Code of Hammurabi

Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Code of Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi, created ca. 1780 BC (short chronology), also known as the Codex Hammurabi, and Hammurabi's Code is one of the earliest sets of laws found, and one of the best preserved examples of this type of document from ancient Mesopotamia. Other collections of laws include the codex of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur (ca. 2050 BC), the Codex of Eshnunna (ca. 1930 BC) and the codex of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin (ca. 1870 BC). It shows rules and punishments if those rules are broken. It focuses on theft, farming (or shep ...

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Code of Hammurabi - External link

Code of Hammurabi: Social Studies Dictionary - Hammurabi's Code

Definition and meaning of Hammurabi's Code

Hammurabi's Code - [World History]

Hammurabi's Code is the legal code of King Hammurabi (1792 B.C.-1750 B.C.) of Mesopotamia. The code was not the first enacted in the ancient civilization, but its influence is obvious in Hebrew and Islam laws today, and in the U.S. judiciary system. Hammurabi claimed that he had divine authority to establish law and justice in his land to promote the welfare of the people. His law was severe but just because Hammurabi believed he had the obligation to govern the Mesopotamians so they could live in harmony. The code specified crimes and punishments which fit the crimes to ensure uniformity and to help judges impose penalties. The saying "An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth" was a part of Hammurabi's Code and of the Hebrew Mosaic. Yet the punishment depended upon class. Aristocrats were not treated as harshly as commoners, and commoners were treated less harshly than slaves. While an aristocrat might pay a fine for damages to a commoner, a commoner could ask for exact punishment to fit the crime committed on him by another commoner. A judicial system tried cases. People represented themselves and had to prove the crime using documentation and witnesses. If someone accused another of murder and failed to convince the justice system of the crime, the accuser was put to death. Government officials, merchants, and businessmen were all to keep the best interests of the citizens in mind. The ultimate aim of Hammurabi's Code was to punish the criminal.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages: Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Code of Hammurabi: Social Studies Dictionary - Hammurabi's Code

Definition and meaning of Hammurabi's Code

Hammurabi's Code - [World History]

Hammurabi's Code is the legal code of King Hammurabi (1792 B.C.-1750 B.C.) of Mesopotamia. The code was not the first enacted in the ancient civilization, but its influence is obvious in Hebrew and Islam laws today, and in the U.S. judiciary system. Hammurabi claimed that he had divine authority to establish law and justice in his land to promote the welfare of the people. His law was severe but just because Hammurabi believed he had the obligation to govern the Mesopotamians so they could live in harmony. The code specified crimes and punishments which fit the crimes to ensure uniformity and to help judges impose penalties. The saying "An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth" was a part of Hammurabi's Code and of the Hebrew Mosaic. Yet the punishment depended upon class. Aristocrats were not treated as harshly as commoners, and commoners were treated less harshly than slaves. While an aristocrat might pay a fine for damages to a commoner, a commoner could ask for exact punishment to fit the crime committed on him by another commoner. A judicial system tried cases. People represented themselves and had to prove the crime using documentation and witnesses. If someone accused another of murder and failed to convince the justice system of the crime, the accuser was put to death. Government officials, merchants, and businessmen were all to keep the best interests of the citizens in mind. The ultimate aim of Hammurabi's Code was to punish the criminal.

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages: Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - An eye for an eye

The phrase "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" expresses a form of retributive justice also known as lex talionis (Latin, 'law of retaliation'). It may have originated in ancient near-Eastern and Middle Eastern law, such as Babylonian law. In societies not bound by the rule of law, if a person was hurt, then the injured person (or their relative) would take vengeful retribution on the person who caused the ...

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Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Hammurabi

Hammurabi (Akkadian Khammurabi, from Amorite Ammurapi, "The Kinsman is a Healer"; Ammu, paternal kinsman + Rapi, to heal; also transliterated Ammurapi, Hammurapi, or Khammurabi) was the sixth king of Babylon. Achieving the conquest of Sumer and Akkad, and ending the last Sumerian dynasty of Isin, he was the first king of the Babylonian Empire. Hammurabi reigned over the Babylonian Empire from 1792 BC until his death in 1750 BC (middle chronology; 1728-1686 BC short chronology; dates highly uncertain). His date of birth is unknown. It was he who first gav ...

Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Building code

A building code is a set of laws that specify how buildings should be constructed. This is generally considered the minimum acceptable level of safety for a new building in a jurisdiction. Building codes are generally intended to be applied by architects and engineers. There is often other codes or sections of the building code that have more prescriptive requirements that apply to housing (one and two family dwellings). In some countries the building codes are National Codes and apply across the country. In other countries the ...

Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Stele

A stele (or stela) is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected for funerary or commemorative purposes, most usually decorated with the names and titles of the deceased, or living, inscribed, carved in relief or painted onto the slab. The word derives from the Greek stele, "standing block". The word can be pronounced /ˈstiː.lʌ/ or /Including:

Stele - Stelae with individual entries

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Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Covenant Code

The Covenant Code, or alternatively Book of the Covenant, is the name given by academics to a text appearing in the Torah at Exodus 21:2 - 23:33. Biblically, the text is the second of the law codes given to Moses, by Yahweh, at Mount Sinai. This legal text provides a small, but substantive, proportion of the mitzvot within the torah, and hence is a source of Jewish Law. Covenant Code - Academic Context. According to the modern documentary hypothesis, the text was originally independent, but l ...

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Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Ur-Nammu

Ur-Nammu (or Urnammu) was an ancient Sumerian king of Ur, fl. 21st century BC. Sometimes called Zur-Nammu or Ur-Engur, Ur-Nammu came to power towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC (perhaps ruling between 2065 BC and 2047 BC short chronology). He founded a new Sumerian dynasty, the 3rd dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule. He was succeeded by king Shulgi. Ur-Nammu is chiefly remembered for his legal code, which is arguably the oldest surviving example in the world, although Urukagina of nearby Lagash also has a claim. He was also res ...

Read more here: » Ur-Nammu: Encyclopedia - Ur-Nammu

Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Babylonia

Babylonia, named for the city of Babylon, was an ancient state in Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. Its capital was Babylon. The earliest mention of Babylon can be found in a tablet of the reign of Sargon of Akkad, dating back to the 23rd century BC. Babylonia - History. During the first centuries of the "Old Babylonian" period (that followed the Sumerian revival under Ur-III), kings and people in high position often had Amorite names, and supreme power rested at Is ...

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Babylonia - History

Babylonia - Neo-Babylonian Empire

Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Babylonian law

The material for the study of Babylonian law is singularly extensive. The so-called "contracts" exist in the thousands, including a great variety of deeds, conveyances, bonds, receipts, accounts, and most important of all, the actual legal decisions given by the judges in the law courts. Historical inscriptions, royal charters and rescripts, dispatches, private letters and the general literature afford welcome supplementary information. Even grammatical and lexicographical works contain many extracts or short sentences bearing on law and custom. The ...

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Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Shamash

4 primary: An Enlil Ki Enki 3 sky: Ishtar Sin Sama Shamash or Sama, was the common Akkadian name of the sun-god in Babylonia and Assyria, corresponding to Sumerian Utu. The name signifies perhaps "servitor," and would thus point to a secondary position occupied at one time by this deity. Both in early and in late inscriptions Sha-mash is designated a ...

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Shamash - Shamash in Judaism

Read more here: » Shamash: Encyclopedia - Shamash

Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Crime

A crime in a broad sense is an act that violates a political or moral law of any one person or social grouping. In the narrow sense, a crime is a violation of criminal law; in many nations, there are criminal standards of bad behaviour. However, not all violations of the law are considered crimes, for example most traffic violations or breaches of contract. In many langages, "crime" means "fel ...

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Crime - Definition of crime in general

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Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia - Ur

Ur was an ancient city in southern Mesopotamia, located near the original mouth of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers on the Persian Gulf and close to Eridu. Because of marine regression, the remains are now well inland in present-day Iraq, south of the Euphrates on its right bank at 30°57.75′N 46°6.18′E, and named Tell el-Mukayyar [1], near the city of Nasiriyah south of Baghdad. The site is marked by the ruins of the ziggurat (right), still largely intact, and by the settlement mound. The ziggurat is a temple of Nan ...

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Read more here: » Ur: Encyclopedia - Ur

Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia II - An eye for an eye - Lex talionis in Judaism

The oral law of Judaism holds that this verse cannot be interpreted as mandating exact physical retribution. The rabbis of the Talmud ask, "How can any person be certain that the punishment they inflict is definitely no worse than the initial injury?" They answer that this is one indication that the Bible, when stating "an eye for an eye," does not refer to physical retribution. They proceed to cite several more indicators for this thesis. The Oral Law explains, based upon the biblical verses, that the Bible mandates a sophistic ...

(ca. 1792 to 1750 BC) King of Babylon The sixth of his family to rule in the area of Babylon, under whom Babylon become a major power. His most famous achievement was his socalled law code, a misnomer because Mesopotamian law was never codified. The laws, engraved on a stone stele, are a collection of customary law, difficult cases, clarifications and refinements of existing law, and some theoretical expansions covering a range of public and private issues.

Their importance for judicial practice is dubious. In forming such a collection, the work of chancery scribes, Hammurabi was following a tradition of half a millennium. A prologue and epilogue, in contrast to the laws themselves, are written in a solemn, highly stylized language. They frame the laws and give them their religious context. The latter is reaffirmed by the representation on the stele of a god, probably Marduk, giving Hammurabi symbols of his authority as legislator and judge.

The prologue itself tells of the choice of Hammurabi by the gods "to make equity appear in the land. " The laws engraved on the stone stele comprise a majestic document, and it was copied for over a thousand years, even outside Babylonia.

Code of Hammurabi: New Age Spirituality Dictionary on Hammurabi

Hammurabi

(ca. 1792 to 1750 BC) King of Babylon The sixth of his family to rule in the area of Babylon, under whom Babylon become a major power. His most famous achievement was his socalled law code, a misnomer because Mesopotamian law was never codified. The laws, engraved on a stone stele, are a collection of customary law, difficult cases, clarifications and refinements of existing law, and some theoretical expansions covering a range of public and private issues.

Their importance for judicial practice is dubious. In forming such a collection, the work of chancery scribes, Hammurabi was following a tradition of half a millennium. A prologue and epilogue, in contrast to the laws themselves, are written in a solemn, highly stylized language. They frame the laws and give them their religious context. The latter is reaffirmed by the representation on the stele of a god, probably Marduk, giving Hammurabi symbols of his authority as legislator and judge.

The prologue itself tells of the choice of Hammurabi by the gods "to make equity appear in the land. " The laws engraved on the stone stele comprise a majestic document, and it was copied for over a thousand years, even outside Babylonia.

Code of Hammurabi: Encyclopedia II - Guild - Early history

Regulated professions were a feature of the ancient and classical world. The Code of Hammurabi specified a death penalty for builders, or masons, whose buildings fell on the inhabitants. Hammurabi himself had been a stonemason, so this could be considered an early example of self-regulation. The Hippocratic Oath applies to this day as the basis of the modern physicians' ethical code. All known legal codes include some limits on the practices or powers of jurists, e.g. the Rules of Civil Procedure, or politicians, e.g. the rules of parliament ...

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