Encyclopedia - Cognitive Bias: Encyclopedia - Cognitive Bias
A cognitive bias is any of a wide range of observer effects identified in cognitive science and social psychology including very basic st...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Bias: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Bias - Overview
Bias arises from various life, loyalty and local risk and attention concerns that are difficult to separate or codify. They were first id...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Bias: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Bias - Types Of Cognitive Biases
The following is a list of the more commonly studied cognitive biases Hindsight bias sometimes called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confirmation Bias: Encyclopedia - Confirmation Bias
Confirmation bias is a type of statistical bias describing the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Distortion: Encyclopedia - Cognitive Distortion
Cognitive therapy and its variants traditionally identify ten cognitive distortions that maintain negative thinking and help to maintain ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Psychology: Encyclopedia - Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology is the psychological science that studies cognition, the mental processes that underlie behavior, including thinking...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognition: Encyclopedia - Cognition
The term cognition (Latin, cogito: to think) is used in several different loosely related ways. In psychology it is used to refer to the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cultural Bias: Encyclopedia - Cultural Bias
Cultural bias is interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture. This is a danger in any field of knowledge ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Critical Thinking: Encyclopedia - Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is a mental process of analyzing or evaluating information, particularly statements or propositions that are offered as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stupidity: Encyclopedia - Stupidity
Stupidity is the quality or condition of being stupid, or lacking intelligence. This quality can be attributed to both an individual hims...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science: Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science
Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every intro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falsifiability: Encyclopedia - Falsifiability
Falsifiability is an important concept in the philosophy of science that amounts to the apparently paradoxical idea that a proposition or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Illusion: Encyclopedia - Illusion
An illusion is a distortion of a sensory perception. Each of the human senses can be deceived by illusions, but visual illusions are the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science Of Mathematics
The cognitive science of mathematics is the study of mathematical ideas using the techniques of cognitive science. Specifically, it is th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropic Bias: Encyclopedia - Anthropic Bias
Anthropic bias is the bias arising when "your evidence is biased by observation selection effects," according to philosopher Nick Bostrom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amos Tversky: Encyclopedia - Amos Tversky
Amos Tversky (March 16, 1937 - June 2, 1996) was a pioneer of cognitive science, a longtime collaborator of Daniel Kahneman, and a key fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Availability Heuristic: Encyclopedia - Availability Heuristic
The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb, or heuristic, which occurs when people estimate the probability of an outcome based on how...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Collective Intelligence: Encyclopedia - Collective Intelligence
Collective intelligence, as characterized by Tom Atlee, Douglas Engelbart, Cliff Joslyn, Francis Heylighen, Ron Dembo, and other theorist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wishful Thinking: Encyclopedia - Wishful Thinking
Wishful thinking is the formation of beliefs and making decisions according to what might be pleasing to imagine instead of by appealing ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Valence Effect: Encyclopedia - Valence Effect
The valence effect of prediction is the tendency for people to simply overestimate the likelihood of good things happening rather than ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apophenia: Encyclopedia - Apophenia
Apophenia is the experience of seeing patterns or connections in random or meaningless data. The term was coined in 1958 by Klaus Conrad,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Behavioral Finance: Encyclopedia - Behavioral Finance
Behavioral finance and behavioral economics are closely related fields which apply scientific research on human and social cognitive and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Science - Key Findings
Cognitive science has much to its credit. Among other accomplishments, it has given rise to models of human cognitive bias and risk perce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Critical Thinking: Encyclopedia Ii - Critical Thinking - Overview
Within the framework of skepticism, critical thinking is the process of acquiring information and evaluating it to reach a well-justified...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Systemic Bias: Encyclopedia Ii - Systemic Bias - Bias In Human Institutions
One might refer, for example, to the systemic, systematic, or institutional bias of a particular institution in devaluing contributions b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Systemic Bias: Encyclopedia Ii - Systemic Bias - Systemic Versus Systematic Bias
There is some contention over the choice of the word systemic as opposed to systematic. When it is used to contrast with random error, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Psychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Psychology - Major Research Areas In Cognitive Psychology
Perception Attention and Filter theories (the ability to focus mental effort on specific stimuli while excluding other stimuli from cons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognition: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognition - Cognition In Mainstream Psychology
The sort of mental processes described as cognitive or cognitive processes are largely influenced by research which has successfully used...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hostile Media Effect: Encyclopedia Ii - Hostile Media Effect - Overview
In one study by Robert Vallone, Lee Ross and Mark Lepper, pro-Palestinian students and pro-Israeli students at Stanford University were s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Critical Thinking: Encyclopedia Ii - Critical Thinking - Overview
Within the framework of skepticism, the process of critical thinking involves acquiring information and evaluating it to reach a well-jus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paradigm Shift: Encyclopedia Ii - Paradigm Shift - Kuhnian Paradigm Shifts
An epistemological paradigm shift was called a scientific revolution by epistemologist and historian of science Thomas Kuhn in his book T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognition: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognition - Cognitive Ontology
On an individual being level, these questions are studied by the separate fields above, but are also more integrated into cognitive ontol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Critical Thinking: Encyclopedia Ii - Critical Thinking - Methods Of Critical Thinking
Critical thinking has a useful sequence to follow: Itemize opinion(s) from all relevant sides of an issue and collect Logical argument(s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognition: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognition - Cognition As A Social Process
In multiple observations, some dating back to antiquity, language acquisition in human children, fails to emerge unless the children are ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stupidity: Encyclopedia Ii - Stupidity - Stupidity Manifested By The Educated
Recently a great deal of attention has been paid to another class of stupidity: stupid actions by those that are highly educated and worl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognition: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognition - Cognition In A Cultural Context
One famous image, Earthrise, taken during Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission to the Moon, shows planet Earth in a single photograph. Eart...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Critical Thinking: Encyclopedia Ii - Critical Thinking - Methods Of Critical Thinking
Critical thinking has a useful sequence to follow: Itemize opinion(s) from all relevant sides of an issue and collect Logical argument(s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paradigm Shift: Encyclopedia Ii - Paradigm Shift - Other Uses
The term "paradigm shift" has found uses in other contexts, representing the notion of a major change in a certain thought-pattern — a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bias Statistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bias Statistics - Biased Sample
A sample is biased if some members of the population are more likely to be chosen in the sample than others. A biased sample will general...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Error: Encyclopedia Ii - Error - Computer Programming
An error may be a piece of incorrectly written program code. A syntax error is an ungrammatical or nonsensical statement in a program; on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bias Statistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bias Statistics - Biased Estimator
Another kind of bias in statistics does not involve biased samples, but does involve the use of a statistic whose average value differs f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Science - Principles Of Cognitive Science
Cognitive science - Approaches. There are several approaches of study in the field of cognitive science including symbolic, connectioni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Science - Scope Of Cognitive Science
Cognitive science is a large field, and covers a wide array of topics on cognition. However, it should be recognized that cognitive scien...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stupidity: Encyclopedia Ii - Stupidity - Stupidity In Comedy
For as long as comedy has existed, stupidity has been a source of immense entertainment. Generally the entertainers are merely pretending...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Science - Research Methods
Many different methodologies are used to study cognitive science. As the field is highly interdisciplinary, research often cuts across mu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stupidity: Encyclopedia Ii - Stupidity - Pretending Stupidity As A Sales Tactic
Pretending to be less intelligent than your prospect is a form of pretending to be stupid without irony that is exploited by salespeople....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stupidity: Encyclopedia Ii - Stupidity - Pretending Stupidity As A Sales Tactic
Pretending to be less intelligent than your prospect is a form of pretending to be stupid without irony that is exploited by salespeople....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falsifiability: Encyclopedia Ii - Falsifiability - Some Examples
Claims about verifiability and falsifiability have been used to criticize various controversial views. Examining these examples shows the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falsifiability: Encyclopedia Ii - Falsifiability - Formal Logical Arguments
The falsification of theories occurs through modus tollens, via some observation. Suppose some theory T implies an observation O: The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falsifiability: Encyclopedia Ii - Falsifiability - Popper's Swan Argument
One notices a white swan, from this one can conclude: At least one swan is white. From this, one may wish to infer that: All swans are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Satisficing: Encyclopedia Ii - Satisficing - Cognitive Psychology
In cognitive psychology, the Jon A. Krosnick theory of survey satisficing says that optimal question answering involves a great deal of c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falsifiability: Encyclopedia Ii - Falsifiability - Falsificationism
In place of naïve falsification, Popper envisioned science as evolving by the successive rejection of falsified theories, rather than fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Loss Aversion: Encyclopedia Ii - Loss Aversion - Can Loss Aversion Ever Be Rational?
There is an important critique of the view held by economists that this behaviour is irrational. The implicit assumption of conventional ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falsifiability: Encyclopedia Ii - Falsifiability - The Criterion Of Demarcation
Popper proposed falsification as a way of determining if a theory is scientific or not. If a theory is falsifiable, then it is scientific...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falsifiability: Encyclopedia Ii - Falsifiability - Naïve Falsification
Falsifiability was first developed by Karl Popper in the 1930s. Popper noticed that two types of statements are of particular value to sc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falsifiability: Encyclopedia Ii - Falsifiability - Criticism
Thomas Kuhn’s influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions argued that scientists work within a conceptual paradigm that de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wishful Thinking: Encyclopedia Ii - Wishful Thinking - As A Logical Fallacy
In addition to being a cognitive bias and a poor way of making decisions, wishful thinking can also be a specific logical fallacy in an a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Collective Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - Collective Intelligence - Definition
Collective intelligence, as characterized by Tom Atlee, Douglas Engelbart, Cliff Joslyn, Francis Heylighen, Ron Dembo, and other theorist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Subject-object Problem: Encyclopedia Ii - Subject-object Problem - In Science
Subject-object problem - In physics. There are related concerns in philosophy of physics where observers are known to affect a result, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Subject-object Problem: Encyclopedia Ii - Subject-object Problem - In Science
Subject-object problem - In physics. There are related concerns in philosophy of physics where observers are known to affect a result, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study: Encyclopedia Ii - Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study - Background And Study Design
On measures of cognitive ability (IQ tests) and school performance, Black children in the U.S. perform more poorly than White children. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Postmodernism: Encyclopedia Ii - Postmodernism - Postmodernism In Philosophy
Many figures in the 20th century philosophy of mathematics are identified as "postmodern" due to their rejection of mathematics as a stri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Postmodernism: Encyclopedia Ii - Postmodernism - Postmodernism In Philosophy
Many figures in the 20th century philosophy of mathematics are identified as "postmodern" due to their rejection of mathematics as a stri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Postmodernism: Encyclopedia Ii - Postmodernism - Postmodernism In Philosophy
Many figures in the 20th century philosophy of mathematics are identified as "postmodern" due to their rejection of mathematics as a stri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Race And Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - Race And Intelligence - Background Information
Race and intelligence - Basic concepts. This research is grounded in several controversial assumptions: the social categories of race ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Race And Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - Race And Intelligence - Public Controversy
Race and intelligence - Media portrayal. Main article: Race and intelligence (Media portrayal) Media portrayal of many IQ-related top...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Race And Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - Race And Intelligence - Public Controversy
Race and intelligence - Media portrayal. Media portrayal of many IQ-related topics, including race and intelligence research, was found...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Race And Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - Race And Intelligence - Background Information
Race and intelligence - Basic concepts. This research is grounded in several controversial assumptions: the social categories of race ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cannabis Drug: Encyclopedia Ii - Cannabis Drug - Long-term Effects Of Human Consumption
Main article: Health issues and the effects of cannabis There is little conclusive scientific evidence about the long-term effects of hum...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cannabis Drug: Encyclopedia Ii - Cannabis Drug - Long-term Effects Of Human Consumption
Main article: Health issues and the effects of cannabis There is little conclusive scientific evidence about the long-term effects of hum...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropic Principle: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropic Principle - Anthropic Bias And Anthropic Reasoning
In 2002, Nick Bostrom asked "Is it possible to sum up the essence of observation selection effects in a simple statement?" He concluded t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monothematic Delusion: Encyclopedia Ii - Monothematic Delusion - Causes
Current cognitive neuropsychology research points toward a two-factor approach to the cause of monothematic delusions1. The first factor ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Satisficing: Encyclopedia Ii - Satisficing - Cybernetics Artificial Intelligence
In cybernetics, satisficing is optimisation where all costs, including the cost of the optimisation calculations and the cost of getting ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Behavioral Finance: Encyclopedia Ii - Behavioral Finance - Key Figures
Colin Camerer - Daniel Kahneman - David Laibson - George Loewenstein - Matthew Rabin - Robert Shiller - Richard Thaler - Amos Tversky - P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Behavioral Finance: Encyclopedia Ii - Behavioral Finance - Key Figures
Dan Ariely - Colin Camerer - Daniel Kahneman - David Laibson - George Loewenstein - Matthew Rabin - Robert Shiller - Richard Thaler - Amo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Freethinking: Encyclopedia Ii - Freethinking - Freethinking And Irreligion
Because so many religious beliefs are based on tradition and authority and are often cognitively biased, freethinkers are often at odds w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fundamental Attribution Error: Encyclopedia Ii - Fundamental Attribution Error - Layman's Terms
When something bad happens to me I attribute it to external causes. When something good happens to me, I attribute it to internal causes....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Relativism: Encyclopedia Ii - Relativism - Advocates Of Relativism
The concept of relativism has importance both for philosophers and for anthropologists, although in different ways. Philosophers explore ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Behavioral Finance: Encyclopedia Ii - Behavioral Finance - Behavioral Economics Topics
Models in behavioral economics are typically addressed to a particular observed market anomaly and modify standard neo-classical models b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magical Thinking: Encyclopedia Ii - Magical Thinking - Magical Thinking Exists In Most People
Noting the great similarity of magical thinking in all types of human societies and eras of recorded history, some cognitive scientists s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Unreasonable Effectiveness Of Mathematics In The Natural Sciences: Encyclopedia Ii - The Unreasonable Effectiveness Of Mathematics In The Natural Sciences - The Deep Connection Between Science And Mathematics
Wigner's work provided a fresh insight into both physics and the philosophy of mathematics. Specifically, it speculated on the relationsh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Cognitive And Personal Biases In Decision Making
It is generally agreed that biases can creep into our decision making processes, calling into question the correctness of a decision. Bel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - Math Is Reality. Why Do I Care About Linguists Or Psychologists?
Among technically literate people, there is a consensus that mathematics is a neutral point of view, indeed that if logic itself is a val...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Behavioral Finance: Encyclopedia Ii - Behavioral Finance - Key Observations
There are three main themes in behavioral finance and economics (Shefrin, 2002): Heuristics: People often make decisions based on approx...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Satisficing: Encyclopedia Ii - Satisficing - Economics
In economics, satisficing is a behaviour which attempts to achieve at least some minimum level of a particular variable, but which does n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Availability: Encyclopedia Ii - Availability - Representation
The most simple representation for Availability is as a ratio of the expected value of the uptime of a system to the aggregate of the exp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Risk: Encyclopedia Ii - Risk - Psychology Of Risk
Main articles: decision theory, prospect theory Risk - Regret. Main article: regret theory In decision theory, regret (and anticipation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Risk: Encyclopedia Ii - Risk - Psychology Of Risk
Main articles: decision theory, prospect theory Risk - Regret. Main article: regret theory In decision theory, regret (and anticipation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - George Lakoff: Encyclopedia Ii - George Lakoff - About The Embodied Mind
When Lakoff claims the mind is "embodied", he is arguing that almost all of human cognition, up through the most abstract reasoning, depe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Disapproval Voting: Encyclopedia Ii - Disapproval Voting - Voting Against
It is usually functionally equivalent to a simple inverted form of another kind of voting: rather than voting "for" one votes "against" a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myers-briggs Type Indicator: Encyclopedia Ii - Myers-briggs Type Indicator - Skeptical View
Scientific skeptics such as Robert Todd Carroll, author of The Skeptic's Dictionary, have presented several potential problems with the M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Relativism: Encyclopedia Ii - Relativism - Arguments Against Relativism
A common argument against relativism suggests that it is inherently contradictory or self-refuting or self-stultifying: the statement "al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fundamental Attribution Error: Encyclopedia Ii - Fundamental Attribution Error - Classic Demonstration Study: Jones And Harris 1967
Based on an earlier theory developed by Edward E. Jones and Keith Davis, Jones and Victor Harris hypothesized that when people saw others...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magical Thinking: Encyclopedia Ii - Magical Thinking - Magical Thinking In Alternative Medicine
Phillips Stevens writes "Many of today's complementary or alternative systems of healing involve magical beliefs, manifesting ways of thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myers-briggs Type Indicator: Encyclopedia Ii - Myers-briggs Type Indicator - Cognitive Function Dynamics In Each Type
In each type, all four of the cognitive, or mental functions, which are sensing, intuition, thinking and feeling, are present and arrange...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decision Making: Encyclopedia Ii - Decision Making - Cognitive And Personal Biases In Decision Making
It is generally agreed that biases can creep into our decision making processes, calling into question the correctness of a decision. Bel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Embodiment: Encyclopedia Ii - Embodiment - Philosophy Of Embodiment
In essence embodiment as an idea binds two worlds of substance and spirit, contrary to a duality long posited by notables like Descartes....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Mathematics - Embodied Mind Theories
These theories hold that mathematical thought is a natural outgrowth of the human cognitive apparatus which finds itself in our physical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - General Intelligence Factor: Encyclopedia Ii - General Intelligence Factor - Mental Testing And G
The abstraction of g stems from the observation that scores on all forms of cognitive tests correlate positively with one another. g can ...   » Read the article

Article - Popular Pages Sitemap Iv - C
This is a sitemap for Popular Pages IV - C . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. ...   » Read the article