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Cognitive bias | A Wisdom Archive on Cognitive bias | | Cognitive bias A selection of articles related to Cognitive bias | |
| We recommend this article: Cognitive bias - 1, and also this: Cognitive bias - 2. |
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Cognitive bias, Cognitive bias - Overview, Cognitive bias - Types of cognitive biases, Cognitive psychology, list of cognitive biases
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Cognitive bias | | | |  Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science
Cognitive science - Approaches.
There are several approaches of study in the field of cognitive science including symbolic, connectionist, and dynamic systems.
Symbolic - That intelligence can be explained by means of systematic, discrete instructions not unlike the way in which a computer works.
Connectionist - The means of explanation is by using artificial neural networks.
Dynamic Systems - Cognition can be explained by means of a continuous system in which everything is interrelated, not unlike the Watt Governor.
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See also:Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields Read more here: » Cognitive science: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science Cognitive science is a large field, and covers a wide array of topics on cognition. However, it should be recognized that cognitive science is not equally concerned with every topic that might bear on the nature and operation of the mind or intelligence. Social and cultural factors, emotion, consciousness, animal cognition, comparative and evolutionary approaches are frequently de-emphasized or excluded outright, often based on key philosophical conflicts. Some within the cognitive science community, however, consider these to be ...
See also:Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields Read more here: » Cognitive science: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Stupidity - Stupidity in comedy For as long as comedy has existed, stupidity has been a source of immense entertainment. Generally the entertainers are merely pretending to be stupid. The buffoon of ancient plays is the progenitor of a venerable lineage that continued through Falstaff, Bottom, Harpo Marx, Goofy, Eccles, Norman Wisdom, Jerry Lewis and countless others, and is portrayed in contemporary Western culture by characters such as Homer Simpson and Peter Griffin. The fool/buffoon has been a central character in most comedy. Today there are a wide array of television ...
See also:Stupidity, Stupidity - Definitions, Stupidity - Stupidity manifested by the educated, Stupidity - Stupidity in comedy, Stupidity - Pretending stupidity as a sales tactic, Stupidity - Individual stupidity vs collective stupidity, Stupidity - Quotes Read more here: » Stupidity: Encyclopedia II - Stupidity - Stupidity in comedy |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive science - Research methods Many different methodologies are used to study cognitive science. As the field is highly interdisciplinary, research often cuts across multiple areas of study, and draws on research methods from psychology, neuroscience, and computer science.
Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments.
In order to have a description of what constitutes intelligent behavior, one must study behavior itself. This type of research is closely tied to that in cognitive psychology and psychophysics. By measuring behavioral ...
See also:Cognitive science, Cognitive science - History, Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science, Cognitive science - Approaches, Cognitive science - Levels of analysis, Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature, Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term, Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science, Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science - Attention, Cognitive science - Language processing, Cognitive science - Learning and development, Cognitive science - Memory, Cognitive science - Perception and action, Cognitive science - Research methods, Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments, Cognitive science - Brain imaging, Cognitive science - Computational modeling, Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods, Cognitive science - Key findings, Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields Read more here: » Cognitive science: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive science - Research methods |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Stupidity - Pretending stupidity as a sales tactic Pretending to be less intelligent than your prospect is a form of pretending to be stupid without irony that is exploited by salespeople. As in most fields, to be successful requires a great deal of intelligence. However, if one is selling something, the prospective buyer must feel as though he is in control. Therefore, it can help to know how to pretend to be stupid. The most successful people tend to be extremely intelligent despite their pretended idiocy, particularly when their prospect is of above average intelligence, or is himself trained in such sales techniques. The televisi ...
See also:Stupidity, Stupidity - Definitions, Stupidity - Stupidity manifested by the educated, Stupidity - Stupidity in comedy, Stupidity - Pretending stupidity as a sales tactic, Stupidity - Individual stupidity vs collective stupidity, Stupidity - Quotes Read more here: » Stupidity: Encyclopedia II - Stupidity - Pretending stupidity as a sales tactic |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Stupidity - Pretending stupidity as a sales tactic Pretending to be less intelligent than your prospect is a form of pretending to be stupid without irony that is exploited by salespeople. As in most fields, to be successful requires a great deal of intelligence. However, if one is selling something, the prospective buyer must feel as though he is in control. Therefore, it can help to know how to pretend to be stupid. The most successful people tend to be extremely intelligent despite their pretended idiocy, particularly when their prospect is of above average intelligence, or is himself trained in such sales techniques. The television character Lieutenant ...
See also:Stupidity, Stupidity - Definitions, Stupidity - Stupidity manifested by the educated, Stupidity - Stupidity in comedy, Stupidity - Pretending stupidity as a sales tactic, Stupidity - Individual stupidity vs collective stupidity, Stupidity - Quotes Read more here: » Stupidity: Encyclopedia II - Stupidity - Pretending stupidity as a sales tactic |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Some examples Claims about verifiability and falsifiability have been used to criticize various controversial views. Examining these examples shows the usefulness of falsifiability by showing us where to look when attempting to criticise a theory.
Non-falsifiable theories can usually be reduced to a simple uncircumscribed existential statement, such as there exists a green swan. It is entirely possible to verify that the theory is true, simply by producing the green swan. But since this statement does not specify when or where the green swan exists, it is simply not possible to show that the swan does not exist, and so i ...
See also:Falsifiability, Falsifiability - Naïve falsification, Falsifiability - Falsificationism, Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument, Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments, Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation, Falsifiability - Criticism, Falsifiability - From scientists, Falsifiability - Some examples, Falsifiability - Mathematics, Falsifiability - Ethics, Falsifiability - Theism, Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories, Falsifiability - Economics, Falsifiability - Historicism, Falsifiability - Solipsism, Falsifiability - Physical laws Read more here: » Falsifiability: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Some examples |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments The falsification of theories occurs through modus tollens, via some observation. Suppose some theory T implies an observation O:
The required observation, however, is not made, therefore
So by Modus Tollens,
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See also:Falsifiability, Falsifiability - Naïve falsification, Falsifiability - Falsificationism, Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument, Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments, Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation, Falsifiability - Criticism, Falsifiability - From scientists, Falsifiability - Some examples, Falsifiability - Mathematics, Falsifiability - Ethics, Falsifiability - Theism, Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories, Falsifiability - Economics, Falsifiability - Historicism, Falsifiability - Solipsism, Falsifiability - Physical laws Read more here: » Falsifiability: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument One notices a white swan, from this one can conclude:
At least one swan is white.
From this, one may wish to infer that:
All swans are white.
However, to prove this, one must find all the swans in the world and verify that they are white.
As it turns out, not all swans are white. By finding a black swan, one has falsified the statement all swans are white; it is not true.
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See also:Falsifiability, Falsifiability - Naïve falsification, Falsifiability - Falsificationism, Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument, Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments, Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation, Falsifiability - Criticism, Falsifiability - From scientists, Falsifiability - Some examples, Falsifiability - Mathematics, Falsifiability - Ethics, Falsifiability - Theism, Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories, Falsifiability - Economics, Falsifiability - Historicism, Falsifiability - Solipsism, Falsifiability - Physical laws Read more here: » Falsifiability: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument |
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| | | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Falsificationism In place of naïve falsification, Popper envisioned science as evolving by the successive rejection of falsified theories, rather than falsified statements. Falsified theories are to be replaced by theories which can account for the phenomena which falsified the prior theory, that is, with greater explanatory power. Thus, Aristotelian mechanics explained observations of objects in everyday situations, but was falsified by Galileo’s experiments, and was itself replaced by Newtonian mechanics which accounted for the phenomena noted by Galile ...
See also:Falsifiability, Falsifiability - Naïve falsification, Falsifiability - Falsificationism, Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument, Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments, Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation, Falsifiability - Criticism, Falsifiability - From scientists, Falsifiability - Some examples, Falsifiability - Mathematics, Falsifiability - Ethics, Falsifiability - Theism, Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories, Falsifiability - Economics, Falsifiability - Historicism, Falsifiability - Solipsism, Falsifiability - Physical laws Read more here: » Falsifiability: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Falsificationism |
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| | | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation Popper proposed falsification as a way of determining if a theory is scientific or not. If a theory is falsifiable, then it is scientific; if it is not falsifiable, then it is not science. Popper uses this criterion of demarcation to draw a sharp line between scientific and unscientific theories. Some have taken this principle to an extreme to cast doubt on the scientific validity of many disciplines (such as macroevolution and Cosmology). Falsifiability was one of the criteria used by Judge William Overton to determine that 'creation science' was not ...
See also:Falsifiability, Falsifiability - Naïve falsification, Falsifiability - Falsificationism, Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument, Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments, Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation, Falsifiability - Criticism, Falsifiability - From scientists, Falsifiability - Some examples, Falsifiability - Mathematics, Falsifiability - Ethics, Falsifiability - Theism, Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories, Falsifiability - Economics, Falsifiability - Historicism, Falsifiability - Solipsism, Falsifiability - Physical laws Read more here: » Falsifiability: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Naïve falsification Falsifiability was first developed by Karl Popper in the 1930s. Popper noticed that two types of statements are of particular value to scientists. The first are statements of observations, such as 'this is a white swan'. Logicians call these statements singular existential statements, since they assert the existence of some particular thing. They can be parsed in the form: There is an x which is a swan and x is white.
The second type of statement of interest to scientists categorizes all instances of something, for example "All ...
See also:Falsifiability, Falsifiability - Naïve falsification, Falsifiability - Falsificationism, Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument, Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments, Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation, Falsifiability - Criticism, Falsifiability - From scientists, Falsifiability - Some examples, Falsifiability - Mathematics, Falsifiability - Ethics, Falsifiability - Theism, Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories, Falsifiability - Economics, Falsifiability - Historicism, Falsifiability - Solipsism, Falsifiability - Physical laws Read more here: » Falsifiability: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Naïve falsification |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Criticism Thomas Kuhn’s influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions argued that scientists work within a conceptual paradigm that determines the way in which they view the world. Scientists will go to great length to defend their paradigm against falsification, by the addition of ad hoc hypotheses to existing theories. Changing one's 'paradigm' is not easy, and only through some pain and angst does science (at the level of ...
See also:Falsifiability, Falsifiability - Naïve falsification, Falsifiability - Falsificationism, Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument, Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments, Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation, Falsifiability - Criticism, Falsifiability - From scientists, Falsifiability - Some examples, Falsifiability - Mathematics, Falsifiability - Ethics, Falsifiability - Theism, Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories, Falsifiability - Economics, Falsifiability - Historicism, Falsifiability - Solipsism, Falsifiability - Physical laws Read more here: » Falsifiability: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Criticism |
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| | | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Collective intelligence - Definition Collective intelligence, as characterized by Tom Atlee, Douglas Engelbart, Cliff Joslyn, Francis Heylighen, Ron Dembo, and other theorists, is a working form of intelligence which overcomes "groupthink" and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process—while maintaining reliable intellectual performance. In this context, it refers to robust consensus decision making, a ...
See also:Collective intelligence, Collective intelligence - Definition, Collective intelligence - General concepts, Collective intelligence - History, Collective intelligence - Examples of collective intelligence, Collective intelligence - Mathematical techniques, Collective intelligence - Opposing views, Collective intelligence - Recent developments Read more here: » Collective intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Collective intelligence - Definition |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Subject-object problem - In Science
Subject-object problem - In physics.
There are related concerns in philosophy of physics where observers are known to affect a result, e.g. in quantum mechanics, in a way which defies the conventional assignment of a subject role to experimenter, with everything else as an object. This can lead among other things to confirmation bias.
Subject-object problem - In mathematics.
Cognitive science of mathematics raises some similar concerns with philosophy of mathematics. Among them ...
See also:Subject-object problem, Subject-object problem - The omniscient perspective, Subject-object problem - In 20th Century philosophy, Subject-object problem - In language, Subject-object problem - As it relates to language and power, Subject-object problem - In Science, Subject-object problem - In physics, Subject-object problem - In mathematics, Subject-object problem - Other approaches Read more here: » Subject-object problem: Encyclopedia II - Subject-object problem - In Science |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Subject-object problem - In science
Subject-object problem - In physics.
There are related concerns in philosophy of physics where observers are known to affect a result, e.g. in quantum mechanics, in a way which defies the conventional assignment of a subject role to experimenter, with everything else as an object. This can lead among other things to confirmation bias.
Subject-object problem - In mathematics.
Cognitive science of mathematics raises some similar concerns with philosophy of mathematics. Among them ...
See also:Subject-object problem, Subject-object problem - The omniscient perspective, Subject-object problem - In 20th Century philosophy, Subject-object problem - In language, Subject-object problem - As it relates to language and power, Subject-object problem - In science, Subject-object problem - In physics, Subject-object problem - In mathematics, Subject-object problem - Other approaches Read more here: » Subject-object problem: Encyclopedia II - Subject-object problem - In science |
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| | | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy Many figures in the 20th century philosophy of mathematics are identified as "postmodern" due to their rejection of mathematics as a strictly neutral point of view. Some figures in the philosophy of science, especially Thomas Samuel Kuhn and David Bohm, are also so viewed. Some see the ultimate expression of postmodernism in science and mathematics in the cognitive science of mathematics, which seeks to characterize the habit of mathematics itself as strictly human, and based in human cognitive bias.
The term "Neo-liberalism" has been ...
See also:Postmodernism, Postmodernism - Uses of the term, Postmodernism - The development of postmodernism, Postmodernism - Early usage of the term, Postmodernism - Deconstruction, Postmodernism - Postmodernism's manifestations, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in language, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in art, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in architecture, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in graphic design, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in literature, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in music, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in political science, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and post-structuralism, Postmodernism - Postmodernity and digital communications, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and its critics, Postmodernism - Relationship between modernism and postmodernism, Postmodernism - Theoretical postmodernism, Postmodernism - Cultural and political postmodernism, Postmodernism - Notes Read more here: » Postmodernism: Encyclopedia II - Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy |
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| | | | | Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy Many figures in the 20th century philosophy of mathematics are identified as "postmodern" due to their rejection of mathematics as a strictly neutral point of view. Some figures in the philosophy of science, especially Thomas Samuel Kuhn and David Bohm, are also so viewed. Some see the ultimate expression of postmodernism in science and mathematics in the cognitive science of mathematics, which seeks to characterize the habit of mathematics itself as strictly human, and based in human cognitive bias.
The term "Neo-liberalism" has been ...
See also:Postmodernism, Postmodernism - Uses of the term, Postmodernism - Art, Postmodernism - Sociology, Postmodernism - Lifestyle, Postmodernism - Philosophy, Postmodernism - A general definition, Postmodernism - The development of postmodernism, Postmodernism - Early usage of the term, Postmodernism - Deconstruction, Postmodernism - Postmodernism's manifestations, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in language, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in art, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in architecture, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and Urban Design, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in graphic design, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in literature, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in music, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in political science, Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and post-structuralism, Postmodernism - Postmodernity and digital communications, Postmodernism - Postmodernism and its critics, Postmodernism - Relationship between modernism and postmodernism, Postmodernism - Theoretical postmodernism, Postmodernism - Cultural and political postmodernism, Postmodernism - Notes Read more here: » Postmodernism: Encyclopedia II - Postmodernism - Postmodernism in philosophy |
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