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cogito ergo sum | A Wisdom Archive on cogito ergo sum | | cogito ergo sum A selection of articles related to cogito ergo sum | |
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cogito ergo sum, Cogito ergo sum - Criticisms of the cogito, Cogito ergo sum - Introduction, Cogito ergo sum - Williams's argument
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO cogito ergo sum | | | |  cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in natureCritics, such as Tom Seigfried claim that proponents of the cognitive science of mathematics "ignore the fact that brains not only observe nature, but also are part of nature.... [and fail to explain how math can] tell of phenomena never previously suspected." Like other proponents of the particle physics foundation ontology, Seigfried considers the powers of mathematics to predict what humans will perceive as proof of its objectivity:
"Many scientists suspect that math's success signifies something deep and true about the universe, disclosing an inherent mathematical structure that rules th ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda? The Santa Fe Institute credits George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez with "(1) the grounding of arithmetic, set theory and formal logic in the brain and body. (2) The cognitive structure of actual infinity (infinity as a "thing") for a wide variety of cases: the infinite set of natural numbers, points at infinity, mathematical induction, infinite decimals and the reals, limits and least upper bounds, infinitesimals and the hyperreals, and transfinite numbers. (3) The conceptual structure characterizing the meaning of e ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda? |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics This is not the first attempt to challenge mathematics and physics as the primary arbiters of shared human reality. Since at least the early 1960s, some have argued that secret military science, the building of nuclear weapons, and their accounting as "useful" is evidence that humans continue to extend models even long after they are shown to be counter-productive to human lives. Postmodern critics including John Zerzan and feminists including Marilyn Waring argue that the radically autonomous view of Number is effective at manipulating the world only from a certain point of view - that of a "dominator cult ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms? Some challenge Lakoff's claim that there is "no way that we scientifically could possibly tell," and point out that the history of cognitive science is finding ways to test theses that previously relied only on self-reporting.
When researching "the role of embodiment and its biological and cognitive constraints", an important empirical research question is to what degree the specific cognitive phenomena on which mathematics is founded are shared with other Homininae, the great apes, other apes, all primates, and broader membership in the animal kingdom. Or, for ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms? |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science? This line of research seems to stick mathematics with many category biases previously considered to be the domain of political science, theology and other fields that rely on complex ontology rather than clean axioms.
Along with acceptance of ethical limits, an important feature of 20th century sciences was the discovery of limits to the human perceptive and cognitive capacity. If mathematics has such limits, as well, it would be unsurprising, even if they turned out to be ethical, as religion has consistently claimed. Faith and reaso ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science? |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over? Considering the emotional choice among "embodied" reactions to the first nuclear explosion helps highlight the fact that humans define their own tests for what "works", and therefore that their shared belief in mathematics isn't necessarily a belief in more than their own cognition and culture. If there are sciences wherein falsifiability or case-based reasoning can't be understood or settled into some reasonable method that all humans would be said to experience similarly, that suggests we may abandon some inquiries.
Eugene Wigner's ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over? |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive? The Embodiment of all mathematical abstraction is a grand project, quite possibly one that will never be completed. Among other issues, there are no small number of constituencies that benefit from assuming that math can be safely built on math, with no attention paid to bodies or their messy ethics:
Numerical simulations, particle physics experiments, or a number of other human activities that rest on a relatively-objective concept of cognition, would appear to be in danger of being sacrificed to a political objective - a fully-embodied mathematics would impose an unreaso ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive? |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - José Ortega y Gasset - Influence Ortega y Gasset had a grand influence not only through the philosophical themes of his works, but also because his literary style made him accessible to the general public.
Among the philosophers strongly influenced by Ortega y Gasset were Manuel García Morente, Joaquín Xirau, Xavier Zubiri, José Gaos, Luis Recaséns Siches, Manuel Granell, Francisco Ayala, María Zambrano, Pedro Laín Entralgo, José Luis López-Aranguren, Julián Marías, and Paulino Garagorri.
Ortega y Gassett was extremely influential on existentialism, especially the work of ...
See also:José Ortega y Gasset, José Ortega y Gasset - Biography, José Ortega y Gasset - Philosophy, José Ortega y Gasset - Circunstancia, José Ortega y Gasset - Raciovitalismo, José Ortega y Gasset - Razón Histórica, José Ortega y Gasset - Influence, José Ortega y Gasset - Works Read more here: » José Ortega y Gasset: Encyclopedia II - José Ortega y Gasset - Influence |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Some basic questions Ontology has one basic question: "What are the fundamental categories of being?" Different philosophers make different lists of such fundamental categories of being.
This highlights one of the problems of the philosophical approach—it relies on continued investigation of categories, and has no clear way to stop asking. In theology, library science and artificial intelligence, in contrast, one typically adopts a relatively stable foundation ontology. This avoids some problems with the philosophical approach which has a larger base of ...
See also:Ontology, Ontology - Some basic questions, Ontology - Concepts, Ontology - Early history of ontology, Ontology - Subject relationship object, Ontology - Body and environment, Ontology - Being, Ontology - Social Science, Ontology - Prominent ontologists Read more here: » Ontology: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Some basic questions |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - Epistemological theories It is common for epistemological theories to avoid skepticism by adopting a foundationalist approach. To do this, they argue that certain types of statements have a special epistemological status — that of not needing to be justified. So it is possible to classify epistemological theories according to the type of statement that each argues has this special status.
Epistemology - Empiricism.
Empiricists claim knowledge is a product of human experience. Statements of observations take pride of place in emp ...
See also:Epistemology, Epistemology - Definition of knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - The problem of defining knowledge, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Knowledge and belief, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Gettier Read more here: » Epistemology: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - Epistemological theories |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Early history of ontology The concept of ontology is generally thought to have originated in early Greece and occupied Plato and Aristotle. Since the word is of Greek origin its current meaning and application are certainly sourced from Greek culture. Aristotle described ontology as "the science of being qua being". The word 'qua' means 'in the capacity of'. According to this theory, then, ontology is the science of being inasmuch as it is being, or the study of beings insofar as they exist. Take anything you can find in the world, and look at it ...
See also:Ontology, Ontology - Some basic questions, Ontology - Concepts, Ontology - Early history of ontology, Ontology - Subject relationship object, Ontology - Body and environment, Ontology - Being, Ontology - Social Science, Ontology - Prominent ontologists Read more here: » Ontology: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Early history of ontology |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - René Descartes - Philosophical legacy Descartes is often regarded as the first modern thinker to provide a philosophical framework for the natural sciences as these began to develop. In his Meditations on First Philosophy he attempts to arrive at a fundamental set of principles that one can know as true without any doubt. To achieve this, he employs a method called methodological skepticism: he doubts any idea that can be doubted.
He gives the example of dreaming: in a dream, one's senses perceive stimuli that seem real, but do not actually exist. Thus, one cannot ...
See also:René Descartes, René Descartes - Biography, René Descartes - Philosophical legacy, René Descartes - Mathematical legacy, René Descartes - Writings by Descartes, René Descartes - Trivia, René Descartes - Footnotes Read more here: » René Descartes: Encyclopedia II - René Descartes - Philosophical legacy |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Body and environment Schools of subjectivism, objectivism and relativism existed at various times in the 20th century, and the postmodernists and body philosophers tried to reframe all these questions in terms of bodies taking some specific action in an environment. This relied to a great degree on insights derived from scientific research into animals taking instinctive action in natural and artificial settings — as st ...
See also:Ontology, Ontology - Some basic questions, Ontology - Concepts, Ontology - Early history of ontology, Ontology - Subject relationship object, Ontology - Body and environment, Ontology - Being, Ontology - Social Science, Ontology - Prominent ontologists Read more here: » Ontology: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Body and environment |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - Epistemological theories It is common for epistemological theories to avoid skepticism by adopting a foundationalist approach. To do this, they argue that certain types of statements have a special epistemological status — that of not needing to be justified. So it is possible to classify epistemological theories according to the type of statement that each argues has this special status.
Epistemology - Empiricism.
Empiricists claim knowledge is a product of human experience. Statements of observations take pride of place in emp ...
See also:Epistemology, Epistemology - Defining knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - Gettier cases and contemporary definitions of knowledge, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Defining 'belief' in Epistemology, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism Read more here: » Epistemology: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - Epistemological theories |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - José Ortega y Gasset - Biography Born in Madrid, Ortega was first schooled by the Jesuit Fathers of San Estanislao in Miraflores del Palo, Málaga (1891-1897). He attended the University of Deusto, Bilbao (1897-98) and the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters at the Central University of Madrid (1898-1904), receiving a doctorate in Philosophy. From 1905 to 1907, he continued his studies in Germany at Leipzig, Nuremberg, Cologne, Berlin and, above all Marburg. At Marburg, he was influenced by the neo-Kantian ...
See also:José Ortega y Gasset, José Ortega y Gasset - Biography, José Ortega y Gasset - Philosophy, José Ortega y Gasset - Circunstancia, José Ortega y Gasset - Raciovitalismo, José Ortega y Gasset - Razón Histórica, José Ortega y Gasset - Influence, José Ortega y Gasset - Works Read more here: » José Ortega y Gasset: Encyclopedia II - José Ortega y Gasset - Biography |
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| | | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - René Descartes - Mathematical legacy Descartes said, "Nature can be defined through numbers."
Mathematicians consider Descartes of the utmost importance for his discovery of analytic geometry. Up to Descartes's time, geometry, dealing with lines and shapes, and algebra, dealing with numbers, appeared as completely different subsets of mathematics. Descartes showed how to translate many problems in geometry into problems in algebra ...
See also:René Descartes, René Descartes - Biography, René Descartes - Philosophical legacy, René Descartes - Mathematical legacy, René Descartes - Writings by Descartes, René Descartes - Trivia, René Descartes - Footnotes Read more here: » René Descartes: Encyclopedia II - René Descartes - Mathematical legacy |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling Einstein's lament highlights the issue of ethical choices in experiments - a long-standing question in science that challenges falsifiability as a test of truth - if you don't dare test a theory, how can you know that it's true? If you test it by harming bodies that you or others care about, are you gaining assent to the theory by "proof" or by "fear", i.e. does agreement depend on terror of pushing the experimenter to a test? If so, how can the experimenter know what's real?
When the first observers of a manmade nuclear explosion in ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling |
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| | | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge Western philosophers for centuries have distinguished between two kinds of knowledge: a priori and a posteriori knowledge.
A priori knowledge is knowledge gained or justified by reason alone, without the direct or indirect influence of any particular experience (here, experience usually means observation of the world through sense perception. See Rationalism, below, for clarification.)
A posteriori knowledge is any other sort of knowledge; that is, knowledge the attainment or justification of which requires referenc ...
See also:Epistemology, Epistemology - Defining knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - Gettier cases and contemporary definitions of knowledge, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Defining 'belief' in Epistemology, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism Read more here: » Epistemology: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge |
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| | | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - Contemporary approaches Much contemporary work in epistemology depends on the two categories: foundationalism and coherentism.
Recently, Susan Haack has attempted to fuse these two approaches into her doctrine of Foundherentism, which accrues degrees of relative confidence to beliefs by mediating between the two approaches. She covers this in her book Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology.
Epistemology - Gettier.
Main articles: E ...
See also:Epistemology, Epistemology - Definition of knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - The problem of defining knowledge, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Knowledge and belief, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Gettier Read more here: » Epistemology: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - Contemporary approaches |
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