Encyclopedia - Cogito Ergo Sum: Encyclopedia - Cogito Ergo Sum
René Descartes' Latin statement "cogito, ergo sum" (traditionally translated as "I think, therefore I am", but more accurately as "I am ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cogito Ergo Sum: Encyclopedia Ii - Cogito Ergo Sum - Introduction
The phrase "cogito ergo sum" is not used in Descartes' most important work, the Meditations on First Philosophy, but the term "the cogito...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cogito Ergo Sum: Encyclopedia Ii - Cogito Ergo Sum - Introduction
The phrase "cogito ergo sum" is not used in Descartes' most important work, the Meditations on First Philosophy, but the term "the cogito...   » Read the article

Article - Peace Of Mind: Longing For Right Action
Marx wrote: "Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life". He assumes that man's ability to think, an...   » Read the article

Article - The Self: I, Me And My Self - Lone Indulgences  
Why do children refer to themselves by name rather than in the first person singular? If you were disembodied in one location and reco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - A Priori: Encyclopedia - A Priori
A priori is a Latin phrase meaning "from the former" or less literally "before experience". In much of the modern Western tradition, the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existence: Encyclopedia - Existence
There is no universally accepted theory of what the word existence means. The dominant (though by no means universal) view in twentieth-c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cartesian Other: Encyclopedia - Cartesian Other
The Cartesian 'other' is the counterpart to the Cartesian Self. According to Descartes, there is a divide intrinsic to human consciousnes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia - Ontology
In philosophy, ontology (from the Greek ὄν, genitive ὄντος: being (part. of εἶναι: to be) and -λογία: writing about, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samapatti: Encyclopedia - Samapatti
Samapatti stands for correct (samyag) acquisition (apatti) of Truth. It is a form of alaukika-pratyaksa (extraordinary perception) formin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia - René Descartes
René Descartes (IPA: /deˈkaʁt/, March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, was a noted French philosopher, mathem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copula: Encyclopedia - Copula
The word copula originates from the Latin noun for a "link or tie" that connects two different things. In linguistics, a copula is a word...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia - Epistemology
Epistemology, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Metaphysics
Metaphysics (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of "first principle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cogito Ergo Sum: Encyclopedia Ii - Cogito Ergo Sum - Criticisms Of The Cogito
There have been a number of criticisms of the cogito. The first of the two under scrutiny here concerns the nature of the step from "I am...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cogito Ergo Sum: Encyclopedia Ii - Cogito Ergo Sum - Common Errors
Some non-philosophers who first come across cogito attempt to refute it in the following way. "I think, therefore I exist," they argue, c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Being: Encyclopedia Ii - Being - Being In Islamic Philosophy
The nature of being has also been debated and explored in Islamic philosophy, notably by Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.[1] ......   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Being: Encyclopedia Ii - Being - Being And Substance In Aristotle
Among the first inquiries into what "being" encompassed was that undertaken by Aristotle. The term "substance" in Aristotle was a precise...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Being: Encyclopedia Ii - Being - Being In Continental Philosophy And Existentialism
Some philosophers deny that the concept of "being" has any meaning at all, since we only define an object's existence by its relation to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existence: Encyclopedia Ii - Existence - The Problems Of Existence
1. The first problem is that, on the simple view above, any sentence of apparently subject-predicate form "S is P" must assert the existe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Subject, Relationship, Object
"What exists", "What is", "What am I", "What is describing this to me", all exemplify questions about being, and highlight the most basic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Identity Of Indiscernibles: Encyclopedia Ii - Identity Of Indiscernibles - Controversial Applications
One famous application of the identity of indiscernibles was by René Descartes in his Meditations on First Philosophy. Descartes conclud...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - A Priori: Encyclopedia Ii - A Priori - Philosophical Thought
One of the fundamental questions in epistemology is whether there is any non-trivial a priori knowledge. Generally speaking rationalists ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Subject Relationship Object
"What exists", "What is", "What am I", "What is describing this to me", all exemplify questions about being, and highlight the most basic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existence: Encyclopedia Ii - Existence - Modern Approaches To The Problem
The problem is then evaded as follows. "Pegasus flies" implies existence in the wide sense, for it implies that something flies. But it d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Perception: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Perception - Introduction
Our perception of the external world begins with the senses, which lead us to generate empirical concepts representing the world around u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existence: Encyclopedia Ii - Existence - Earlier Views
The first comprehensive treatment of the subject was by Aristotle in the Metaphysics. He developed a complicated theory of being, accordi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - Math Is Reality. Why Do I Care About Linguists Or Psychologists?
Among technically literate people, there is a consensus that mathematics is a neutral point of view, indeed that if logic itself is a val...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - José Ortega Y Gasset: Encyclopedia Ii - José Ortega Y Gasset - Philosophy
José Ortega y Gasset - Circunstancia. For Ortega y Gasset, philosophy has a critical duty to lay siege to beliefs in order to promote ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Identity Of Indiscernibles: Encyclopedia Ii - Identity Of Indiscernibles - Symbolic Expression
In the language of the predicate calculus, the identity of indiscernibles may be written as (x)(y)(P)(x=y ↔ (Px ↔ Py)) Note that th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Identity Of Indiscernibles: Encyclopedia Ii - Identity Of Indiscernibles - Symbolic Expression
In the language of the predicate calculus, the identity of indiscernibles may be written as Note that this is a second-order expressio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - Can This Stuff Ever Be Proven?
There seems to be some controversy over how rigorous these proofs can be. In a detailed and lengthy response to reviewer Bonnie Gold, Lak...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Basic Philosophical Topics: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Basic Philosophical Topics - Basic Philosophical Concepts
A priori -- A posteriori -- abduction -- absolute -- Aesthetics -- Age of Enlightenment -- Agnosticism -- Altruism -- Ambiguity -- Americ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - Critiques
One reply to Lakoff and Núñez's objection of Platonism is the view that any and all worlds containing cognitive beings capable of dream...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meme: Encyclopedia Ii - Meme - History Of The Concept Of The Meme
The concept of the meme has a long history. Plato used the term eidos to speak of the immutable and eternal nature of an existing thing. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Perception: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Perception - Categories Of Perception
We can categorize perception as internal or external. Internal perception (proprioception) tells us what's going on in our bodies. We ca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copula: Encyclopedia Ii - Copula - Existential Usage
The existential usage of "to be" is distinct from and yet, in some languages, intimately related to its copulative usage. In language as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Perception: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Perception - Cognitive Processing And Epiphenomenalism
Perception is sometimes referred to as a cognitive process in which information processing is used to transfer information from the world...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - José Ortega Y Gasset: Encyclopedia Ii - José Ortega Y Gasset - Influence
Ortega y Gasset had not only a grand influence through the philosophical themes of his works, but also because his literary style made hi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - An Embodied Theory?
The term "embodied" gradually came to reflect views that assumed an observing body, and which took into account limits imposed by its fra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - Bodies And Senses Create Math?
The 'cognitive science of mathematics' as defined by George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez is "an embodied theory of mathematical ideas gro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - Brains In Nature
Critics, such as Tom Seigfried claim that proponents of the cognitive science of mathematics "ignore the fact that brains not only observ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - What Is The Agenda?
The Santa Fe Institute credits George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez with "(1) the grounding of arithmetic, set theory and formal logic in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics And Politics
This is not the first attempt to challenge mathematics and physics as the primary arbiters of shared human reality. Since at least the ea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - Does Mathematics Apply To Other Life Forms?
Some challenge Lakoff's claim that there is "no way that we scientifically could possibly tell," and point out that the history of cognit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - How Would This Change The Science?
This line of research seems to stick mathematics with many category biases previously considered to be the domain of political science, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - Does This Imply That Certain Sciences Are Over?
Considering the emotional choice among "embodied" reactions to the first nuclear explosion helps highlight the fact that humans define th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - If Mathematics Is Subjective Is All Science Cognitive?
The Embodiment of all mathematical abstraction is a grand project, quite possibly one that will never be completed. Among other issues, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - José Ortega Y Gasset: Encyclopedia Ii - José Ortega Y Gasset - Influence
Ortega y Gasset had a grand influence not only through the philosophical themes of his works, but also because his literary style made hi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Some Basic Questions
Ontology has one basic question: "What are the fundamental categories of being?" Different philosophers make different lists of such fund...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Epistemological Theories
It is common for epistemological theories to avoid skepticism by adopting a foundationalist approach. To do this, they argue that certain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Early History Of Ontology
The concept of ontology is generally thought to have originated in early Greece and occupied Plato and Aristotle. Since the word is of Gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia Ii - René Descartes - Philosophical Legacy
Descartes is often regarded as the first modern thinker to provide a philosophical framework for the natural sciences as these began to d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Body And Environment
Schools of subjectivism, objectivism and relativism existed at various times in the 20th century, and the postmodernists and body philoso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Epistemological Theories
It is common for epistemological theories to avoid skepticism by adopting a foundationalist approach. To do this, they argue that certain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - José Ortega Y Gasset: Encyclopedia Ii - José Ortega Y Gasset - Biography
Born in Madrid, Ortega was first schooled by the Jesuit Fathers of San Estanislao in Miraflores del Palo, Málaga (1891-1897). He attende...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Discourse On Method: Encyclopedia Ii - Discourse On Method - The Four Precepts
The following quote from Discourse on Method presents the four precepts that characterise the Method itself: "The first was never to acc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia Ii - René Descartes - Mathematical Legacy
Descartes said, "Nature can be defined through numbers." Mathematicians consider Descartes of the utmost importance for his discovery of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Where Mathematics Comes From: Encyclopedia Ii - Where Mathematics Comes From - Mathematics Of Doing Mathematics Of Feeling
Einstein's lament highlights the issue of ethical choices in experiments - a long-standing question in science that challenges falsifiabi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Perception: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Perception - Philosophical Ideas About Perception
The most common theory of perception is naïve realism in which people believe that what they perceive is things in themselves. Children ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - A Priori Versus A Posteriori Knowledge
Western philosophers for centuries have distinguished between two kinds of knowledge: a priori and a posteriori knowledge. A priori know...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Perception: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Perception - The Scientific Account Of Perception
The science of perception is concerned with how events are observed and interpreted. An event may be the occurrence of an object at some ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Contemporary Approaches
Much contemporary work in epistemology depends on the two categories: foundationalism and coherentism. Recently, Susan Haack has attempte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copula: Encyclopedia Ii - Copula - The Copula In English
Copula - Use. We can identify several sub-uses of the copula: Identity: "I only want to be myself." "When the area behind the dam fill...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Justification
Much of epistemology has been concerned with seeking ways to justify beliefs. Epistemology - Irrationalism. Some approaches to justifyi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia Ii - René Descartes - Biography
Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, France. At the age of eleven, he entered the Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Basic Philosophical Topics: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Basic Philosophical Topics - Philosophical Movements
List of basic philosophical topics - Philosophical movements of the ancient world. Platonic realism Pythagoreanism Pyrrhonian skeptici...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Basic Philosophical Topics: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Basic Philosophical Topics - The Isms Doctrines Schools And Principles Of Philosophy
absolutism -- accidentalism -- aestheticism -- agnosticism -- altruism -- anarchism -- animism -- anthropomorphism -- Aristotelianism -- ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Justification
Much of epistemology has been concerned with seeking ways to justify beliefs. Epistemology - Irrationalism. Some approaches to justifyi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Revolution - New Scientific Thought
About 1600, Ideas and People who emerged: Uniform acceleration of falling bodies (Galileo) Inertia and inertial frames of reference The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Definition Of Knowledge
Epistemology - Justified true belief. In Plato's dialogue the Theaetetus, Socrates considers a number of definitions of knowledge. One ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Defining Knowledge
Epistemology - Justified true belief. In Plato's dialogue the Theaetetus, Socrates considers a number of definitions of knowledge. One ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meme: Encyclopedia Ii - Meme - Introduction And Definitions
Though memeticists do not generally agree on a specific definition, one can roughly define 'meme' as any piece of information transferabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copula: Encyclopedia Ii - Copula - Copulas In Other Languages
Languages tend to use copulas in quite different ways. Copula - Chinese. In Chinese languages, both states and qualities are generally ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Live A Live: Encyclopedia Ii - Live A Live - Chapters
Live A Live takes place over a number of themed chapters, with time periods ranging from prehistory to the near future, and settings incl...   » Read the article

Article - Popular Pages Sitemap Vi - C
This is a sitemap for Popular Pages VI - C . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. ...   » Read the article