Encyclopedia - Codeine: Encyclopedia - Codeine
Codeine Codeine (INN) or methylmorphine is an opioid used for its analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties. It is marketed as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Codeine: Encyclopedia Ii - Codeine - Indications
Approved indications for codeine include: Cough, though its efficacy has been disputed (Schroeder & Fahey, 2001) Diarrhea Mild to mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Codeine: Encyclopedia Ii - Codeine - Pharmacokinetics
Codeine is considered a prodrug, since it is metabolised in vivo to the principal active analgesic agent morphine. It is, however, less p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Co-codamol: Encyclopedia - Co-codamol
Co-codamol (BAN) is a non-proprietary name used to denote a combination of codeine phosphate and paracetamol. Co-codamol tablets are used...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Codeine: Encyclopedia Ii - Codeine - Recreational Use
Codeine is often used as a recreational drug. This may be due to its easy availability over-the-counter or on prescription in combination...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Codeinone: Encyclopedia - Codeinone
Codeinone is a strong opioid. It is an intermediary substance in the syntheses of semi-synthetic opioids, e.g. naloxone and naltrexone an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrocodone: Encyclopedia - Hydrocodone
Hydrocodone Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone (marketed as Vicodin, Anexsia, Dicodid, Hycodan, Hycomine, Lorcet, Lortab, Norco, Tussionex,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alfentanil: Encyclopedia - Alfentanil
Alfentanil (Alfenta) is a parenteral short-acting opioid painkiller, used for anaesthesia in surgery. While it gives less cardiovascular ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Analgesic: Encyclopedia - Analgesic
An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain and to achieve analgesia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkaloid: Encyclopedia - Alkaloid
An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and animals. The name derives from the word alk...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carfentanil: Encyclopedia - Carfentanil
Carfentanil Carfentanil, also Carfentanyl, is an analogue of the popular opioid Fentanyl, and is one of the most potent opioids known (a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barre: Encyclopedia - Barre
Barre - Places. Barre is the name or part of the name of several places in the United States of America: Barre, Massachusetts Barre, V...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tylenol: Encyclopedia - Tylenol
Tylenol (paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen) is a popular American brand of pain reliever and fever reducer, sold by Johnson & ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cough Medicine: Encyclopedia - Cough Medicine
A cough medicine is a drug used to treat coughing and related conditions. Dry coughs are treated with cough suppressants (antitussives) t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constipation: Encyclopedia - Constipation
Constipation is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or other animal) experiences hard feces that is difficult to eliminat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dextromethorphan: Encyclopedia - Dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan (DM or less commonly, DXM) is an antitussive drug that is found in many over-the-counter cold and cough preparations. De...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lazaris: Encyclopedia - Lazaris
Lazaris is self-described as a "multi-leveled consciousness", a nonphysical entity allegedly channelled through Jach Pursel. He first beg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opium: Encyclopedia - Opium
Opium is a narcotic analgesic drug which is obtained from the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. or the synonym p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opioid: Encyclopedia Ii - Opioid - Examples Of Opioids
Opioid - Endogenous opioids. Opioid-peptides that are produced in the body: Endorphins Dynorphins Enkephalins Opioid - Opium alkaloi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cold Water Extraction: Encyclopedia Ii - Cold Water Extraction - Example
The cold water extraction of codeine from over-the-counter painkiller tablets has become a popular route to cheap, readily available euph...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opioid: Encyclopedia Ii - Opioid - Examples Of Opioids
Opioid - Endogenous opioids. Opioid-peptides that are produced in the body: endorphins dynorphins enkephalins Opioid - Opium alkaloi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-medical Use Of Dextromethorphan: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-medical Use Of Dextromethorphan - History
In 1958 the FDA approved the use of dextromethorphan as an antitussive, in response to the rampant recreational use of, and addiction to,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Analgesic: Encyclopedia Ii - Analgesic - Specific Forms And Uses
Analgesic - Combinations. Analgesics are frequently used in combination, such as the paracetamol and codeine preparations found in many...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Injection Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Injection Medicine - Intramuscular Injection
An intramuscular injection is a substance injected directly into a muscle. Many vaccines are administered intramuscularly, as well as cod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Over-the-counter Substance: Encyclopedia Ii - Over-the-counter Substance - Switches Between Pom And Otc
As a general rule, over-the-counter drugs have to be primarily used to treat a condition that does not require the direct supervision of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cough Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Cough Medicine - Cough Suppressants
Cough suppressants may act centrally (on the brain) or locally (on the respiratory tract) to suppress the cough reflex. Centrally acting ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Major League Baseball Drug Policy: Encyclopedia Ii - Major League Baseball Drug Policy - Prohibited Substances
Under the policy, all players are prohibited from using, possessing, selling, facilitating the sale of, distributing, or facilitating the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Remifentanil: Encyclopedia Ii - Remifentanil - Metabolism
Unlike other synthetic opioids, its clearance is dependent on non-specific plasma esterases. This means that accumulation does not occur ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Piroxicam: Encyclopedia Ii - Piroxicam - Mechanism Of Action
Piroxicam is an NSAID and, as such, is a non-selective COX inhibitor. Main article: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ... See also:P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diclofenac: Encyclopedia Ii - Diclofenac - Off Label/investigational Uses
Diclofenac is often used to treat chronic pain associated with cancer, particular if inflammation is also present (Step I of the World He...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Over-the-counter Substance: Encyclopedia Ii - Over-the-counter Substance - Switches Between Pom And Otc
As a general rule, over-the-counter drugs have to be primarily used to treat a condition that does not require the direct supervision of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Narcolepsy: Encyclopedia Ii - Narcolepsy - Treatment
Several treatments are available for narcolepsy. These treat the symptoms, not the underlying cause. The drowsiness is normally treated u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paracetamol: Encyclopedia Ii - Paracetamol - Available Forms
Panadol, which is marketed in Europe, Asia and Australasia, is the most widely available brand, sold in over 80 countries. In North Ameri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prohibition Drugs: Encyclopedia Ii - Prohibition Drugs - Legal Provisions
The following frequently used drugs are prohibited or otherwise regulated for recreational use in most countries: Benzodiazepines such a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shot Of Love: Encyclopedia Ii - Shot Of Love - The Songs
Unlike Dylan's two previous studio albums (Slow Train Coming and Saved), Shot of Love, included secular material as well as overtly relig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kerry Von Erich: Encyclopedia Ii - Kerry Von Erich - Drug Problems & Death
Kerry's history of drug problems covered most of the 1980's. He was arrested at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport in 1983 after U.S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atc Code N02: Encyclopedia Ii - Atc Code N02 - N02a Opioids
ATC code N02 - N02AA Natural opium alkaloids. N02AA01 Morphine N02AA02 Opium N02AA03 Hydromorphone N02AA04 Nicomorphine N02AA05 Oxycod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Promethazine: Encyclopedia Ii - Promethazine - General Remarks And Pharmacology
Promethazine (sold as Phenergan and Promethegan) is a first-generation H1 receptor antagonist (antihistamine) and anti-nausea medication ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pethidine: Encyclopedia Ii - Pethidine - Mode Of Action
Main article: opioid Pethidine has effects similar to morphine, but has very little effect on cough or diarrhea. It also tends to cause r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Physical Dependence: Encyclopedia Ii - Physical Dependence - Definition
Physical dependence describes increased tolerance of a drug combined with a physical need of the drug to function. Abrupt cessation of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meloxicam: Encyclopedia Ii - Meloxicam - Mechanism Of Action
Meloxicam is an NSAID and, as such is a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. It is generally marketed under the name MOBIC. Meloxicam has been...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mike Jones: Encyclopedia Ii - Mike Jones - Other Work
Jones made his acting debut on the November 28, 2005 episode of the Fox television series Prison Break in a small role as a driver. Mike ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opium: Encyclopedia Ii - Opium - Opium Preparation
Raw opium must be processed and refined (called "cooking") before it is suitable for smoking. The raw opium is first dissolved in water a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Metformin: Encyclopedia Ii - Metformin - Side-effects
The most serious side effect of metformin is lactic acidosis. However, this complication is rare if the contra-indications are followed, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mike Jones: Encyclopedia Ii - Mike Jones - Style And Trademarks
Mike Jones has become well known for his unique repetition of his own name throughout his songs. Many of his songs contain the phrases "W...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cough Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Cough Medicine - Controversy
In 2002, researchers at the University of Bristol (Schroeder & Fahey) published a study in the British Medical Journal indicating tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Analgesic: Encyclopedia Ii - Analgesic - The Major Classes
Analgesic - Paracetamol and NSAIDs. The exact mechanism of action of paracetamol is uncertain, but it appears to be acting centrally. A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Promethazine: Encyclopedia Ii - Promethazine - Side Effects
Promethazine is generally well tolerated. Typical side-effects are: Drowsiness, Dizziness, Fatigue, more rarely vertigo Confusion in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Promethazine: Encyclopedia Ii - Promethazine - Dosage
Depending on disease and clinical condition (age, liver function): Mild to moderate cases of Agitation : 25mg to 50mg oral 3 to 4 t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dextromethorphan: Encyclopedia Ii - Dextromethorphan - Chemistry
Dextromethorphan is a salt of the methyl ether dextrorotatory isomer of levorphanol, a narcotic analgesic. It is chemically named as 3-me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastric Bypass Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastric Bypass Surgery - Indications
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) have recommended the following criteria for bariatric surgery, which includes gastric bypass proc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dextromethorphan: Encyclopedia Ii - Dextromethorphan - Pharmacodynamics
At therapeutic doses, the drug acts centrally to elevate the threshold for coughing, without inhibiting ciliary activity. DXM is rapidly ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Controlled Substances Act: Encyclopedia Ii - Controlled Substances Act - Constitutional Issues
Most of the Congressional findings and declarations in 21 U.S.C. § 801 are devoted to establishing the statute's constitutionality. Usin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Metformin: Encyclopedia Ii - Metformin - Uses
The main use for metformin is for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, especially when it is concomitant with obesity and insulin resistan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mike Jones: Encyclopedia Ii - Mike Jones - Discography
Mike Jones was recently signed to a major record deal with Warner Brothers Records and his first major album, Who Is Mike Jones?, was rel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Addiction: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Addiction - Evolutionary Psychology View Of Addiction
It is obvious that genes for addiction would not be directly selected. Since evolution theory claims that every physical and behavioral t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constipation: Encyclopedia Ii - Constipation - Treatment
In people without medical problems, the main intervention is the increase of fluids (preferably water) and dietary fiber. The latter may ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herbalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Herbalism - Biological Background
All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities. These can be split into primary metabolites, such as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Addiction: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Addiction - The Chemicals Responsible
The CREB protein, a transcription factor activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) immediately after a high, triggers genes that...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Addiction: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Addiction - Recovery From Drug Addiction
Methods of recovery from addiction to drugs vary widely according to the types of drugs involved, amount of drugs used, duration of the d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Addiction: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Addiction - Addiction And Drug Control Legislation
Most countries have legislation which brings various drugs and drug-like substances under the control of licensing systems. Typically thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opioid: Encyclopedia Ii - Opioid - Pharmacology
Main article: opioid receptor Opioids bind to specific opioid receptors in the central nervous system and in other tissues. There are at ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Addiction: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Addiction - The Basis For Addiction
Scientists have long accepted that there is a biological basis for drug addiction, though the exact mechanisms responsible are only now b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herbalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Herbalism - Biological Background
All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities. These can be split into primary metabolites, such as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Addiction: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Addiction - Mechanisms Of Effect
The mechanisms by which different substances activate the reward system vary among drug classes. Depressants such as alcohol and benzodi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Test: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Test - The Nida 5
Drug testing in the United States basically began in the late 1980's with the testing of certain federal employs and specified DOT regula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Julius Axelrod: Encyclopedia Ii - Julius Axelrod - Research
Julius Axelrod - Analgesic research. In 1946, Axelrod took a position working under Bernard Brodie at Goldwater Memorial Hospital. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Test: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Test - The Nida 5
Drug testing in the United States basically began in the late 1980's with the testing of certain federal employs and specified DOT regula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constipation: Encyclopedia Ii - Constipation - Signs And Symptoms
In common constipation, the stool is hard and difficult to void. Straining may cause hemorrhoids and anal fissures. The abdomen may becom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxycodone: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxycodone - Medical Use
Oxycodone is one of the most powerful medications for pain control that can be taken orally. Percocet tablets (oxycodone with acetaminoph...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constipation: Encyclopedia Ii - Constipation - Diagnosis
The diagnosis is essentially made by the patient's description of the symptoms. Enquiring about dietary habits may reveal a low intake of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Migraine: Encyclopedia Ii - Migraine - Acephalgic Migraine
Acephalgic migraine is a neurological syndrome. It is a variant of migraine in which the patient may experience aura, nausea, photophobia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Narcolepsy: Encyclopedia Ii - Narcolepsy - Causes Of Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy may be associated with damage to the hypothalamus. A cerebral protein has recently been discovered that is decreased in a larg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Narcolepsy: Encyclopedia Ii - Narcolepsy - Diagnosis
Diagnosis is relatively easy when all the symptoms of narcolepsy are present. But if the sleep attacks are isolated and cataplexy is mild...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Narcolepsy: Encyclopedia Ii - Narcolepsy - Research
Studies supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) are trying to increase understanding of what causes narcolepsy and improve p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diclofenac: Encyclopedia Ii - Diclofenac - Mechanism Of Action
The exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, but it is thought that the primary mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatory/a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Narcolepsy: Encyclopedia Ii - Narcolepsy - Coping With Narcolepsy
Learning as much about narcolepsy as possible and finding a support system can help patients and families deal with the practical and emo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herbalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Herbalism - Examples
Examples of some commonly used herbal medicines: Artichoke and several other plants reduced total serum cholesterol levels in preliminar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opium: Encyclopedia Ii - Opium - Harvesting Opium
To harvest opium, the skin of the ripening pods is scored by a sharp blade. The slashes exude a white, milky latex, which dries to a stic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opium: Encyclopedia Ii - Opium - Other Meanings
"Opium" is the name of a perfume by Yves Saint Laurent. A poster advertising campaign for the perfume caused great controversy in October...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydromorphone: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydromorphone - Details
Hydromorphone, a semi-synthetic μ-opioid agonist, is a hydrogenated ketone of morphine and shares the pharmacologic properties typical o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971: Encyclopedia Ii - Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971 - History Of Drugs Policy In The Uk
The Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act 1964 controlled amphetamines in the UK in advance of international agreements and was later used to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Over-the-counter Substance: Encyclopedia Ii - Over-the-counter Substance - Chemicals
Over-the-counter chemicals may be sold without much suspicion. Many chemicals are becoming harder to get due to regulations designed to t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diclofenac: Encyclopedia Ii - Diclofenac - Common Uses
Diclofenac is used for musculoskeletal complaints, especially arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondylarthritis, ankylosi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opioid Receptor: Encyclopedia Ii - Opioid Receptor - The μ-opioid Receptor
The μ-receptors exist mostly presynaptically in the periaqueductal gray region, and in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diclofenac: Encyclopedia Ii - Diclofenac - Animal Toxicity And Human Overdose
The oral LD50 of diclofenac sodium is 55-240, 500, and 3200 mg/kg in rats, dogs, and monkeys, respectively. In humans the acute fatal dos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pethidine: Encyclopedia Ii - Pethidine - Interactions
Pethidine interacts with a number of other medications, including muscle relaxants, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and alcohol. It is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971: Encyclopedia Ii - Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971 - History Of Drugs Policy In The Uk
The Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act 1964 controlled amphetamines in the UK in advance of international agreements and was later used to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opioid: Encyclopedia Ii - Opioid - Pharmacology
Main article: opioid receptor Opioids bind to specific opioid receptors in the central nervous system and in other tissues. There are at ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Harm Reduction: Encyclopedia Ii - Harm Reduction - Sex
Harm reduction - Safer Sex Programs. Many schools now provide safer sex education to teen and pre-teen students, some of whom engage in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Test: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Test - General Information
Drug tests can be divided into two general groups. The first group is the kind most people are familiar with. This type of testing involv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Injection Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Injection Medicine - Subcutaneous Injection
A subcutaneous injection is administered into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively refer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastric Bypass Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastric Bypass Surgery - How It Works
The mechanism in which the gastric bypass works is complex. After surgery, patients often experience significant changes in their behavio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gastric Bypass Surgery: Encyclopedia Ii - Gastric Bypass Surgery - Risks
The operation has a mortality rate of approximately 2% overall: 1% suffer immediate complications and death; another 1% will commonly hav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cough Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Cough Medicine - Controversy
In 2002, researchers at the University of Bristol (Schroeder & Fahey) published a study in the British Medical Journal indicating tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drug Test: Encyclopedia Ii - Drug Test - General Information
Drug tests can be divided into two general groups. The first group is the kind most people are familiar with. This type of testing involv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Migraine: Encyclopedia Ii - Migraine - Acephalgic Migraine
Acephalgic migraine is a neurological syndrome. It is a variant of migraine in which the patient may experience aura, nausea, photophobia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opium: Encyclopedia Ii - Opium - Harvesting Opium
To harvest opium, the skin of the ripening pods is scored by a sharp blade. The slashes exude a white, milky latex, which dries to a stic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Codeine: Encyclopedia Ii - Codeine - Controlled Substance
In the United States, codeine is regulated by the Controlled Substances Act. It is a Schedule II controlled substance for pain-relief pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Codeine: Encyclopedia Ii - Codeine - Adverse Effects
Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with the use of codeine include: Itching, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dry mouth, miosis...   » Read the article