Cognitive architecture

Common to cognitive architecture is the belief that understanding (human) cognitive processing means being able to implement them on a computational level. Cognitive architectures can be characterized by certain properties or goals that are as follows: Implementation of not just various different aspects of cognitive behavior but of cognition as a whole (Holism, e.g. Unified theory of cognition). This is in contrast to cognitive models. The architecture often tries to reproduce the behavior of the modelled system (human ...

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Cognitive architecture, Cognitive architecture - Characterization, Cognitive architecture - Distinctions, Cognitive architecture - Some famous cognitive architectures

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Main article: Artificial Neural Network Neural network - Background. Neural network models in artificial intelligence are usually referred to as artificial neural networks (ANNs); these essentially simple mathematical models defining a function . The epithet network is used because this function is decomposable into a number of simpler, interconnected elements. A particular type of ANN model corresponds to a class of such functions. What has attract ...

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Neural network, Neural network - Characterization, Neural network - The brain neural networks and computers, Neural network - Neural Networks and Artificial Intelligence, Neural network - Background, Neural network - Learning paradigms, Neural network - Learning algorithms, Neural network - Theoretical properties, Neural network - Generalisation and statistics, Neural network - Types of artificial neural networks, Neural network - Neural networks and Neuroscience, Neural network - Types of models, Neural network - Current research, Neural network - References, Neural network - History of the neural network analogy

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One could argue that human cognition began with the mathematical musings of the ancient world that attempted to mathematically codify logic. Modus ponens is a simple statement from that era that says, "If A implies B (written as: A → B) is known to be a true statement, and you also know that A is true, then you can conlcude that B is true." Successive application of the modus ponens principle can yield logical "reasonable" conclusions that may not be as apparent to the casual observer. For example, given the set of the following four state ...

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Human cognition, Human cognition - Background and history

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Artificial consciousness (AC), also known as machine consciousness (MC) or synthetic consciousness, is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artefact.1 The idea of producing an artificial sentient being is ancient and is featured in numerous myths such as the Golem, the Greek promethean myth, mechanical men in Chrétien d ...

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• Artificial consciousness - The nature of consciousness
• Artificial consciousness - Information processing and consciousness
• Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers
• Artificial consciousness - Schools of thought
• Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study
• Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches
• Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent
• Artificial consciousness - Haikonen’s Cognitive architecture
• Artificial consciousness - Testing for artificial consciousness
• Artificial consciousness - The ethics of artificial consciousness
• Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness in literature and movies

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Theoretical and computational neuroscience is the field concerned with the theoretical analysis and computational modeling of biological neural systems. Since neural systems are intimately related to cognitive processes and behaviour, the field is closely related to cognitive and behavioural modeling. The aim of the field is to create models of biological neural systems in order to understand how biological systems work. To gain this understanding, neuroscientists strive to make a link between observed biological processes (data), bio ...

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Neural network, Neural network - Characterization, Neural network - The brain neural networks and computers, Neural network - Neural Networks and Artificial Intelligence, Neural network - Background, Neural network - Learning paradigms, Neural network - Learning algorithms, Neural network - Theoretical properties, Neural network - Generalisation and statistics, Neural network - Types of artificial neural networks, Neural network - Neural networks and Neuroscience, Neural network - Types of models, Neural network - Current research, Neural network - References, Neural network - History of the neural network analogy

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While historically the brain has been viewed as a type of computer, and vice-versa, this is true only in the loosest sense. Computers are not models of the brain (even though it is possible to describe a logical process as a computer program, or to simulate a brain using a computer) as they were not created with that purpose in mind. However, neural networks used in artificial intelligence have traditionally been viewed as simplified models of neural processing in the brain. The question of what is the degree of complexity and the pro ...

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Neural network, Neural network - Characterization, Neural network - The brain neural networks and computers, Neural network - Neural Networks and Artificial Intelligence, Neural network - Background, Neural network - Learning paradigms, Neural network - Learning algorithms, Neural network - Theoretical properties, Neural network - Generalisation and statistics, Neural network - Types of artificial neural networks, Neural network - Neural networks and Neuroscience, Neural network - Types of models, Neural network - Current research, Neural network - References, Neural network - History of the neural network analogy

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(main article: Connectionism) The concept of neural networks started in the late-1800s as an effort to describe how the human mind performed. These ideas started being applied to computational models with the Perceptron. In early 1950s Friedrich Hayek was one of the first to posit the idea of spontaneous order in the brain arising out of decentralized networks of simple units (neurons). In the late 1940s, Donnald Hebb made one of the first hypotheses for a mechanism of neural plasticity (i.e. learning), Hebbian learning. ...

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Neural network, Neural network - Characterization, Neural network - The brain neural networks and computers, Neural network - Neural Networks and Artificial Intelligence, Neural network - Background, Neural network - Learning paradigms, Neural network - Learning algorithms, Neural network - Theoretical properties, Neural network - Generalisation and statistics, Neural network - Types of artificial neural networks, Neural network - Neural networks and Neuroscience, Neural network - Types of models, Neural network - Current research, Neural network - References, Neural network - History of the neural network analogy

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In general, a neural network is composed of a group or groups of physically connected or functionally associated neurons. A single neuron can be connected to many other neurons and the total number of neurons and connections in a network can be extremely large. Connections, called synapses are usually formed from axons to dendrites, though dendrodentritic microcircuits [Arbib, p.666] and other connections are possible. Apart from the electrical signalling, there are other forms of signalling that arise from neurotransmitter diffusion, which ...

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Neural network, Neural network - Characterization, Neural network - The brain neural networks and computers, Neural network - Neural Networks and Artificial Intelligence, Neural network - Background, Neural network - Learning paradigms, Neural network - Learning algorithms, Neural network - Theoretical properties, Neural network - Generalisation and statistics, Neural network - Types of artificial neural networks, Neural network - Neural networks and Neuroscience, Neural network - Types of models, Neural network - Current research, Neural network - References, Neural network - History of the neural network analogy

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There are various aspects of consciousness generally deemed necessary for a machine to be artificially conscious. A variety of functions in which consciousness plays a role were suggested by Bernard Baars. The aim of AC is to define whether and how these and other aspects of consciousness can be synthesized in an engineered artefact such as digital computer. This list is not exhaustive; there are many others not covered. A generally accepted criterion for sentience and consciousness is self-awareness: one dictionary defines conscio ...

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Artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The nature of consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Information processing and consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers, Artificial consciousness - Schools of thought, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study, Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches, Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent, Artificial consciousness - Haikonen’s Cognitive architecture, Artificial consciousness - Testing for artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The ethics of artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness in literature and movies

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One way in which bio-inspired computing differs from artificial intelligence (AI) is in how it takes a more evolutionary approach to learning, as opposed to the what could be described as 'creationist' methods used in traditional AI. In traditional AI, intelligence is often programmed from above: the programmer is the creator, and makes something and imbues it with its intelligence. Bio-inspired computing, on the other hand, takes a more bottom-up, decentralised approach; bio-inspired techniques often involve the method of specifying a set o ...

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Biologically-inspired computing, Biologically-inspired computing - Areas of research, Biologically-inspired computing - Bio-inspired computing and AI, Biologically-inspired computing - Recommended reading

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Unless artificial consciousness can be proven formally, judgments of the success of any implementation will depend on observation. The Turing test is a proposal for identifying machine intelligence as determined by a machine's ability to interact with a person. In the Turing test one has to guess whether the entity one is interacting with is a machine or a human. An artificially conscious entity could only pass an equivalent test when it had itself passed beyond the imaginations of observers and entered into ...

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Artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The nature of consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Information processing and consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers, Artificial consciousness - Schools of thought, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study, Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches, Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent, Artificial consciousness - Haikonen’s Cognitive architecture, Artificial consciousness - Testing for artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The ethics of artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness in literature and movies

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There are several commonly stated views regarding the plausibility and capability of AC, and the likelihood that AC will ever be real consciousness. Some say the thermostat is really conscious, but they do not claim the thermostat is capable of an appreciation of music. In an interview [6] Chalmers called his statement that thermostat is conscious "very speculative" and he is not a keen proponent of pan psychism (see page 298 of Chalmers (1996) whither panpsychism). Interpretations like that are possible because of deliberately loose definitions, but tend to ...

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Artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The nature of consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Information processing and consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers, Artificial consciousness - Schools of thought, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study, Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches, Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent, Artificial consciousness - Haikonen’s Cognitive architecture, Artificial consciousness - Testing for artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The ethics of artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness in literature and movies

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Main article: Consciousness According to naïve and direct realism, humans perceive directly while brains perform processing. According to indirect realism and dualism, brains contain data obtained by processing but what people perceive is a mental model or state appearing to overlay physical things as a result of projective geometry (such as the point observation in Rene Descartes' dualism). Wh ...

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Artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The nature of consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Information processing and consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers, Artificial consciousness - Schools of thought, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study, Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches, Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent, Artificial consciousness - Haikonen’s Cognitive architecture, Artificial consciousness - Testing for artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The ethics of artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness in literature and movies

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Information processing consists of encoding a state, such as the geometry of an image, on a carrier such as a stream of electrons, and then submitting this encoded state to a series of transformations specified by a set of instructions called a program. In principle the carrier could be anything, even steel balls or onions, and the machine that implements the instructions need not be electronic, it could be mechanical or fluidic. Digital computers implement information processing. From the earliest days of digital computers people have suggested that these devices may one day be co ...

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Artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The nature of consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Information processing and consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers, Artificial consciousness - Schools of thought, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study, Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches, Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent, Artificial consciousness - Haikonen’s Cognitive architecture, Artificial consciousness - Testing for artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The ethics of artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness in literature and movies

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AC research has moved beyond realm of philosophy; several serious attempts are underway to instill consciousness in machines. Two of these are described below; others exist and more will undoubtedly follow. Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent. Stan Franklin (1995, 2003) defines an autonomous agent as possessing functional consciousness when it is capable of several of the functions of consciousness as identified by Bernard Baars’ Global Workspace Theory (1988, 1997). Hi ...

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Artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The nature of consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Information processing and consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers, Artificial consciousness - Schools of thought, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study, Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches, Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent, Artificial consciousness - Haikonen’s Cognitive architecture, Artificial consciousness - Testing for artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The ethics of artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness in literature and movies

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Cognitive architectures can be symbolic, connectionist, or hybrid. Some cognitive architecures or models base on a set of generic rules, as, e.g., the Information Processing Language (such as e.g. SOAR based on the unified theory of cognition, or similarly ACT). Many of these architectures base on a the-mind-is-like-a-computer analogy. In contrast subsymbolic processing specifies no such rules a priori and relies on emergent properties of processing units (e.g. nodes). A further distinction is whether the architecture is centralized with a n ...

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Cognitive architecture, Cognitive architecture - Characterization, Cognitive architecture - Distinctions, Cognitive architecture - Some famous cognitive architectures

Read more here: » Cognitive architecture: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive architecture - Distinctions