encyclopedia Ii - Spontaneous Human Combustion - Complications
Being more than 75% water, the human body does not burn very well. However, in many cases of SHC, victims' bodies were reduced to cinders...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Boiler: Encyclopedia Ii - Boiler - Overview
Construction of boilers is mainly limited to copper, steel and cast iron. In Live steam toys, brass is often used. Sources of heat for th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Detonation Internal Combustion Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Detonation Internal Combustion Engine - The Detonation Process
Detonation is an abnormal combustion process where some of the fuel air mix burns in an out-of-control manner at extremely high speeds. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Staged Combustion Cycle Rocket: Encyclopedia Ii - Staged Combustion Cycle Rocket - Full Flow Staged Combustion Cycle
Full flow staged combustion (FFSCC) is a variation on the staged combustion cycle where all of the fuel and all of the oxidizer pass thro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Piston: Encyclopedia Ii - Piston - Internal Combustion Engine
Most pistons fitted in a cylinder have piston rings. Usually there are two spring-compression rings that act as a seal between the piston...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Fuel - Fuels
Fuel - Solid fuels. There are many different types of fuel. Solid fuels include coal, wood and peat. All these types of fuel are combus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Connecting Rod: Encyclopedia Ii - Connecting Rod - Internal Combustion Engines
In modern automotive internal combustion engines, the connecting rods are most usually made of steel for production engines, but can be m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poppet Valve: Encyclopedia Ii - Poppet Valve - Internal Combustion Engine
Poppet valves are used in most piston engines to open and close the intake and exhaust ports. The valve is usually a flat disk of metal w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Special Combustion Tests
Specific Energy Aside from physical or chemical analyses to determine the handling and pollutant profile of a coal, the energy output of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Vehicle: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Vehicle - Hydrogen Internal Combustion
Hydrogen internal combustion engine cars are different from hydrogen fuel cell cars. The hydrogen internal combustion car is a slightly m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Vehicle: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Vehicle - Hydrogen Internal Combustion
Hydrogen internal combustion engine cars are different from hydrogen fuel cell cars. The hydrogen internal combustion car is a slightly m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Car Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Car Engine - The Stages Of The Four Stroke Combustion Cycle
The Intake Stroke In this stage the intake valve opens allowing air to mix with the gasoline inside the engine. The Piston at the top of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - City Car: Encyclopedia Ii - City Car - Internal Combustion Engine Ice City Cars
Early superminis can be considered city cars because of their size, but even in the late 70s superminis were the second smallest availabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evaporation: Encyclopedia Ii - Evaporation - Applied Evaporation
Evaporation - Forced evaporation. Forced evaporation is a process used in the separation of mixtures, in which a mixture is heated to d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel Cycle - Otto Cycle
In the Otto cycle (4 stroke Gasoline engine) the fuel and air are pre-mixed before being drawn into the cylinder. The mixture is then com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorized Bicycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorized Bicycle - Environmental Effects
The environmental effects of motorized bicycles varies according to the power source. Two stroke engines, common in those powered by inte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorized Bicycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorized Bicycle - Environmental Effects
The environmental effects of motorized bicycles varies according to the power source. Two stroke engines, common in those powered by inte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Chemical Properties Of Coal
Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal or black coal, anthracite and graphite. Each type of coal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hcci: Encyclopedia Ii - Hcci - Operation
HCCI - Methods. A mixture of fuel and air will ignite when the concentration and temperature of reactants is sufficiently high. The con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phlogiston Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Phlogiston Theory - Challenge And Demise
Eventually, quantitative experiments revealed problems, including the fact that some metals, such as magnesium gained weight when they bu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wood Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Wood Fuel - Environmental Impact
Depending on topography and climatic conditions, wood heating in certain areas can cause air pollution, particularly particulates. "Slow ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio-controlled Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Radio-controlled Model - Power
Radio-controlled model - Internal combustion. Internal combustion engines usually are two stroke engines that run on alcohol based fuel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samuel Morey: Encyclopedia Ii - Samuel Morey - Morey's Steam Work
Morey's first patent, in 1793, was for a steam-powered spit, but he had grander plans. Morey realized that steam could be a power source ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorized Bicycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorized Bicycle - Power Sources
Historically internal combustion (IC) engines dominated the motorized bicycle market, but most current models use electric motors. A few ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radical Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Radical Chemistry - Depicting Radicals In Chemical Reactions
In written chemical equations, free radicals are frequently denoted by a dot placed immediately to the right of the atomic symbol or mole...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radical Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Radical Chemistry - The Chemistry Of Radicals
Radical chemistry - Terminology. In chemistry free radicals take part in radical addition and radical substitution as reactive intermed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fire: Encyclopedia Ii - Fire - Science Of Fire
See also: Fire ecology A flame is a self-sustaining oxidizing chemical reaction producing energy and ionized gas (plasma). It consists of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Collaboratory: Encyclopedia Ii - Collaboratory - Some Examples Of Collaboratories
Collaboratory - The Biological Sciences Collaboratory. A comprehensively described example is the Biological Sciences Collaboratory (BS...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Incense: Encyclopedia Ii - Incense - Manufacturing
Incense manufacturing applies mainly to direct burning incense since it must be carefully blended and manufactured such that it has abili...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Engine - Air-breathing Engines
Air-breathing engines use atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried, rather than carrying an oxidiser, as in a rocket. Theoretically, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio-controlled Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Radio-controlled Model - History
Radio control has been around since WWII. The Luftwaffe used controllable winged bombs for targeting Allied ships. However, it was imprac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Coal Fires
There are hundreds of coal fires burning around the world.[8] Those burning underground can be difficult to locate and many can not be ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorized Bicycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorized Bicycle - History
The origins of the motorized bicycle can be traced back to the latter part of the 19th Century. Experimenters began by attaching engines ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorized Bicycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorized Bicycle - History
The origins of the motorized bicycle can be traced back to the latter part of the 19th Century. Experimenters began by attaching engines ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorized Bicycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorized Bicycle - Naming And Legal Status
The legal definition and status of motorized bicycles varies by jurisdiction. Legal terms for motorized bicycles include "power-assisted ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorized Bicycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorized Bicycle - Naming And Legal Status
The legal definition and status of motorized bicycles varies by jurisdiction. Legal terms for motorized bicycles include "power-assisted ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - History
Gasoline - Pharmaceutical. Before internal combustion engines were invented in the mid-1800s, gasoline was sold in small bottles as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radical Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Radical Chemistry - Free Radicals In Biology
Free radicals play an important role in a number of biological processes, some of which are necessary for life, such as the intracellular...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radical Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Radical Chemistry - Free Radicals In Biology
Free radicals play an important role in a number of biological processes, some of which are necessary for life, such as the intracellular...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Additives
Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to explode ear...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasoline: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasoline - Additives
Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to ignite earl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Automobile: Encyclopedia Ii - Automobile - Environmental Improvements
The automobile was hailed as an environmental improvement over horses when it was first introduced. Before its introduction, in New York ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evaporation: Encyclopedia Ii - Evaporation - Film Deposition
Evaporation is a common method of thin film deposition used in industry. Evaporative deposition tends to be slower and therefore more exp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Vehicle: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Vehicle - Hydrogen Fuel Cell
While fuel cells are potentially highly efficient, and working prototypes were made by Roger E. Billings in the late 1960s, three major o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Vehicle: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Vehicle - Automobile And Bus Makers
Many companies are currently researching the feasability of building hydrogen cars. Funding has come from both private and government sou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - E85: Encyclopedia Ii - E85 - Experimental Use In Standard Engines
E85 has a considerably higher octane rating than gasoline — about 110 — a difference significant enough that it does not burn as effi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Uses
Coal - Coal as fuel. See also Clean coal Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce heat through combustion. World coal consum...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weapon: Encyclopedia Ii - Weapon - History
The weapon is any tool or object that is used to increase the range and power of a human hand. From the earliest traces of mankind up to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio-controlled Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Radio-controlled Model - Design
RC electronics have three essential elements. The transmitter is the controller. Transmitters have control sticks, triggers, switches and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radio-controlled Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Radio-controlled Model - Mass Production
There are thousands of RC vehicles available. Most are toys suitable for children. What separates toy grade RC from hobby grade RC is gen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weapon: Encyclopedia Ii - Weapon - Types Of Weapons
There are essentially three facets to classifying weapon types: who uses it, how it works, and what it targets. Who uses it essentially d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Incense: Encyclopedia Ii - Incense - Forms And Use Of Incense
Incense is available in numerous forms and degree of processing. However incense can generally be separated into direct burning and indir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrous Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrous Oxide - Chemistry
The structure of the nitrous oxide molecule is a linear chain of a nitrogen atom bound to a second nitrogen, which in turn is bound to an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrous Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrous Oxide - Safety
The major safety hazards of nitrous oxide come from the fact that it is a compressed liquified gas, and a dissociative anaesthetic. While...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrous Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrous Oxide - Legality
Possession of nitrous oxide is illegal in most localities in the United States for the purposes of inhaling or ingesting if not under the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Automobile: Encyclopedia Ii - Automobile - History
Automobile - The modern automobile. The modern automobile powered by the Otto gasoline engine was invented in Germany by Carl Benz. Eve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrous Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrous Oxide - Nitrous Oxide In The Atmosphere
Nitrogen oxides, nitrous oxide included, are greenhouse gases; nitrous oxide has 296 times the effect of carbon dioxide for producing glo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrous Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrous Oxide - Uses
Nitrous oxide - Inhalant effects — laughing gas. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a dissociative that can cause analgesia, euphoria, dizziness,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Physical And Mechanical Properties
Relative density Relative density or specific gravity of the coal depends on the rank of the coal and degree of mineral impurity. Knowled...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Automobile: Encyclopedia Ii - Automobile - Regulation
In almost every nation, laws have been enacted governing the operation of motor vehicles. Most of this legislation, including limits on a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrous Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrous Oxide - Neuropharmacology
Nitrous oxide shares many pharmacological similarities with classical gaseous and intravenous anesthetics, however, there are well-docume...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Truck: Encyclopedia Ii - Truck - History
Truck - Steam trucks. Trucks and cars have a common ancestor: the steam-powered "fardier" Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built in 1769. However,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Automobile: Encyclopedia Ii - Automobile - Alternative Fuels And Batteries
With heavy taxes on fuel, particularly in Europe and tightening environmental laws, particularly in California, and the possibility of fu...   » Read the article