Cognates are words that have a common origin. Examples of cognates are the words night (English), Nacht (German and Dutch), nicht (Scots), noc (Czech), nox (Latin), nakti- (Sanskrit), natë (Albanian), noche (Spanish) and naktis (Lithuanian), all meaning night and all deriving from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *nekwt-, "night". Another Indo-European example is star (English), str (Sanskrit), star (Sinhala), aster (Greek), st ...

Including:

• Cognate - False cognates

Read more here: » Cognate: Encyclopedia - Cognate

See also:

Cognate, Cognate - False cognates

Read more here: » Cognate: Encyclopedia II - Cognate - False cognates

A common case is when the "weaker" and the "stronger" languages are very closely related. It is usual for the speakers of the "stronger" language to suggest that the "weaker" language is "just a dialect". In their turn, the speakers of the "weaker" language vigorously deny such claims, and go to great lengths to prove that their language is quite separate. For instance, in the 19th century it was common to consider Ukrainian and Belarusian languages to be dialects of Russian (this point of view was reflected in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica). Today, however, many U ...

See also:

Linguistic protectionism, Linguistic protectionism - Cognate languages, Linguistic protectionism - Writing systems

Read more here: » Linguistic protectionism: Encyclopedia II - Linguistic protectionism - Cognate languages

The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. The name of the language family refers to the location of the family’s suggested Urheimat (homeland), which is often placed close to the Ural mountains. Countries that are home to a significant number of speakers of Uralic languages include: Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Romania, Russia, the Serbian province of Vojvodina, and Sweden. The healthiest Uralic languages, in terms of the number of native speakers and national ...

Including:

• Uralic languages - Family Tree
• Uralic languages - Classification of Languages
• Uralic languages - Typology
• Uralic languages - Selected cognates
• Uralic languages - Bibliography

Read more here: » Uralic languages: Encyclopedia - Uralic languages

History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Father Christ the Son The Holy Spirit The Bible Old Testament New Testament Apocrypha The Gospels Ten Commandments Sermon on the Mount Christian theology Salvation · Grace Christian worship Christian Chu ...

Including:

• Deacon - Roman Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy & Anglicanism
• Deacon - Anglican
• Deacon - Eastern Orthodoxy
• Deacon - Roman Catholicism
• Deacon - Protestantism
• Deacon - Mormonism
• Deacon - Church of Christ
• Deacon - References Church of Christ
• Deacon - Cognates

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The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family of about 240 languages and 285 million people widespread throughout North Africa, East Africa, the Sahel, and Southwest Asia. Other names sometimes given to this family include "Afrasian", "Hamito-Semitic" (deprecated), "Lisramic" (Hodge 1972), "Erythraean" (Tucker 1966). The following language subfamilies are included: Berber languages Chadic languages Egyptian languages Semitic languages Cushitic languages Beja la ...

Including:

• Afro-Asiatic languages - Common features and cognates
• Afro-Asiatic languages - Classification history
• Afro-Asiatic languages - Etymological bibliography
• Afro-Asiatic languages - Sources

Read more here: » Afro-Asiatic languages: Encyclopedia - Afro-Asiatic languages

Bosnia and Herzegovina:   1,479,930 Croatia:   202,365 (2004) (581,663 in 1991) Slovenia:    38,964[1] (2002) Republic of Macedonia:    35,939[2] (2002) Albania:    37,000[3] (1990 w/ Montenegrins)    40,000[4] (2005 est.) Romania:    22,518[5] (2002) Hungary:    3,816[6] Germany    Lower est. 125,0 ...

Including:

• Serbs - Population
• Serbs - Culture
• Serbs - Contribution to humanity
• Serbs - Language
• Serbs - Surnames
• Serbs - Religion
• Serbs - Symbols
• Serbs - Customs
• Serbs - Name
• Serbs - History
• Serbs - Subgroups
• Serbs - Cognate peoples

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Chữ nôm (字喃 lit. "southern script") is a classical vernacular script of the Vietnamese language that makes use of Chinese characters (Vietnamese hán tự). The Vietnamese term for Chinese writing is known as Hán Tự, which was the only available form to express the language until the 14th century, used almost exclusively by Chinese-educated Vietnamese elites. Vietnamese was, from the 14th century to the end of the 19th century, written sporadically with Chu Nom, which was a modified Chinese script that incorporated so ...

Including:

• Chu nom - Origin
• Chu nom - Writing System
• Chu nom - Cognates
• Chu nom - Phonetic character borrowing
• Chu nom - Character Invention
• Chu nom - Standardization
• Chu nom - Free Han Nom Software Tools
• Chu nom - WinVNKey
• Chu nom - Related topic

Read more here: » Chu nom: Encyclopedia - Chu nom

Written Cantonese refers to the written language used to write colloquial standard Cantonese using Chinese characters. Cantonese is usually referred to as a spoken variant, and not as a written variant. Spoken vernacular Cantonese differs from standard written Chinese. Written Chinese spoken word for word sounds overly formal and distant in Cantonese. As a result, the necessity of having a written script which matched the spoken verse increased over time. This resulted in the generation of additional Chinese characters to compl ...

Including:

• Written Cantonese - History
• Written Cantonese - Cantonese characters
• Written Cantonese - Synonyms
• Written Cantonese - Cognates
• Written Cantonese - Native words
• Written Cantonese - Loanwords
• Written Cantonese - Particles
• Written Cantonese - Cantonese words
• Written Cantonese - Loanwords
• Written Cantonese - Cantonese character formation
• Written Cantonese - Borrowings
• Written Cantonese - Marked Phonetic Loans
• Written Cantonese - Derived characters
• Written Cantonese - Colloquial usage

Read more here: » Written Cantonese: Encyclopedia - Written Cantonese

Etymology is the study of the origins of words. Some words have been derived from other languages, possibly in a changed form (the source words are called etymons). Through old texts and comparisons with other languages, etymologists try to reconstruct the history of words — when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning changed. Etymologists also try to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information (such as writing) to be known. By comparing words in relat ...

Including:

• Etymology - Basic ideas in etymology
• Etymology - English etymology
• Etymology - History of etymology
• Etymology - Bibliography

Read more here: » Etymology: Encyclopedia - Etymology

Ehwaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the e-rune Ɇ, meaning "horse (cognate to Latin equus). In the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc, it is continued as ᛖ eh, not to be confused with ᛇ eoh (c.f. Eihwaz). It is not continued in the Younger Futhark. See also. Elder Futhark Rune poem ...

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In Hinduism, Parjanya is a Vedic god identified with rain and thunder. Portrayed in the Rig Veda as a bull. Sometimes regarded as an aspect of the god Indra, his name may be cognate with Varuna. Other related archivesHinduism, Indra, Rig Veda, Varuna, Vedic, god, rain, thunder

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Vrddhi is a Sanskrit word meaning "growth" (cognate to English weird, Old English wyrd). In Panini's grammar, it is also a technical term for a group of long vowels. In Indo-European linguistics, it has become a term for the lengthened grade of the ablaut vowel gradation peculiar to the Indo-European languages. A vrddhi-derivation is a word that is derived by such lengthening, a type of formation very common in Sa

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Clovis may refer to the following: The personal name of Germanic origin that primarily saw use in Europe before the year 1000 CE. Several locales and persons of historical importance have borne this name. The ancestral cognate of the modern proper paronyms Louis (French), Ludwig (German), Ludovico (Italian) and Lodewijk (Dutch). Ancient variants of the name Clovis/Louis include Chlovis, Chlodwig, Chlodowic, Chlodowech and Hludowic. <

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The copulative a (also a copulativum, a athroistikon) is the prefix a- expressing unity in Ancient Greek, e.g. in a-delphos "brother", from *sm̥-gu̯elbhos literally "from the same womb" (c.f. Delphi). it goes back to a PIE *sm̥-, cognate to English same (see also Symbel). The disappearance of the s- is a specifically Greek sound law, and the cognate forms in other languages typically still preserve it, e.g. Sanskrit saṃ-, present e.g. in the term for the language itself, viz. saṃ-s-kṛtā " ...

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The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Uralic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. * May not be etymologically of the same origin. ...

See also:

Uralic languages, Uralic languages - Family Tree, Uralic languages - Classification of Languages, Uralic languages - Typology, Uralic languages - Selected cognates, Uralic languages - Bibliography

Read more here: » Uralic languages: Encyclopedia II - Uralic languages - Selected cognates

Adad · Ashnan Asaruludu · Emesh Enbilulu · Enkimdu · Enten Ereshkigal · Kabta Lahar · Mushdamma Nammu · Nanshe · Nergal Nidaba · Ningal Ninisinna · Ninkasi Ninlil · Ninurta · Nusku Sumugan · Urshanabi Uttu · Annunaki Adad in Akkadian and Ishkur in Sumerian are the names of the storm-god in the Babylonian-Assyrian pantheon, both usually written by the logogram dIM. The Akkadian god Adad is cognate in name and functio ...

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4 primary: An Enlil Ki Enki 3 sky: Ishtar Sin Sama Ishtar is the Akkadian counterpart to the Sumerian Inanna and to the cognate northwest Semitic goddess Astarte. Anunit, Astarte and Atarsamain are alternative names for Ishtar. Inanna, twin of Utu/Shamash, children of Nannar/Sin, first born on Earth of Enlil. The first names given are Sumerian, the second names de ...

Including:

• Ishtar - Ishtar in popular culture

Read more here: » Ishtar: Encyclopedia - Ishtar

Introjection is a psychological process where the subject replicates in itself behaviors, attributes or other fragments of the surrounding world, especially of other subjects. Cognate concepts are identification, incorporation and internalization. According to the psychoanalyst Freud, the ego and the superego are constructed by introjecting external behavioral patterns into the subject's own persona. Introjection is also the name of a defense mechanism, which handles threats from the outside that can potentially cause an ...

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To internalize is to put something inside of borders where it did not originally belong. In sociology to internalize is to learn something (such as ideas or skills) and make use of it from then on. Religious conversion is one example of this process. Internalization is the opposite of externalization. In Freudian psychology, internalization is one of the concepts of the psychological process introjection, a psychological defence mechanism. Cognate concepts are identification and incorporation. ...

Read more here: » Internalization: Encyclopedia - Internalization