Cognitive bias

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Cognitive bias
A Wisdom Archive on Cognitive bias

Cognitive bias A selection of articles related to Cognitive bias

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ARTICLES RELATED TO Cognitive bias

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Cognitive bias

A cognitive bias is any of a wide range of observer effects identified in cognitive science and social psychology including very basic statistical, social attribution, and memory errors that are common to all human beings. Biases drastically skew the reliability of anecdotal and legal evidence. Social biases, usually called attributional biases affect our everyday social interactions. And biases related to probability and decision making significantly affect the scientific method which is deliberately designed to minimize such bias fr ...

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Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive bias - Overview Bias arises from various life, loyalty and local risk and attention concerns that are difficult to separate or codify. They were first identified by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman as a foundation of behavioral economics. Tversky and Kahneman claim that they are at least partially the result of problem-solving using heuristics, including the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic. Recently, some scientists (David Funder and Joachim Krueger) have raised doubt as to whether all of the 'biases' are in fact errors. T ...

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Cognitive distortion - List

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Cognitive psychology

Cognitive psychology is the psychological science that studies cognition, the mental processes that underlie behavior, including thinking, deciding, reasoning, and to some extent motivation and emotion. This covers a broad range of research domains, examining questions about the workings of memory, attention, perception, knowledge representation, reasoning, creativity and problem solving. The term came into use with the publication of the book Cognitive Psychology by Ulric Neisser in 1967. There he gives a very broad definition ...

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Cognitive psychology - Related lists

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Cognition

The term cognition (Latin, cogito: to think) is used in several different loosely related ways. In psychology it is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a view that argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood in terms of information processing, especially when a lot of abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. It is also used ...

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Cognition - Cognition in mainstream psychology

Cognition - Influence and influences

Cognition - Example of emergent organization

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Cultural bias

Cultural bias is interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture. This is a danger in any field of knowledge that claims objectivity and universality, such as philosophy and the natural sciences. The problem of cultural bias is central to social and human sciences, such as economics, psychology, anthropology and sociology, which have had to develop methods and theories to compensate for or eliminate cultural bias. Cultural bias occurs when people of a culture make assumptions about conventions, including conventions of language, notation, proof and evidence. They can then mi ...

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Critical thinking

Critical thinking is a mental process of analyzing or evaluating information, particularly statements or propositions that are offered as true. It is a process of reflecting upon the meaning of statements, examining the offered evidence and reasoning, and forming judgments about the facts. Such information may be gathered from observation, experience, reasoning, or communication. Critical thinking has its basis in intellectual values that go beyond subject matter divisions and include: clarity, a ...

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Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Stupidity

Stupidity is the quality or condition of being stupid, or lacking intelligence. This quality can be attributed to both an individual himself (John Smith is stupid) or his actions, words or beliefs (John Smith's policies are stupid). The term can thus also refer to poor use of judgement, or insensitivity to nuances in a person whose is otherwise intelligent. The determination of who is stupid is relatively difficult, despite attempts to measure intelligence (and thus stupidity) such as IQ tests. The adjective is al ...

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Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Cognitive science

Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every introduction to cognitive science also stresses that it is highly interdisciplinary; components of cognitive science include psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science, robotics, anthropology and biology. Cognitive science - History. psychology, neuroscience, Neural Darwinism, Society of Mind theory, cognitive science of ...

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Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science

Cognitive science - Research methods

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Falsifiability

Falsifiability is an important concept in the philosophy of science that amounts to the apparently paradoxical idea that a proposition or theory cannot be scientific if it does not admit the possibility of being shown false. Falsifiable does not mean false. For a proposition to be falsifiable, it must be at least in principle possible to make an observation that would show the proposition to be false, even if that observation had not been made. For example, the proposition "All crows are black" would be falsified ...

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Falsifiability - From scientists

Falsifiability - Some examples

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Illusion

An illusion is a distortion of a sensory perception. Each of the human senses can be deceived by illusions, but visual illusions are the most well known. Some illusions are subjective; different people may experience an illusion differently, or not at all. Optical illusions, such the use of false perspective, exploit assumptions made by the human visual system. Mirages are optical distortions through the atmosphere that may be photographed. While the perceived reality (such as water in the desert) is illusory, th ...

Read more here: » Illusion: Encyclopedia - Illusion

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Cognitive science of mathematics

The cognitive science of mathematics is the study of mathematical ideas using the techniques of cognitive science. Specifically, it is the search for foundations of mathematics in human cognition. This approach was long preceded by the study, in cognitive sciences proper, of human cognitive bias, especially in statistical thinking, most notably by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, including theories of measurement, risk and behavioral finance from these and other authors. These studies suggested that mathematical practice and p ...

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Cognitive science of mathematics - Topics

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Anthropic bias

Anthropic bias is the bias arising when "your evidence is biased by observation selection effects," according to philosopher Nick Bostrom. This is an extreme generalization of the confirmation bias and the cognitive bias, involving not only mind-set, memory and methodology, but the whole way in which one sees oneself as an entity investigating an environment. The original statement of the problems related to anthropic bias is due to Eugene Wigner's 1960 paper, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Physi ...

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Amos Tversky

Amos Tversky (March 16, 1937 - June 2, 1996) was a pioneer of cognitive science, a longtime collaborator of Daniel Kahneman, and a key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias and handling of risk. With Kahneman, he originated prospect theory to explain irrational human economic choices. He received his doctorate from the University of Michigan in 1965, and later taught at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, before moving to Stanford University. In 1984 he was a recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship. Amos Tversky was married to Barbara Tversky, presently a professor in the human development d ...

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Amos Tversky - Notable contributions

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Availability heuristic

The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb, or heuristic, which occurs when people estimate the probability of an outcome based on how easy that outcome is to imagine. As such, vividly described, emotionally-charged possibilities will be perceived as being more likely than those that are harder to picture or are difficult to understand, resulting in a corresponding cognitive bias. For example, most people think that dying from a shark attack is more likely than dying from being hit by falling airplane parts, yet the opposite ...

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Collective intelligence

Collective intelligence, as characterized by Tom Atlee, Douglas Engelbart, Cliff Joslyn, Francis Heylighen, Ron Dembo, and other theorists, is a working form of intelligence which overcomes "groupthink" and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process—while maintaining reliable intellectual performance. In this context, it refers to robust consensus decision making, and may properly be considered a subfield of sociology. Another CI pioneer, George Pór, author of The Quest for Collectiv ...

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Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Wishful thinking

Wishful thinking is the formation of beliefs and making decisions according to what might be pleasing to imagine instead of by appealing to evidence or rationality. Studies have consistently shown that, holding all else equal, subjects will predict positive outcomes to be more likely than negative outcomes. See positive outcome bias. Prominent examples of wishful thinking include: Economist Irving Fisher said that "stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau" a few weeks before Stock ...

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Wishful thinking - As a logical fallacy

Cognitive bias: Encyclopedia - Valence effect

The valence effect of prediction is the tendency for people to simply overestimate the likelihood of good things happening rather than bad things. ("Valence" refers to the positive or negative emotional charge something has.) This finding has been corroborated by dozens of studies. In one straightforward experiment, all other things being equal, participants assigned a higher probability to picking a card that had a smiling face on ...

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