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cogito ergo sum | A Wisdom Archive on cogito ergo sum | | cogito ergo sum A selection of articles related to cogito ergo sum | |
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cogito ergo sum, Cogito ergo sum - Criticisms of the cogito, Cogito ergo sum - Introduction, Cogito ergo sum - Williams's argument
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO cogito ergo sum | | | |  cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Subject, relationship, object"What exists", "What is", "What am I", "What is describing this to me", all exemplify questions about being, and highlight the most basic problems in ontology: finding a subject, a relationship, and an object to talk about. During the Enlightenment the view of René Descartes that "cogito ergo sum" ("I think therefore I am") had generally prevailed, although Descartes himself did not believe the question worthy of any deep investigation. However, Descartes was very religious in his philosophy, and indeed argued that "cogito ergo sum" proved ...
See also:Ontology, Ontology - Some basic questions, Ontology - Concepts, Ontology - Early history of ontology, Ontology - Subject, relationship, object, Ontology - Body and environment, Ontology - Being, Ontology - Social Science, Ontology - Prominent ontologists Read more here: » Ontology: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Subject, relationship, object |
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| | | | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Subject relationship object "What exists", "What is", "What am I", "What is describing this to me", all exemplify questions about being, and highlight the most basic problems in ontology: finding a subject, a relationship, and an object to talk about. During the Enlightenment the view of René Descartes that "cogito ergo sum" ("I think therefore I am") had generally prevailed, although Descartes himself did not believe the question worthy of any deep investigation. However, Descartes was very religious in his philosophy, and indeed argued that "cogito ergo sum" proved ...
See also:Ontology, Ontology - Some basic questions, Ontology - Concepts, Ontology - Early history of ontology, Ontology - Subject relationship object, Ontology - Body and environment, Ontology - Being, Ontology - Social Science, Ontology - Prominent ontologists Read more here: » Ontology: Encyclopedia II - Ontology - Subject relationship object |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Existence - Modern approaches to the problem The problem is then evaded as follows. "Pegasus flies" implies existence in the wide sense, for it implies that something flies. But it does not imply existence in the narrow sense, for we deny existence in this sense by saying that Pegasus does not exist. In effect, the world of all things divides, on this view, into those (like Socrates, Venus the planet, New York) that have existence in the narrow sense, and those (like Sherlock Holmes, Venus the goddess, Minas Tirith) that do not.
Supporters of this view (which derives from ...
See also:Existence, Existence - The problems of existence, Existence - Modern approaches to the problem, Existence - Earlier views, Existence - European views, Existence - Quotations Read more here: » Existence: Encyclopedia II - Existence - Modern approaches to the problem |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of perception - Introduction Our perception of the external world begins with the senses, which lead us to generate empirical concepts representing the world around us, within a mental framework relating new concepts to preexisting ones. Because perception leads to an individual's impression of the world, its study may be important for those interested in better understanding communication, self, id, ego — even reality.
While René Descartes concluded that the question "Do I exist?" can only be answered in the affirmative (cogito ergo sum), Freudian psyc ...
See also:Philosophy of perception, Philosophy of perception - Introduction, Philosophy of perception - Categories of perception, Philosophy of perception - The Scientific Account of Perception, Philosophy of perception - Philosophical ideas about perception, Philosophy of perception - Cognitive Processing and Epiphenomenalism, Philosophy of perception - Perceptual Space Read more here: » Philosophy of perception: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of perception - Introduction |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Existence - Earlier views The first comprehensive treatment of the subject was by Aristotle in the Metaphysics. He developed a complicated theory of being, according to which only individual things, called substances fully have being, but other things such as relations, quantity, time and place (called the Categories) have a derivative kind of being, dependent on individual things (See the article on Ontology for a detailed discussion). The medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas, perhaps following the Persion philosopher Avicenna, argued that God is pure being, and that ...
See also:Existence, Existence - The problems of existence, Existence - Modern approaches to the problem, Existence - Earlier views, Existence - European views, Existence - Quotations Read more here: » Existence: Encyclopedia II - Existence - Earlier views |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists? Among technically literate people, there is a consensus that mathematics is a neutral point of view, indeed that if logic itself is a valid mode of investigation, mathematics must equally be one. Mathematics is in some sense "useful", and insofar as it is equally useful to two humans, it is "neutral". However, throughout the early 20th century, the foundation ontology of algebra was in doubt: Alfred North Whitehead, Bertrand Russell, and Kurt Gödel establish ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists? |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - José Ortega y Gasset - Philosophy
José Ortega y Gasset - Circunstancia.
For Ortega y Gasset, philosophy has a critical duty to lay siege to beliefs in order to promote new ideas and to explain reality. In order to accomplish such task the philosopher must, as Husserl proposed, leave behind prejudices and previously existing beliefs and investigate the essential reality of the universe. Ortega proposes that philosophy must, as Hegel proposed, overcome both the lack of idealism (in which reality gravitated around the ego) and ancient-medieval real ...
See also:José Ortega y Gasset, José Ortega y Gasset - Biography, José Ortega y Gasset - Philosophy, José Ortega y Gasset - Circunstancia, José Ortega y Gasset - Raciovitalismo, José Ortega y Gasset - Razón Histórica, José Ortega y Gasset - Influence, José Ortega y Gasset - Works Read more here: » José Ortega y Gasset: Encyclopedia II - José Ortega y Gasset - Philosophy |
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| | | | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven? There seems to be some controversy over how rigorous these proofs can be. In a detailed and lengthy response to reviewer Bonnie Gold, Lakoff and Núñez laid claim to "a different job than professional mathematicians have. We have to answer such questions as: How can a number express a concept? How can mathematical formulas and equations express general ideas that occur outside of mathematics, ideas like recurrence, change, proportions, self-regulating processes, and so on? How do ideas within mathematics differ from similar (but not identic ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven? |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - List of basic philosophical topics - Basic philosophical concepts A priori -- A posteriori -- abduction -- absolute -- Aesthetics -- Age of Enlightenment -- Agnosticism -- Altruism -- Ambiguity -- American Philosophical Association -- analytic philosophy -- analogy -- Aristotle -- atheism -- awareness -- axiom --
being -- belief -- Buddhist philosophy --
causality -- Cogito, ergo sum -- consciousness -- cosmogony -- cosmology -- continental philosophy -- creation --
deconstruction -- deduction -- determinism -- dialectics -- dualism --
Eastern philosophy -- emergent philosophies -- epistemic justification -- epistemology -- ethical re ...
See also:List of basic philosophical topics, List of basic philosophical topics - General philosophical topics, List of basic philosophical topics - Branches of philosophy, List of basic philosophical topics - Subdisciplines of philosophy, List of basic philosophical topics - Philosophical movements, List of basic philosophical topics - Philosophical movements of the ancient world, List of basic philosophical topics - Philosophical movements of the modern world, List of basic philosophical topics - Influential philosophers, List of basic philosophical topics - Basic philosophical concepts, List of basic philosophical topics - The Isms doctrines schools and principles of philosophy, List of basic philosophical topics - Philosophical topics by region, List of basic philosophical topics - Potential emergent philosophies, List of basic philosophical topics - General philosophy lists, List of basic philosophical topics - General philosophy topics, List of basic philosophical topics - General online philosophy resources Read more here: » List of basic philosophical topics: Encyclopedia II - List of basic philosophical topics - Basic philosophical concepts |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques One reply to Lakoff and Núñez's objection of Platonism is the view that any and all worlds containing cognitive beings capable of dreaming up mathematical concepts must operate according to the principles of sentential logic.
Also, if one accepts logicism in its only coherent form, one must reject Lakoff and Núñez's outright denial of a transcendental mathematics, even if one accepts the findings of his research.
...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Meme - History of the concept of the meme The concept of the meme has a long history. Plato used the term eidos to speak of the immutable and eternal nature of an existing thing. The human mind acted upon this eidos, according to Plato, when reasoning about the world around it. Aristotle rejected this notion in favor of an abstraction and categorization of the world as perceived by the observer.
Descartes enquired into the nature and verifiablity of truth, uttering his famous expository phrase "Cogito ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). John Locke and Da ...
See also:Meme, Meme - Basic introduction, Meme - History of the concept of the meme, Meme - Ideas have a life of their own, Meme - Memetics, Meme - Memetic engineering, Meme - Memetic evolution, Meme - Do cultures evolve?, Meme - Propagation of memes, Meme - Biological analogies, Meme - Thoughts as discrete units, Meme - Evolution of memes, Meme - Evolutionary forces affecting memes, Meme - Memetic virus exchange?, Meme - Non-natural selection, Meme - Reproductive isolation in meme speciation, Meme - Forms taken by memes in the brain, Meme - The be happy and make others happy memes, Meme - Religion, Meme - Science, Meme - Meme resistance, Meme - Examples of memes, Meme - Common misconceptions Read more here: » Meme: Encyclopedia II - Meme - History of the concept of the meme |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of perception - Categories of perception We can categorize perception as internal or external.
Internal perception (proprioception) tells us what's going on in our bodies. We can sense where our limbs are, whether we're sitting or standing; we can also sense whether we are hungry, or tired, and so forth.
External or Sensory perception (exteroception), tells us about the world outside our bodies. Using our senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, we ...
See also:Philosophy of perception, Philosophy of perception - Introduction, Philosophy of perception - Categories of perception, Philosophy of perception - The Scientific Account of Perception, Philosophy of perception - Philosophical ideas about perception, Philosophy of perception - Cognitive Processing and Epiphenomenalism, Philosophy of perception - Perceptual Space Read more here: » Philosophy of perception: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of perception - Categories of perception |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Copula - Existential usage The existential usage of "to be" is distinct from and yet, in some languages, intimately related to its copulative usage. In language as opposed to formal logic, existence is a predicate rather than a quantifier, and the passage from copulative to existential usage can be subtle.
For example:
Japanese: 吾輩は猫である。名前はまだない。 Wagahai wa neko de aru. Namae wa mada nai – I am a cat. As yet, I have no name. — Soseki Natsume
< ...
See also:Copula, Copula - The copula in English, Copula - Use, Copula - Conjugation, Copula - Copulas in other languages, Copula - Chinese, Copula - Japanese, Copula - Indo-European languages, Copula - Russian and Hungarian, Copula - Turkish, Copula - Georgian, Copula - Nahuatl, Copula - Siouan languages, Copula - Artificial languages, Copula - Existential usage, Copula - Copula as subset relator Read more here: » Copula: Encyclopedia II - Copula - Existential usage |
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| | | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - José Ortega y Gasset - Influence Ortega y Gasset had not only a grand influence through the philosophical themes of his works, but also because his literary style made him accessible to the general public.
Among the philosophers strongly influenced by Ortega y Gasset were Manuel García Morente, Joaquín Xirau, Xavier Zubiri, José Gaos, Luis Recaséns Siches, Manuel Granell, Francisco Ayala, María Zambrano, Pedro Laín Entralgo, José Luis López-Aranguren, Julián Marías, and Paulino Garagorri.
Ortega y Gassett was extremely influential on existentialism, especially the work of ...
See also:José Ortega y Gasset, José Ortega y Gasset - Biography, José Ortega y Gasset - Philosophy, José Ortega y Gasset - Circunstancia, José Ortega y Gasset - Raciovitalismo, José Ortega y Gasset - Razón Histórica, José Ortega y Gasset - Influence, José Ortega y Gasset - Works Read more here: » José Ortega y Gasset: Encyclopedia II - José Ortega y Gasset - Influence |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory? The term "embodied" gradually came to reflect views that assumed an observing body, and which took into account limits imposed by its fragility and (in some analyses) its morality. Postmodern thought diverged from mathematical thinking sharply, and body philosophers such as Marilyn Waring and John Zerzan began to bluntly question the concept of Number itself as a guide to human choices.
A 'cognitive science of mathematics' would have to unify these diverse critiques, and bridge serious professional and cultural gaps — not only withi ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory? |
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| | | | | cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math? The 'cognitive science of mathematics' as defined by George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez is "an embodied theory of mathematical ideas growing out of, and consistent with, contemporary cognitive science." It holds that "mathematics is rooted in everyday human cognitive activity instead of some transcendent Platonist netherworld." In other words, that the human body and senses are what create mathematics, and that it can be shared with other humans, only because they are so similar to us. "Mathematics may or may not be out there in the world, ...
See also:Where Mathematics Comes From, Where Mathematics Comes From - Math is reality. Why do I care about linguists or psychologists?, Where Mathematics Comes From - An embodied theory?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains in nature, Where Mathematics Comes From - What is the agenda?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics and politics, Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics of doing mathematics of feeling, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does mathematics apply to other life forms?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Can this stuff ever be proven?, Where Mathematics Comes From - How would this change the science?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Does this imply that certain sciences are over?, Where Mathematics Comes From - If mathematics is subjective is all science cognitive?, Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques Read more here: » Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia II - Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies and senses create math? |
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