Codeine Codeine (INN) or methylmorphine is an opioid used for its analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties. It is marketed as the salts codeine sulfate and codeine phosphate. Codeine is an alkaloid found in opium in concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2.5 percent. While codeine can be extracted from opium, most codeine used in the United States is synthesized from morphine through the process of O-methylation. Codeine - Indications. Approved indicat ...

Including:

• Codeine - Indications
• Codeine - Controlled substance
• Codeine - Pharmacokinetics
• Codeine - Pharmacology
• Codeine - Adverse effects
• Codeine - Recreational use

Read more here: » Codeine: Encyclopedia - Codeine

Codeine is often used as a recreational drug. This may be due to its easy availability over-the-counter or on prescription in combination products (which, in the certain countries, are scheduled lower than codeine as a single-agent). People use it in order to obtain the euphoric effects associated with use of opioids. In certain areas of the United States; more specifically Texas, codeine syrup form is called Lean. It is commonly mixed with alcohol, or a blunt and smoked. It has been said this is done because it makes you ...

See also:

Codeine, Codeine - Indications, Codeine - Controlled substance, Codeine - Pharmacokinetics, Codeine - Pharmacology, Codeine - Adverse effects, Codeine - Recreational use

Read more here: » Codeine: Encyclopedia II - Codeine - Recreational use

Analgesic - Paracetamol and NSAIDs. The exact mechanism of action of paracetamol is uncertain, but it appears to be acting centrally. Aspirin and the NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase, leading to a decrease in prostaglandin production; this improves pain and also inflammation (in contrast to paracetamol and the opioids). Paracetamol has few side effects, but dosing is limited by possible hepatotoxicity (potential for liver damage). NSAIDs may predispose to peptic ulcers, renal failure, allergic reactions, and hearing loss. They may also increase the risk of hemorrhage. A ...

See also:

Analgesic, Analgesic - Stepwise use, Analgesic - The major classes, Analgesic - Paracetamol and NSAIDs, Analgesic - Opiates and morphinomimetics, Analgesic - Specific agents, Analgesic - Specific forms and uses, Analgesic - Combinations, Analgesic - Topical or systemic, Analgesic - Psychotropic agents, Analgesic - Addiction, Analgesic - Reference

Read more here: » Analgesic: Encyclopedia II - Analgesic - The major classes

Synergy or synergism most often refers to the phenomenon of two or more discrete influences or agents acting in common to create an effect which is greater than the sum of the effects each is able to create independently. The opposite of synergy is antagonism, the phenomenon where two agents in combination have an overall effect which is less than the sum of their individual effects. Synergy has origins as a theological term describing the cooperation of human effort with divine will. In the 1960s it was first used to describe supposed economies of scale in business, reappearing in the the 1990s as ...

Including:

• Synergy - Examples
• Synergy - Drug Synergism
• Synergy - Combined Effects of Pests
• Synergy - Health Effects of Pesticides
• Synergy - Interacting Humans
• Synergy - Corporate Synergy
• Synergy - Computers and Humans
• Synergy - Quantity and Quality

Read more here: » Synergy: Encyclopedia - Synergy

An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain and to achieve analgesia. This derives from Greek an-, "without", and -algia, "pain". Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous system; they include paracetamol (acetaminophen), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, narcotic drugs such as morphine, synthetic drugs with narcotic properties such as tramadol, and various others. So ...

Including:

• Analgesic - Stepwise use
• Analgesic - The major classes
• Analgesic - Paracetamol and NSAIDs
• Analgesic - Opiates and morphinomimetics
• Analgesic - Specific agents
• Analgesic - Specific forms and uses
• Analgesic - Combinations
• Analgesic - Topical or systemic
• Analgesic - Psychotropic agents
• Analgesic - Addiction
• Analgesic - Reference

Read more here: » Analgesic: Encyclopedia - Analgesic

Codeinone is a strong opioid. It is an intermediary substance in the syntheses of semi-synthetic opioids, e.g. naloxone and naltrexone and oxycodone. Codeinone - Chemical structure. Codeinone can described as the methylether of morphinone: 3-methyl-morphinone. Codeinone can be also described as the ketone of codeine: codein-6-on. {Paracetamol (acetaminophen)} {NSAIDs} {Opiates} {Tetrahydrocannabinol} {Aspirin} {Celecoxib} {Diclofenac} {Diflunisa ...

Including:

• Codeinone - Chemical structure

Read more here: » Codeinone: Encyclopedia - Codeinone

Alfentanil (Alfenta) is a parenteral short-acting opioid painkiller, used for anaesthesia in surgery. While it gives less cardiovascular complications, it tends to give stronger respiratory depression. Alfentanil is a Schedule I drug under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs[1]. Alfentanil - External link. some more info {Paracetamol (acetaminophen)} {NSAIDs} {Opiates} {Tetrahydrocannabinol} {Aspirin} {Celecoxib} {Diclofenac} {D ...

Including:

• Alfentanil - External link

Read more here: » Alfentanil: Encyclopedia - Alfentanil

Tylenol (paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen) is a popular American brand of pain reliever and fever reducer, sold by Johnson & Johnson. It is extremely popular because it is available without prescription and it is effective with few side effects, but overdoses of Tylenol are serious and can be fatal. In heavy drinkers, regular use of acetaminophen increases liver damage from alcohol. Unlike NSAIDs, paracetamol is not particularly effec ...

Including:

• Tylenol - External link

Read more here: » Tylenol: Encyclopedia - Tylenol

Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1991 in music. International trends Mickey Hart's Voices of the Rainforest is the first commercial release of traditional music of Papua New Guinea to reach an international audience A distinctively Scandinavian death metal scene emerges, especially in Norway at first, soon extending to Sweden and Finland with bands like Entombed (Clandestine), Amorphis (Dismet of Soul) and Therion (Beyond Sanctorum) The Austrian ...

Including:

• Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1990 in music
• Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1991 in music
• Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1992 in music
• Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1993 in music
• Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1994 in music
• Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1995 in music
• Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1996 in music
• Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1997 in music
• Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1998 in music
• Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999 - 1999 in music

Read more here: » Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999: Encyclopedia - Timeline of trends in music 1990-1999

Carfentanil Carfentanil, also Carfentanyl, is an analogue of the popular opioid Fentanyl, and is one of the most potent opioids known (and the most potent opioid used commercially). It has a quantitative potency approximately 10,000 times that of morphine and 100 times that of fentanyl (activity in humans starting at about 1 µg). It is marketed under the trade name Wildnil as a tranquilizer for large animals. Carfentanyl is intended for animal use only as its extreme ...

Including:

• Carfentanil - Reference

Read more here: » Carfentanil: Encyclopedia - Carfentanil

Meloxicam is an NSAID and, as such is a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. It is generally marketed under the name MOBIC. Meloxicam has been shown, especially at its low therapeutic dose, to selectivly inhibit COX-2 over COX-1. Main article: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ...

See also:

Meloxicam, Meloxicam - Mechanism of action, Meloxicam - Adverse effects, Meloxicam - Approval status

Read more here: » Meloxicam: Encyclopedia II - Meloxicam - Mechanism of action

The Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act 1964 controlled amphetamines in the UK in advance of international agreements and was later used to control LSD. Before 1971, the UK had a relatively liberal drugs policy and it was not until US influence had been brought to bear — particularly in United Nations circles — that all drugs use was criminalised. Before the passage of the Act, it was possible for heroin addicts to be prescribed enough of the drug to manage t ...

See also:

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - International cooperation, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - History of drugs policy in the UK, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - Class A drugs, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - Class B drugs, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - Class C drugs

Read more here: » Misuse of Drugs Act 1971: Encyclopedia II - Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - History of drugs policy in the UK

Oxycodone is one of the most powerful medications for pain control that can be taken orally. Percocet tablets (oxycodone with acetaminophen) are routinely prescribed for post-operative pain control. Oxycodone is also used in treatment of moderate to severe chronic pain. When used at recommended doses for relatively short periods (several weeks), it provides effective pain control with manageable side effects. Nausea, constipation, lightheadedness, rash, dizziness, and emotional mood disorders are t ...

See also:

Oxycodone, Oxycodone - Chemical structure, Oxycodone - Medical use, Oxycodone - Abuse

Read more here: » Oxycodone: Encyclopedia II - Oxycodone - Medical use

The Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act 1964 controlled amphetamines in the UK in advance of international agreements and was later used to control LSD. Before 1971, the UK had a relatively liberal drugs policy and it was not until US influence had been brought to bear — particularly in United Nations circles — that drugs use was generally criminalised. Before the passage of the Act, it was possible for heroin addicts to be prescribed enough of the drug to manage t ...

See also:

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - International cooperation, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - History of drugs policy in the UK, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - Class A drugs, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - Class B drugs, Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - Class C drugs

Read more here: » Misuse of Drugs Act 1971: Encyclopedia II - Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 - History of drugs policy in the UK

Opioid - Clinical use. Opioids are widely used in medicine as strong analgesics (pain relievers). Despite extensive research, to date no analgesics have been found that are more effective for severe pain. One of the advantages of opioids is that there is no upper limit to the dosage and the achievable pain relief as long as the dose is increased gradually to allow tolerance to develop to adverse effects (espe ...

See also:

Opioid, Opioid - Pharmacology, Opioid - Uses, Opioid - Clinical use, Opioid - Nonclinical use, Opioid - Adverse effects, Opioid - Tolerance, Opioid - Dependence and withdrawal issues, Opioid - Examples of opioids, Opioid - Endogenous opioids, Opioid - Opium alkaloids, Opioid - Semisynthetic derivatives, Opioid - Synthetic opioids, Opioid - Opioid antagonists

Read more here: » Opioid: Encyclopedia II - Opioid - Uses

Piroxicam is an NSAID and, as such, is a non-selective COX inhibitor. Main article: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ...

See also:

Piroxicam, Piroxicam - Mechanism of action, Piroxicam - Adverse effects

Read more here: » Piroxicam: Encyclopedia II - Piroxicam - Mechanism of action

The gastric bypass is the most commonly performed operation for weight loss in the United States. In the U.S, approximately 140,000 gastric bypass procedures were performed in 2005, an amount dwarfing the number of Lap-Band®, duodenal switch and vertical banded gastroplasty procedures done. Furthermore, since the gastric bypass has been performed for almost 50 years, surgeons have become very comfortable with the understanding of the risks and benefits of the procedure. By sheer volume of cases combined with the volume of scientific research, the gastric bypass has become the ...

See also:

Gastric bypass surgery, Gastric bypass surgery - Indications, Gastric bypass surgery - Techniques, Gastric bypass surgery - How it works, Gastric bypass surgery - Complications, Gastric bypass surgery - Post-Surgery Expectations, Gastric bypass surgery - Risks, Gastric bypass surgery - Gastric Bypass Among Celebrities

Read more here: » Gastric bypass surgery: Encyclopedia II - Gastric bypass surgery - Techniques

The 1957 World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Addiction-Producing Drugs defined addiction and habituation as components of drug abuse: Drug addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug (natural or synthetic). Its characteristics include: (i) an overpowering desire or need (compulsion) to continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any means; (ii) a tendency to increase the dose; (iii) a psychic (psychological) and generally a physical dependence on the effects of the drug; and (iv) det ...

See also:

Drug addiction, Drug addiction - The basis for addiction, Drug addiction - Evolutionary psychology view of addiction, Drug addiction - The chemicals responsible, Drug addiction - Mechanisms of effect, Drug addiction - Recovery from drug addiction, Drug addiction - Medical definitions, Drug addiction - Drugs considered to be addictive Some may be debatable, Drug addiction - Addiction and drug control legislation, Drug addiction - Literature

Read more here: » Drug addiction: Encyclopedia II - Drug addiction - Medical definitions

The gastric bypass is the most commonly performed operation for weight loss in the United States. In the U.S, approximately 140,000 gastric bypass procedures were performed in 2005, an amount dwarfing the number of Lap-Band®, duodenal switch and vertical banded gastroplasty procedures done. Furthermore, since the gastric bypass has been performed for almost 50 years, surgeons have become very comfortable with the understanding of the risks and benefits of the procedure. By sheer volume of cases combined with the volume of scientific research, the gastric bypass has become the “g ...

See also:

Gastric bypass surgery, Gastric bypass surgery - Indications, Gastric bypass surgery - Techniques, Gastric bypass surgery - How it works, Gastric bypass surgery - Complications, Gastric bypass surgery - Post-Surgery Expectations, Gastric bypass surgery - Risks, Gastric bypass surgery - Gastric Bypass Among Celebrities

Read more here: » Gastric bypass surgery: Encyclopedia II - Gastric bypass surgery - Techniques

Unlike other synthetic opioids, its clearance is dependent on non-specific plasma esterases. This means that accumulation does not occur with remifentanil and it's context-insensitive half time after a 4 hour infusion remains at only 4 minutes. Remifentanil is metabolised to a compound (remifentanil acid) which has 1/1600 the potency of the parent compound. ...

See also:

Remifentanil, Remifentanil - Dosing, Remifentanil - Metabolism, Remifentanil - Side-effects, Remifentanil - Reference

Read more here: » Remifentanil: Encyclopedia II - Remifentanil - Metabolism