Coleman Young

Coleman Alexander Young (1918–1997) served as mayor of Detroit, Michigan from 1974 to 1994. Coleman Young - Pre-Mayoral career. Young was born in 1918 in Tuscaloosa, Alabama to Coleman Young and Ida Reese Jones. His family moved to Detroit in 1923, where he graduated from Eastern High School. He worked for Ford Motor Company, which soon blacklisted him for involvement in labor and civil rights activism. He later worked for the United States Postal Service. During the second World War, Young served ...

Including:

• Coleman Young - Pre-Mayoral career
• Coleman Young - Four terms as Mayor
• Coleman Young - Assessment

Read more here: » Coleman Young: Encyclopedia - Coleman Young

In 1973, Young narrowly defeated Police Commissioner John F. Nichols (who would later become Oakland County Sheriff) to become Detroit's first African American mayor. He won the four subsequent terms by very wide margins. Young's administration was controversial, and he found himself the subject of continued FBI scrutiny amid allegations of contract kickbacks, although no evidence was ever found. He was criticized for his confrontational style toward suburban interests and the apparent diversion of city resources to downtown Detroit from other neighborhoods. Young was generally popular with the inhabitants of the city prop ...

See also:

Coleman Young, Coleman Young - Pre-Mayoral career, Coleman Young - Four terms as Mayor, Coleman Young - Assessment

Read more here: » Coleman Young: Encyclopedia II - Coleman Young - Four terms as Mayor

Young may refer to more than one place: Young, Arizona, USA Young, New South Wales, Australia Young, Rìo Negro, Uruguay Young is a frequently-encountered surname: Adrian Young, member of the band No Doubt Andrew Young, activist in the Civil Rights movement Andrew Young, Scottish poet Bob Young, CEO of Red Hat Brigham Young, Mormon religious leader Charlie Young, singer and actress from Hong Kong Coleman Young, a form ...

Read more here: » Young: Encyclopedia - Young

The United States Army Air Forces, or USAAF, was a part of the U.S. military during World War II. The direct precursor to the U.S. Air Force, the USAAF formally existed between 1941 and 1947. United States Army Air Forces - History. Prior to the start of World War II, the USAAF was known as the U.S. Army Air Corps, or USAAC. The USAAC was a corps-level, subsidiary organization within the U.S. Army, and had little autonomy. Due to the efforts of several key USAAC officers and the changing political ti ...

Including:

• United States Army Air Forces - History
• United States Army Air Forces - The sixteen Air Forces
• United States Army Air Forces - List of air forces
• United States Army Air Forces - Air Force independence
• United States Army Air Forces - Notable people who served in the USAAF
• United States Army Air Forces - Badges of the Army Air Forces
• United States Army Air Forces - Sources

Read more here: » United States Army Air Forces: Encyclopedia - United States Army Air Forces

African Americans have had a tremendous impact on left-wing politics in the United States. From liberalism to progressivism, from communism to socialism, to anarchism, African Americans have been a major part of leftist struggles throughout U.S. history. Like most Leftists, the majority of the African-Americans are in favor of workers rights, pacifism, equality, equal distribution of wealth, and a color-blind society. Far-left grou ...

Including:

• African American leftism - Notable African American leftists
• African American leftism - Politicians
• African American leftism - Civil Rights activists
• African American leftism - Media
• African American leftism - Entertainers

Read more here: » African American leftism: Encyclopedia - African American leftism

Detroit Michigan - Music and performing arts. Main article: Music of Detroit Music has been the dominant feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s. The metropolitan area boasts two of the top live music venues in the U.S. DTE Energy Music Theatre (formerly Pine Knob) was the most attended summer venue in the U.S. in 2005 for the fifteenth consecutive year, while The Palace of Auburn Hills ranked twelfth, according to music industry source Pollstar. Detroit is considered by most industry analysts as the best con ...

See also:

Detroit Michigan, Detroit Michigan - History, Detroit Michigan - Geography and climate, Detroit Michigan - Demographics, Detroit Michigan - Overview, Detroit Michigan - Population, Detroit Michigan - Economy, Detroit Michigan - Law and government, Detroit Michigan - Politics, Detroit Michigan - Courts, Detroit Michigan - Crime, Detroit Michigan - Education, Detroit Michigan - Primary and secondary education, Detroit Michigan - Higher education, Detroit Michigan - Culture, Detroit Michigan - Music and performing arts, Detroit Michigan - Events, Detroit Michigan - Fashions, Detroit Michigan - Food, Detroit Michigan - Media, Detroit Michigan - Sites of interest, Detroit Michigan - Sports, Detroit Michigan - Infrastructure, Detroit Michigan - Medicine, Detroit Michigan - Transportation

Read more here: » Detroit Michigan: Encyclopedia II - Detroit Michigan - Culture

When the Communist Party was founded it had almost no black members. The Communist Party had drawn most of its members from the various foreign language federations formerly associated with the Socialist Party of America; those workers, many of whom were not fluent English-speakers, often had little contact with black Americans. The Socialist Party had not, moreover, attracted that many African-American members during the years before the split. While its most prominent leaders, including Eugene V. Debs, were committed opponents of ra ...

See also:

The Communist Party and African-Americans, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Early years 1919 – 1928, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Third Period and National Self-Determination 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing in the North 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Scottsboro Boys and the ILD, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Popular Front 1935 – 1939, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing black workers, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Communists and black culture, The Communist Party and African-Americans - World War II 1939 – 1945, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The postwar era, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The New Left and afterwards

Read more here: » The Communist Party and African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - The Communist Party and African-Americans - Early years 1919 – 1928

Raised in the Herman Gardens housing project, Mathis was on the road to a criminal life as a teenager. His father was estranged from him, but associated closely with the Errol Flynns, a notorious Detroit street gang, that Mathis would eventually join while a teenager. In the 1970s, he was arrested numerous times. Yet when incarcerated in Wayne County Jail, as a seventeen year old juvenile, his mother visited him and broke the tragic news that she was diagnosed with colon cancer. This event changed Mathis, and he was given the benefit of a considerate judge, who offered probation if ...

See also:

Greg Mathis, Greg Mathis - Early Life, Greg Mathis - Growing up in Detroit, Greg Mathis - Joining Detroit's Political Machine, Greg Mathis - The Judge is in, Greg Mathis - Sources

Read more here: » Greg Mathis: Encyclopedia II - Greg Mathis - Growing up in Detroit

The ZJ models, manufactured from 1993 to 1998, originally came in 3 general trims, the Base, Laredo, and the Limited. The Base model (also known as SE) offered basic features such as full instruments, cloth interior, and a five-speed manual transmission; The SE model was dropped in 1995 in favor of the Laredo. The Laredo is the mid-scale model, features included added body cladding, fancier seats, power windows, power door locks, and cruise control; exterior features display a medium grey plastic lower body ...

See also:

Jeep Grand Cherokee, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Development, Jeep Grand Cherokee - ZJ 1993–1998, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Models, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Engines, Jeep Grand Cherokee - WJ 1999–2004, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Models, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Engines, Jeep Grand Cherokee - WK 2005–present, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Models, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Engines, Jeep Grand Cherokee - SRT-8, Jeep Grand Cherokee - BlueTec

Read more here: » Jeep Grand Cherokee: Encyclopedia II - Jeep Grand Cherokee - ZJ 1993–1998

Prior to the start of World War II, the USAAF was known as the U.S. Army Air Corps, or USAAC. The USAAC was a corps-level, subsidiary organization within the U.S. Army, and had little autonomy. Due to the efforts of several key USAAC officers and the changing political times, the Air Corps obtained greater organizational independence on June 20, 1941. Renamed the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) and considered a separate arm of the Army, the new USAAF had an equal "voice" with the Army and Navy. Unite ...

See also:

United States Army Air Forces, United States Army Air Forces - History, United States Army Air Forces - The sixteen Air Forces, United States Army Air Forces - List of air forces, United States Army Air Forces - Air Force independence, United States Army Air Forces - Notable people who served in the USAAF, United States Army Air Forces - Badges of the Army Air Forces, United States Army Air Forces - Sources

Read more here: » United States Army Air Forces: Encyclopedia II - United States Army Air Forces - History

On that summer Sunday morning, the officers had expected to find only a handful of individuals in the bar, but instead there were 82 people celebrating the return of two local veterans from the war in Vietnam. Despite the large number, police decided to arrest everyone present. A crowd soon gathered around the establishment, protesting as patrons were led away. In 1967, the Detroit Police Department's Tac Squads, each made up of four police officers (predominantly white), had a reputation among the black residents of Detroit for haras ...

See also:

12th Street Riot, 12th Street Riot - Chronology, 12th Street Riot - The Toll, 12th Street Riot - The Aftermath, 12th Street Riot - Notes

Read more here: » 12th Street Riot: Encyclopedia II - 12th Street Riot - Chronology

Detroit Michigan - Music and performing arts. Main articles: Music of Detroit, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]]See also:

Detroit Michigan, Detroit Michigan - History, Detroit Michigan - Geography and climate, Detroit Michigan - Demographics, Detroit Michigan - Overview, Detroit Michigan - Population, Detroit Michigan - Economy, Detroit Michigan - Law and government, Detroit Michigan - Politics, Detroit Michigan - Courts, Detroit Michigan - Crime, Detroit Michigan - Education, Detroit Michigan - Primary and secondary education, Detroit Michigan - Higher education, Detroit Michigan - Culture, Detroit Michigan - Music and performing arts, Detroit Michigan - Events, Detroit Michigan - Fashions, Detroit Michigan - Food, Detroit Michigan - Media, Detroit Michigan - Sites of interest, Detroit Michigan - Sports, Detroit Michigan - Infrastructure, Detroit Michigan - Medicine, Detroit Michigan - Transportation

Read more here: » Detroit Michigan: Encyclopedia II - Detroit Michigan - Culture

The Communist Party made the fight against racism within the labor movement and Jim Crow outside it one of its consistent principles from the early 1920s forward. While maintaining a position against white supremacy, the Party made special efforts to organize black miners in the strikes its National Miners Union led in western Pennsylvania in 1928 at the same time as leading strikes of (nearly exclusively) white textile workers in the Carolinas and Georgia in 1929 and coal miners in Harlan County, Kentucky in 1931. Local authorities used this issue and the Party's support for "godless communism" ...

See also:

The Communist Party and African-Americans, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Early years 1919 – 1928, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Third Period and National Self-Determination 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing in the North 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Scottsboro Boys and the ILD, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Popular Front 1935 – 1939, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing black workers, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Communists and black culture, The Communist Party and African-Americans - World War II 1939 – 1945, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The postwar era, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The New Left and afterwards

Read more here: » The Communist Party and African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing black workers

The Communist Party continued, even after splits and defections left it much smaller, into the 1960s. It made efforts to reestablish itself among students through the W.E.B. DuBois Clubs, named after one of the original founders of the NAACP, who joined the CPUSA in 1961 while dying in Ghana. Other youth organizations, such as the Che-Lumumba Club in Los Angeles, flourished for a time, then disappeared. The parties’ fortunes appeared to revive for a while in the late 1960s, when party members such as Angela Davis became associated w ...

See also:

The Communist Party and African-Americans, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Early years 1919 – 1928, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Third Period and National Self-Determination 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing in the North 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Scottsboro Boys and the ILD, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Popular Front 1935 – 1939, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing black workers, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Communists and black culture, The Communist Party and African-Americans - World War II 1939 – 1945, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The postwar era, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The New Left and afterwards

Read more here: » The Communist Party and African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - The Communist Party and African-Americans - The New Left and afterwards

The redesigned WJ 1999 Grand Cherokee shared just 127 parts with its predecessor. A notable feature that was available this generation is the automatic AWD option called Quadra-Drive. Jeep Grand Cherokee - Models. The Laredo and luxurious Limited trim levels were standard models. Specialty models: 2002–2003 — Sport 2002–2004 — Special Editi ...

See also:

Jeep Grand Cherokee, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Development, Jeep Grand Cherokee - ZJ 1993–1998, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Models, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Engines, Jeep Grand Cherokee - WJ 1999–2004, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Models, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Engines, Jeep Grand Cherokee - WK 2005–present, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Models, Jeep Grand Cherokee - Engines, Jeep Grand Cherokee - SRT-8, Jeep Grand Cherokee - BlueTec

Read more here: » Jeep Grand Cherokee: Encyclopedia II - Jeep Grand Cherokee - WJ 1999–2004

During the Popular Front era the party attracted support from a number of the brightest lights in African-American literature, including Langston Hughes, Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, Chester Himes, some of whom joined the party, only to break with it in later years. Paul Robeson, a vocal defender of the Soviet Union, apparently never joined the party, but was loyal to it, offering to join it in the early 1950s whe ...

See also:

The Communist Party and African-Americans, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Early years 1919 – 1928, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Third Period and National Self-Determination 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing in the North 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Scottsboro Boys and the ILD, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Popular Front 1935 – 1939, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing black workers, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Communists and black culture, The Communist Party and African-Americans - World War II 1939 – 1945, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The postwar era, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The New Left and afterwards

Read more here: » The Communist Party and African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - The Communist Party and African-Americans - Communists and black culture

In 1935, the Comintern abandoned its communist conformism of the Third Period in favor of a Popular Front which sought to unite socialist and non-socialist organizations of similar politics around the common cause of anti-fascism, confirming the policy that the CPUSA had already embarked upon. The party had mended its relations, at least temporarily, with groups such as the NAACP and had developed relations with church groups, particularly in the North. The party had also started edg ...

See also:

The Communist Party and African-Americans, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Early years 1919 – 1928, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Third Period and National Self-Determination 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing in the North 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Scottsboro Boys and the ILD, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Popular Front 1935 – 1939, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing black workers, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Communists and black culture, The Communist Party and African-Americans - World War II 1939 – 1945, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The postwar era, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The New Left and afterwards

Read more here: » The Communist Party and African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Popular Front 1935 – 1939

The Sixth Congress of the Comintern held in 1928 changed the party's policy drastically; it claimed that blacks in the United States were a separate national group and that black farmers in the South were an incipient revolutionary force. The Comintern therefore ordered the party to press the demand for a separate nation for blacks within the so-called "Black Belt", a swath of counties with a majority black population extending from eastern Virginia and the Carolinas through central Georgia, Alabama, the delta regions of Mississippi and Loui ...

See also:

The Communist Party and African-Americans, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Early years 1919 – 1928, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Third Period and National Self-Determination 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing in the North 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Scottsboro Boys and the ILD, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Popular Front 1935 – 1939, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing black workers, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Communists and black culture, The Communist Party and African-Americans - World War II 1939 – 1945, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The postwar era, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The New Left and afterwards

Read more here: » The Communist Party and African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Third Period and National Self-Determination 1928 – 1935

In 1946, the NNC and the ILD merged to form the Civil Rights Congress. The CRC continued its activities during the height of postwar attacks on the Communist Party, denouncing discrimination in the judicial system, segregated housing, and other forms of discrimination that blacks faced in both the North and the South. The party had hopes of remaining in the mainstream of American politics in the postwar era. Benjamin J. Davis, Jr. ran for and won a seat on the City Council in New York City in 1945, advertising his m ...

See also:

The Communist Party and African-Americans, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Early years 1919 – 1928, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Third Period and National Self-Determination 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing in the North 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Scottsboro Boys and the ILD, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Popular Front 1935 – 1939, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing black workers, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Communists and black culture, The Communist Party and African-Americans - World War II 1939 – 1945, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The postwar era, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The New Left and afterwards

Read more here: » The Communist Party and African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - The Communist Party and African-Americans - The postwar era

The signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact damaged the party significantly in the black community. A. Philip Randolph resigned from the Negro National Congress in protest and black newspapers throughout the North condemned the party for its rapid volte face. The CPUSA attacked its opponents as warmongers. This split grew even deeper after Hitler attacked the Soviet Union, as the party now switched to an all-out support for the war effort. The CPUSA denounced with Randolph's proposed March on Washington to demand elimination of ...

See also:

The Communist Party and African-Americans, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Early years 1919 – 1928, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Third Period and National Self-Determination 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing in the North 1928 – 1935, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Scottsboro Boys and the ILD, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The Popular Front 1935 – 1939, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Organizing black workers, The Communist Party and African-Americans - Communists and black culture, The Communist Party and African-Americans - World War II 1939 – 1945, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The postwar era, The Communist Party and African-Americans - The New Left and afterwards

Read more here: » The Communist Party and African-Americans: Encyclopedia II - The Communist Party and African-Americans - World War II 1939 – 1945