See also: Geology The Earth consists of several atmospheric, hydrologic, and mainly geologic layers. Its components are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the crust, the mantle, and its core. The biosphere is a tiny layer in this composition and is usually not considered part of the physical layers of the Earth. The geologic component layers of the Earth are located at the following depths below surface: 0 to 60 km - Lithosphere (locally varies between 5 and 200 km) 0 to 35 km - Crust (locally varies between ...

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Earth, Earth - Lexicography, Earth - Physical characteristics, Earth - Earth in the solar system, Earth - The Moon, Earth - Geography, Earth - Environment and Ecosystem, Earth - Climate, Earth - Terrain, Earth - Natural resources, Earth - Land use, Earth - Natural and environmental hazards, Earth - Human geography, Earth - Descriptions of Earth

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The name Africa came into Western use through the Romans, who used the name Africa terra — "land of the Afri" (plural, or "Afer" singular) — for the northern part of the continent, as the province of Africa with its capital Carthage, corresponding to modern-day Tunisia. The Afri were a tribe — possibly Berber — who dwelt in North Africa in the Carthage area. The origin of Afer may be connected with Phoenician `afar, dust (also found in most other Semitic languages); some other etymologies that have ...

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Africa, Africa - Etymology, Africa - Geography, Africa - History, Africa - Politics, Africa - Precolonial Africa, Africa - Colonial Africa, Africa - Post-colonial Africa, Africa - Modern Africa, Africa - Economy, Africa - Demographics, Africa - Languages, Africa - Culture, Africa - Religion, Africa - Territories, Africa - Independent states, Africa - Territories possessions départements, Africa - Disputed territories, Africa - Table of territories and regions

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Greek religion is the polytheistic religion practiced in ancient Greece in form of cult practices, thus the practical counterpart of Greek mythology. Within the Greek world, religious practice varied enough so that one might speak of Greek religions. The cult practices of the Hellenes extended beyond mainland Greece, to the islands and coasts of Ionia in Asia Minor, to Magna Graecia (Sicily and southern Italy) and to scattered Greek colonies in the Western Mediterranean, such as Massilia (Marseille). Greek examples tempered Etr ...

Including:

• Ancient Greek religion - Overview
• Ancient Greek religion - Worship
• Ancient Greek religion - Theology
• Ancient Greek religion - Mystery religions
• Ancient Greek religion - Suppression of paganism
• Ancient Greek religion - Revival of paganism

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The ESB was established by the fledgling Irish Free State government under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1927 to manage Ireland's electricity supply after the successful Shannon Scheme at Ardnacrusha. The scheme was Ireland's first large scale electricity plant - and at the time, it was believed that it would meet the total energy demands of Ireland, which proved to be an erroneus judgement. By 1937, plans were being finalised for the construction of several more hydro-electric plants. The plans called for stations at Po ...

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Electricity Supply Board, Electricity Supply Board - History, Electricity Supply Board - Workers, Electricity Supply Board - Standards, Electricity Supply Board - Facilities, Electricity Supply Board - Capacity of Major ESB Plants, Electricity Supply Board - Companies

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Utensils North Indian Punjabi - Mughlai -Rajasthani Kashmiri - Benarasi - Bihari South Indian Kerala - Tamil - Andhra Karnataka East Indian Bengali - Assamese - Oriya West Indian Goa - Gujarati - Maharashtrian Malvani - Parsi Other ...

Including:

• Bengali cuisine - Historical influences
• Bengali cuisine - The Spread of Islam
• Bengali cuisine - The Influence of the Widows
• Bengali cuisine - European and Other Outside Influences
• Bengali cuisine - The Partition of Bengal
• Bengali cuisine - Culinary Influences
• Bengali cuisine - Traditional Bengali cuisine
• Bengali cuisine - Mughal influence
• Bengali cuisine - Anglo-Indian or Raj cuisine
• Bengali cuisine - Chinese food
• Bengali cuisine - Bengali Meals
• Bengali cuisine - Courses in a daily meal
• Bengali cuisine - Sweets
• Bengali cuisine - Snacks
• Bengali cuisine - Glossary

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Deployment of solar power depends largely upon local conditions and requirements. But as all industrialised nations share a need for electricity, it is clear that solar power will increasingly be used to supply a cheap, reliable electricity supply. Several experimental photovoltaic (PV) power plants of 300 to 600 kW capacity are connected to electricity grids in Europe and the U.S. Other major research is investigating economic ways to store the energy which is collected from the sun's rays during th ...

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Solar power, Solar power - Energy from the Sun, Solar power - Classification, Solar power - Method of energy transformation, Solar power - Complexity of mechanism, Solar power - Focus type, Solar power - Types of technologies, Solar power - Solar design in architecture, Solar power - Solar heating systems, Solar power - Photovoltaic cells, Solar power - Solar thermal electric power plants, Solar power - Solar chemical, Solar power - Solar cooking, Solar power - Solar lighting, Solar power - Energy storage, Solar power - Deployment of solar power, Solar power - Africa, Solar power - Asia and Australia, Solar power - Europe, Solar power - North America

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Alcohol - Deprotonation. Alcohols can behave as weak acids, undergoing deprotonation. The deprotonation reaction to produce an alkoxide salt is either performed with a strong base such as sodium hydride or n-butyllithium, or with sodium or potassium metal. 2 R-OH + 2 NaH → 2 R-O-Na+ + H2↑ 2 R-OH + 2Na → 2R-O−Na+ e.g. 2 CH3CH2-OH + 2 Na → 2 CH3-CH ...

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Alcohol, Alcohol - Structure, Alcohol - Primary secondary and tertiary alcohols, Alcohol - Methanol & ethanol, Alcohol - Uses, Alcohol - Sources, Alcohol - Nomenclature, Alcohol - Systematic names, Alcohol - Etymology, Alcohol - Physical and chemical properties, Alcohol - Toxicity, Alcohol - Preparation of alcohols, Alcohol - Laboratory, Alcohol - Industrial, Alcohol - Reactions of alcohols, Alcohol - Deprotonation, Alcohol - Nucleophilic substitution, Alcohol - Dehydration, Alcohol - Esterification, Alcohol - Oxidation

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Sheffield - National and international travel. Sheffield is linked into the national motorway network via the M1 and M18 motorways. The M1 skirts the north-east of the city, linking Sheffield with London to the south and Leeds to the north; the M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with Doncaster, Robin Hood Doncaster Sheffield Airport and the Humber ports. The Sheffield Parkway conne ...

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Sheffield, Sheffield - Geography, Sheffield - People, Sheffield - Districts, Sheffield - History, Sheffield - Industry and economy, Sheffield - Government and politics, Sheffield - International Links, Sheffield - Sport, Sheffield - Culture and attractions, Sheffield - Music, Sheffield - Attractions, Sheffield - Media and film, Sheffield - Education, Sheffield - Transport, Sheffield - National and international travel, Sheffield - Local travel, Sheffield - References and notes

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Sulfur (or sulphur; see spelling below) is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, tasteless, odorless, multivalent non-metal. Sulfur, in its native form, is a yellow crystaline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element or as sulfide and sulfate minerals. It is an essential element for life and is found in two amino acids. Its commercial uses are primarily in fertilizers but it is also widely used in gunpowder, matches, insecticides and fungici ...

Including:

• Sulfur - Notable characteristics
• Sulfur - Applications
• Sulfur - Biological role
• Sulfur - Environmental Impact
• Sulfur - History
• Sulfur - Occurrence
• Sulfur - Compounds
• Sulfur - Isotopes
• Sulfur - Precautions
• Sulfur - Spelling

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First published on May 26, 1896, the DJIA represented the average of twelve stocks from various important American industries. Of those original twelve, only General Electric remains part of the average. The other eleven were: American Cotton Oil Company, a predecessor of Bestfoods, now part of Unilever American Sugar Company, now Amstar Holdings American Tobacco Company, broken up in 1911 Chicago Gas Company, bought by Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co. in 1897 (now Peoples Energy Corporation) ...

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Dow Jones Industrial Average, Dow Jones Industrial Average - History, Dow Jones Industrial Average - Criticism, Dow Jones Industrial Average - Components, Dow Jones Industrial Average - Weightings, Dow Jones Industrial Average - Investing

Read more here: » Dow Jones Industrial Average: Encyclopedia II - Dow Jones Industrial Average - History

Canada - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. Rail Transport - Science - Sports Births - Deaths 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). 1815 - Events. January 2 - Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke, Seaham, County Durham. January 3 - Austria, Britain, and France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia. January 8 - War of 1812: Battle of New Orleans February 3 - The first commercial cheese factor ...

Including:

• 1815 - Events
• 1815 - Ongoing events
• 1815 - Births
• 1815 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1815: Encyclopedia - 1815

Several species are raised for amaranth grain in Asia and the Americas. Amaranth grain is a crop of moderate importance in the Himalaya. It was one of the staple foodstuffs of the Incas, and it is known as kiwicha in the Andes today. It was also used by the ancient Aztecs, who called it huautli, and other Amerindian peoples in Mexico to prepare ritual drinks and foods. To this day, amaranth grains are toasted much like popcorn and mixed with honey or molasses to make a treat called a ...

See also:

Amaranth, Amaranth - Cultivation and uses, Amaranth - Myth Legend and Poetry, Amaranth - Selected species

Read more here: » Amaranth: Encyclopedia II - Amaranth - Cultivation and uses

In the realm of science fiction there have occasionally been forms of life proposed that, while often highly speculative and unsupported by rigorous theoretical examination, are nevertheless interesting and in some cases even somewhat plausible. One of the major sentient species in Terry Pratchett's Discworld universe is Trolls. Their being mineral-based has various interesting effects on their physiology and culture. Trolls eat rocks, which suggests that their biochemistry is similar to that of plants. A heterotrophic silicon-based l ...

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Alternative biochemistry, Alternative biochemistry - Silicon biochemistry, Alternative biochemistry - Nitrogen/Phosphorus biochemistry, Alternative biochemistry - Other exotic biochemical elements, Alternative biochemistry - Non-water solvents, Alternative biochemistry - Ammonia, Alternative biochemistry - Other solvents, Alternative biochemistry - Artificial life, Alternative biochemistry - In fiction

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Most of the state lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau, which is the source of the Koel, Damodar, Brahmani, Kharkai, and Subarnarekha rivers, whose upper watersheds lie within Jharkhand. Much of the state is still covered by forest. Forest preserves support populations of tigers and Indian elephants. Soil content of Jharkhand state mainly consist of soil formed from disintegration of rocks and stones, and soil composition is further divided into: Red soil, found mostly in the Damodar valley, and Rajmahal area M ...

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Jharkhand, Jharkhand - History, Jharkhand - Geography and climate, Jharkhand - Flora and fauna, Jharkhand - Demographics, Jharkhand - Economy, Jharkhand - Government and politics, Jharkhand - Administrative districts, Jharkhand - Language literature & culture, Jharkhand - Social infrastructure, Jharkhand - Health, Jharkhand - Education, Jharkhand - Media

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While the educational work was progressing, Bennett learned of Idries Shah, an exponent of Sufism. When they met, Shah presented Bennett with a document supporting his claim to represent the 'Guardians of the Tradition'. Bennett and other followers of Gurdjieff's ideas were astonished to meet a man claiming to represent what Gurdjieff had called 'The Inner Circle of Humanity', something they had discussed for so long without hope of its concrete manifestation. Bennett introduced "teaching stories" to his groups on Shah's instructions. These are now widely published and recognized as important teaching materials contai ...

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John G. Bennett, John G. Bennett - Early Life WWI marriage, John G. Bennett - Gurdjieff and Ouspensky, John G. Bennett - Coal Industry, John G. Bennett - Group Work, John G. Bennett - Coombe Springs, John G. Bennett - Reunion with Gurdjieff, John G. Bennett - Travels in the middle East, John G. Bennett - Subud, John G. Bennett - The Shivapuri Baba, John G. Bennett - ISERG, John G. Bennett - Idries Shah, John G. Bennett - International Academy for Continuous Education, John G. Bennett - Books, John G. Bennett - Sources

Read more here: » John G. Bennett: Encyclopedia II - John G. Bennett - Idries Shah

Following the Soviet Communist domination of Poland, the Communist authorities had encountered substantial resistance to their regime from middle-class Cracovians. A referendum held by the authorities was soundly defeated by the people of Kraków, a major cause of embarrassment for the Government. To "correct the class imbalance", the authorities commenced building a satellite industrial town to attract people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to the region, su ...

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Nowa Huta, Nowa Huta - History, Nowa Huta - Social realism, Nowa Huta - Landmarks, Nowa Huta - pre-1949, Nowa Huta - post-1949, Nowa Huta - Industry

Read more here: » Nowa Huta: Encyclopedia II - Nowa Huta - History

The name comes from the Arabic عنبر, ʻanbar, probably through Spanish, but this word referred originally to ambergris, which is an animal substance quite distinct from yellow amber. True amber has sometimes been called kahroba, a word of Persian derivation signifying "that which attracts straw", in allusion to the power which amber possesses of acquiring an electric charge by friction. This property, first recorded by Thales of Miletus, suggested the word "electricity", from the Greek, elektron, a name applied, howe ...

See also:

Amber, Amber - History, Amber - Composition, Amber - Amber in Geology, Amber - Amber inclusions, Amber - Locations and utilization, Amber - Varieties

Read more here: » Amber: Encyclopedia II - Amber - History

Carmarthen (Welsh Caerfyrddin - caer fort + Myrddin Moridunum, Merlin (origin disputed)) is the county town of Carmarthenshire, Wales. It is on the River Tywi and has a population of about 20,000. Carmarthen - History. When Britannia was a Roman province, Carmarthen was the civitas known as Moridunum (meaning sea fort) of the Celtic tribe known as the Demetae. Carmarthen is possibly the oldest town in Wales and was recorded by Ptolemy and in the Antonine Itinerary. ...

Including:

• Carmarthen - History
• Carmarthen - Famous Citizens
• Carmarthen - Arthurian Legend
• Carmarthen - Picton's monument
• Carmarthen - Carmarthen today

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The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO2. This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by living things, and a common volatile elsewhere. In water it forms trace amounts of methanoic acid, HCO2H, but as most compounds with multiple single-bonded oxygens on a single carbon it is unstable. Through this intermediate, though, resonance-stabilized carbonate ions are produced. ...

See also:

Carbon, Carbon - Notable characteristics, Carbon - Applications, Carbon - Other uses, Carbon - History and Etymology, Carbon - Allotropes, Carbon - Occurrence, Carbon - Organic compounds, Carbon - Carbon chains, Carbon - Carbon cycle, Carbon - Isotopes, Carbon - Precautions

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Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 2,000 mm (about 100 inches or 200 centimetres) and 1700 mm (about 67 inches). The soil can be poor because high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients. Rain forests are home to two-thirds of all the living animal and plant species on the planet. It has been estimated that many hundreds of millions of new species of plants, insects, and microorganisms are still undiscovered and as yet unnamed by science. Tropical rain ...

See also:

Rainforest, Rainforest - Characteristics, Rainforest - Trees, Rainforest - The canopy, Rainforest - The rainforest as a source of drugs, Rainforest - Degradation of the rainforests, Rainforest - Bibliography

Read more here: » Rainforest: Encyclopedia II - Rainforest - Characteristics

The railway's best-known excursion service was its Royal Hudson excursion service, which was the only regularly scheduled steam excursion service on mainline trackage in North America. Excursion service started on June 20, 1974, running between North Vancouver and Squamish. By the end of the first season 47,295 passengers had been carried. The Royal Hudson would become one of British Columbia's primary tourist attractions. It operated between May and October. It was ca ...

See also:

BC Rail, BC Rail - History, BC Rail - 1912–1948, BC Rail - 1949 to 1971, BC Rail - 1972 to 1989, BC Rail - 1990 to 2003, BC Rail - The sale of BC Rail, BC Rail - Freight services, BC Rail - Interchanges, BC Rail - Reporting marks, BC Rail - Passenger services, BC Rail - Excursion services, BC Rail - Locomotives, BC Rail - Modelling BC Rail, BC Rail - N-scale, BC Rail - HO-scale, BC Rail - O-scale, BC Rail - G-scale

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All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds. They are: The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges Vindhya and Satpura range in central India Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India The Himalayan river networks are snow-fed and have a continuous flow throughout the year. The other two networks are dependant on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season. Twelve of India's rivers are classified as major, with the total catchment area exceedi ...

See also:

Geography of India, Geography of India - Location and extent, Geography of India - Political geography, Geography of India - Geographical regions, Geography of India - Mountains, Geography of India - Indo-Gangetic plain, Geography of India - Thar Desert, Geography of India - Highlands, Geography of India - East coast, Geography of India - West coast, Geography of India - Islands, Geography of India - Rivers, Geography of India - Bodies of water, Geography of India - Wetlands, Geography of India - The Sundarbans, Geography of India - Rann of Kutch, Geography of India - Climate, Geography of India - Geology, Geography of India - Natural disasters, Geography of India - Natural resources, Geography of India - International agreements, Geography of India - Notes

Read more here: » Geography of India: Encyclopedia II - Geography of India - Rivers