Cologne cathedral

Canada - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. Rail Transport - Science - Sports Births - Deaths 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). 1880 - Events. May 13 - In Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison performs the first test of his electric railway. June 29 - France annexes Tahiti July 1 - First performance of O Canada, the song that would become the national anthem of Canada. July 16 - First woman licensed to pra ...

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• 1880 - Events
• 1880 - September - December
• 1880 - Unknown date
• 1880 - Births
• 1880 - Unknown Birth Dates
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A sarcophagus is a stone container for a coffin or body. The word comes from Greek "sarx" meaning flesh, and "Phagos" meaning to eat, so sarkophagos, which means "eater of flesh". The 5th century BC Greek historian, Herodotus, believed erroneously that sarcophagi (the plural) were carved from a special kind of rock that consumed the flesh of the corpse inside. Sarcophagi were usually carved, decorated or built ornately. Some were built to be freestanding above ground, as a part of an elaborate tomb or tombs. Others were ...

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• Sarcophagus - Words with same roots eater of flesh but different meaning

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Links to full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are also found at the entry Cathedral diagram. In Romanesque and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral and church architecture, the nave is the central approach to the high altar. "Nave" ( Medieval Latin navis, "ship,") was probably suggested by the keel shape of its vaulting. The nave of a church, whether Romanesque, Gothic or Classical, extends from the entry—which may have a separate vestibule, the narthex— to the chancel and is flanked by lower a ...

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• Nave - Some naves

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For broader historical context, see 1240s and 13th century. 1248 - Events. April 26 - The Gothic chapel Sainte-Chapelle is concecrated in Paris, France. August 15 - The foundation stone of the Cologne cathedral is laid after an older cathedral on the site burns down in April 30 of that year. Construction was completed 632 years later, in 1880. King Louis IX of France launches the Seventh Crusade, leading an army of 20,000 toward Egypt. King Ferdinand III of Castile r ...

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1880 - May - August. May 13 - In Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison performs the first test of his electric railway. June 29 - France annexes Tahiti July 1 - First performance of O Canada, the song that would become the national anthem of Canada. July 16 - First woman licensed to practice medicine in Canada - Dr. Emily Howard Stowe. 1880 - September - December. September 5 - First successful test of an electric Tram in the ...

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1880, 1880 - Events, 1880 - May - August, 1880 - September - December, 1880 - Unknown date, 1880 - Births, 1880 - Unknown Birth Dates, 1880 - Deaths

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Construction of the aqueduct placed great demands on the capacities and knowledge of the Roman engineers. The Romans occasionally suffered problems of low-quality work on large projects, as witnessed by Sextus Julius Frontinus, lead official for water resources in the city of Rome, who wrote: "No other construction requires greater care in its building as one that is to contain water. Therefore it is necessary to supervise all aspects of such a project with great conscienciousness—proceeding fully in accord with the rules, which everyone knows, but only few actually follow." See also:

Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

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For the last few kilometres before the ancient city, the aqueduct left the ground and was supported by an aqueduct bridge approximately 10 m (33 feet) high. This additional construction enabled water to be delivered to the higher-lying areas of the city through pressurised pipes. The pipes at the time were made of lead plates bent into a ring, either soldered together or with flanges to bind the ...

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Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

Read more here: » Eifel Aqueduct: Encyclopedia II - Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne

The Eifel aqueduct was destroyed by Germanic tribes in 260 during an attack on Cologne, and was never brought back into operation, even though the city continued to exist. In the course of the migration of the various tribes through the region, aqueduct technology fell out of use and knowledge. The entire aqueduct remained buried in the earth some 500 years, until the Carolingians began new construction in the Rhine valley. As this area has relatively little naturally occurring stone, the aqueduct became a favoured place for obtaining buildi ...

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Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

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Archaeological research on the Eifel aqueduct started in the 19th century. CA Eick was the discoverer of the farthest source from Cologne at Grüner Pütz near Nettersheim (in 1867). Systematic study of the aqueduct was carried out from 1940 to 1970 by Waldemar Haberey. His 1971 book is still a suitable guide along the course of the construction. In 1980, archaeologist Klaus Grewe completely mapped out the location line and added it to the official German topographic map. His Atlas der römischen Wasserleitungen nach Köln (Atlas of Roman Aqueducts to Cologne) is a standard wo ...

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Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

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To protect against frost, most of the aqueduct ran about 1 m below the earth's surface. Archaeological excavations show that, at the lowest level, the Roman engineers had placed a loose layer of stones. On this base, they set a concrete or stone U-shaped groove for the water and, over this, cut stones and mortar were used to build a protective arch. For the concrete work and the arch, the engineers used boards to build the form. Impressions of the wood grain remain in the concrete 2,000 years later. The aqueduct had an inner widt ...

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Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

Read more here: » Eifel Aqueduct: Encyclopedia II - Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects

Before the building of the Eifel Aqueduct, Cologne got its water from the Vorgebirge aqueduct, which had its source in the springs and streams from the Ville region to the west of the city. As the city grew, this aqueduct was no longer able to provide enough water of sufficient quality: the springs contained a small amount of silt in the summer, and sometimes even ran dry. A new aqueduct was built to bring water fr ...

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Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

Read more here: » Eifel Aqueduct: Encyclopedia II - Eifel Aqueduct - History

Several springs in the area were fitted with constructions to aid their direction into the aqueduct. The first is at the source, Grüner Pütz near Nettersheim. The most studied is the "Klaus fountain" at Mechernich. This site has been archaeologically reconstructed and preserved. The constructions at the various springs were designed to fit in with the characteristics of the area and would meet today's technical requirements. There were four major areas of springs: Grüner Pütz (Green plaster) near Netters ...

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Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

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Romans preferred drinking water with a high mineral content, preferring its taste to that of soft water. Roman architect Vitruvius described the process for testing a source of drinking water: "Springs should be tested and proved in advance in the following ways. If they run free and open, inspect and observe the physique of the people who dwell in the vicinity before beginning to conduct the water, and if their frames are strong, their complexions fresh, legs sound, and eyes clear, the springs deserve complete approval. If i ...

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Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

Read more here: » Eifel Aqueduct: Encyclopedia II - Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality

For various reasons, the Eifel aqueduct has very few above-ground sections, unlike other Roman aqueducts, such as the Pont du Gard in southern France: The course of the aqueduct was chosen so as to avoid the need for such constructions. By construction underground, the aqueduct was protected from freezing. The water arriving in Cologne had a pleasant temperature due to the insulating properties of the ground. In case o ...

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Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

Read more here: » Eifel Aqueduct: Encyclopedia II - Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections