The first trains were rope-hauled or pulled by horses, but from the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. From the 1920s onwards they began to be replaced by less labor intensive and cleaner (but more expensive) diesel locomotives and electric locomotives, while at about the same time self-propelled multiple unit vehicles of either power system became much more common in passenger service. Most countries had replaced steam locomotives for day-to-day use by the 1970s. A few countries, most notably the People's Repub ...

See also:

Train, Train - Types of trains, Train - Motive power, Train - Passenger trains, Train - Freight trains, Train - Famous train routes, Train - Fictional trains

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Tar is a viscous black liquid derived from the destructive distillation of organic matter. Most tar is produced from coal as a byproduct of coke production, but it can also be produced from petroleum, peat or wood. Naturally occurring "tar pits" (e.g. the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles) actually contain asphalt, not tar, and are more accurately known as asphalt pits. In English and French, "tar" means primarily the coal derivative, but in northern Europe, it refers primarily to the wood distillate, which is used in th ...

Including:

• Tar - Sources

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Trousers were introduced into Western European culture at several points in history, but gained their current predominance only in the 16th century. Nomadic Eurasian horsemen/women such as the Scythians, along with Seleucid Persians were the first to wear trousers, later introduced to modern Europe via either the Hungarians or Ottoman Turks. However, the Celts also seem to have worn them in Ancient Europe. < ...

See also:

Trousers, Trousers - Terminology, Trousers - Characteristics, Trousers - History, Trousers - Men's trousers, Trousers - Women's trousers, Trousers - Society, Trousers - Law

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Orissa (2001 provisional pop. 36,706,920), 60,162 sq mi (155,820 sq km) is a state situated in the east coast of India. Orissa is bounded on the north by Jharkhand, on the north-east by West Bengal, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the south by Andhra Pradesh and on the west by Chhattisgarh. The relatively unindented coastline (c.200 mi/320 km long) lacks good ports save for the deepwater facility at Paradip. The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta, is exceedingly fertile. Rainfall is heav ...

Including:

• Orissa - Geography
• Orissa - History and culture
• Orissa - Interesting facts about the state
• Orissa - Demographics
• Orissa - Religion temples and festivals
• Orissa - Politics
• Orissa - Economy
• Orissa - Education
• Orissa - Research Institutes
• Orissa - Universities
• Orissa - Management Colleges
• Orissa - General Colleges
• Orissa - Engineering Colleges
• Orissa - Medical Colleges
• Orissa - Rehabilitative Education
• Orissa - Ayurvedic Colleges
• Orissa - Homoeopathic Colleges
• Orissa - Oriya People
• Orissa - Transportation
• Orissa - Airports
• Orissa - Seaports
• Orissa - Districts

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In 1990, to attract foreign investors and promote trade, an experiment from the IMF known as "la apertura" was adopted by the government as an open trade strategy. Although the analysis of the results are not clear, the fact is that the agricultural sector was severely impacted by this policy. In 1991 and 1992, the government passed laws to stimulate foreign investment in nearly all sectors of the economy. The only activities closed to foreign direct investment are defense and national security, disposal of hazardous wastes, and real ...

See also:

Economy of Colombia, Economy of Colombia - History, Economy of Colombia - Mining and Energy, Economy of Colombia - Trade, Economy of Colombia - Foreign Investment, Economy of Colombia - Statistics, Economy of Colombia - Notes

Read more here: » Economy of Colombia: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Colombia - Foreign Investment

It has been argued that, because we cannot understand advanced civilizations, we cannot predict their behavior; thus, Kardashev's visualization may not reflect what will actually occur for an advanced civilization. This central argument is found within the book Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life[1] It is also possible that the unique conditions on Earth allow for specific technologies to develop which w ...

See also:

Kardashev scale, Kardashev scale - Usage and examples, Kardashev scale - Possible timeline, Kardashev scale - Function as a teleology, Kardashev scale - Weakness by supposition?, Kardashev scale - Counter-argument: abundance of alternative sources, Kardashev scale - Civilization implications, Kardashev scale - Contact constraints, Kardashev scale - Hypothetical extensions, Kardashev scale - Fictional extensions, Kardashev scale - Hypothetical futures, Kardashev scale - Type I, Kardashev scale - Type II, Kardashev scale - Type III, Kardashev scale - Type IV & V, Kardashev scale - Current values, Kardashev scale - Literature describing different Kardashev Types, Kardashev scale - Connections with sociology and anthropology, Kardashev scale - Notes

Read more here: » Kardashev scale: Encyclopedia II - Kardashev scale - Weakness by supposition?

To be viable, an alcohol-based fuel economy should have positive net fuel energy balance. Namely, the total fuel energy expended in producing the alcohol — including fertilizing, farming, harvesting, transport, fermentation, distillation, and distribution, as well as the fuel used in building the farm and fuel plant equipment — should not exceed the energy contents of the product. This is a controversial subject charged with potential bias. Much of it depends on what is included and what is excluded from the calculation, particula ...

See also:

Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuels, Ethanol fuel - Production and Distribution, Ethanol fuel - Other alcohols, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen, Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources, Ethanol fuel - Economics of corn ethanol in the U.S.A., Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance, Ethanol fuel - Energy balance in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Arguments and criticisms, Ethanol fuel - Air pollution, Ethanol fuel - Fire safety, Ethanol fuel - Greenhouse gases, Ethanol fuel - Renewable resource, Ethanol fuel - Dependency on foreign oil and international crime, Ethanol fuel - Statism, Ethanol fuel - Cost, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Brazil, Ethanol fuel - U.S. National security

Read more here: » Ethanol fuel: Encyclopedia II - Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance

The East African tableland is continued into Ethiopia. Since the visit of W. T. Blanford in 1870 the geology has received little attention from travellers. The following formations are represented: Sedimentary and Metamorphic Recent: Coral, alluvium, sand Tertiary: Limestones of Harrar Jurassic: Antalo Limestones Triassic: Adigrat Sandstones Archaean: Gneisses, schists, slaty rocks Igneous Recent: Aden Volcanic Series Tertiary, Cretaceous: Magdala groupSee also:

Geography of Ethiopia, Geography of Ethiopia - Physical Features, Geography of Ethiopia - Topography, Geography of Ethiopia - Hydrology, Geography of Ethiopia - Seismology, Geography of Ethiopia - Geology, Geography of Ethiopia - Climate, Geography of Ethiopia - Flora and Fauna, Geography of Ethiopia - Statistics, Geography of Ethiopia - External link

Read more here: » Geography of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Ethiopia - Geology

Adamstown, Birchgrove, Butetown, Canton, Cardiff Bay, City centre, Cathays, Cyncoed, Gabalfa, Heath, Llandaff, Llanedeyrn, Llanishen, Llanrumney, Maindy, Mynachdy, Pentrebane, Pentwyn, Penylan, Pontcanna, Radyr, Riverside, Roath, Splott, St Mellons, Tremorfa, Trowbridge Cardiff (Welsh: Caerdydd) is the capital and largest city of Wales. Located on the South Wales coast it is administered as a unitary authority. It was a small town until the early nineteenth century and came to prominence following the arrival of i ...

Including:

• Cardiff - Industry
• Cardiff - History
• Cardiff - Culture media sport and tourism
• Cardiff - Twinning
• Cardiff - Politics
• Cardiff - Transport links
• Cardiff - Natives of Cardiff

Read more here: » Cardiff: Encyclopedia - Cardiff

Vesta was introduced in Rome by King Numa Pompilius. She was a native Roman deity (some authors suggest received from the Sabine cults), sister of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hera and Demeter, and presumably the daughter of Saturn and Ops (or Rea). However, the similarity with the cult of Greek Hestia is notable. Vesta too protected familial harmony and the res publica. Apollo and Neptune had asked for her in marriage, but she refused both, preferring to preserve her virginity, whose symbol was the perpetually lit fire in her circular fane next to the Forum which the Romans always distinguished ...

See also:

Vesta mythology, Vesta mythology - Deity, Vesta mythology - Vestales, Vesta mythology - Vestalia

Read more here: » Vesta mythology: Encyclopedia II - Vesta mythology - Deity

Chita Oblast (Russian: Чити́нская о́бласть) (431,500 km², pop. 1,155,346 as of 2002 All-Russian Population Census) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) in south-east Siberia. Its administrative center is the city of Chita. It has extensive international borders with China (998 km) and Mongolia (868 km) and internal borders with Irkutsk and Amur oblasts, and the republics of Buryatia and Sakha (Yakutia). I ...

Including:

• Chita Oblast - Time zone
• Chita Oblast - Administrative divisions
• Chita Oblast - Districts

Read more here: » Chita Oblast: Encyclopedia - Chita Oblast

Natural gas - Chemical composition. The primary component of natural gas is methane (CH4), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. It may also contain heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), as well as other sulphur containing gases, in varying amounts, see also natural gas condensate. Organosulfur compounds and Hydrogen sulfide (H2S see acid gas) are common contaminants, which must be removed prior to most use ...

See also:

Natural gas, Natural gas - Chemical composition and energy content, Natural gas - Chemical composition, Natural gas - Energy content and statistics, Natural gas - Storage and transport, Natural gas - Natural gas crisis, Natural gas - Uses, Natural gas - Power generation, Natural gas - Natural gas vehicles, Natural gas - Residential domestic use, Natural gas - Fertilizer, Natural gas - Other, Natural gas - Sources, Natural gas - Possible future sources, Natural gas - Safety

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A monastery existed in Wolverhampton in Saxon times (being consecrated in 994), this was founded by Lady Wulfruna. This became the site for the new St. Peter's Church in 1425. A statue of Lady Wulfruna sculpted by Sir Charles Wheeler can be seen on the stairs outside St. Peter's Church. By the 13th century Wolverhampton had grown to become a thriving market town. The city was famous for its part in the woolen trade, a fact that can be seen by the inclusion of a woolpack on the city's coat of arms, and by the many small streets, especially in the city centre, called "Fold" (examples being Blossom's Fold, Farmers Fold, Townwell Fold and Vi ...

See also:

Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton - Geography, Wolverhampton - History, Wolverhampton - Transport, Wolverhampton - Music and arts, Wolverhampton - Media, Wolverhampton - Education, Wolverhampton - Sport, Wolverhampton - People, Wolverhampton - Localities, Wolverhampton - Wards of Wolverhampton City Council

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Portions of the Iditarod Trail were used by the Native American Inuit and Athapaskans hundreds of years before the arrival of Russian fur traders in the 1800s, but the trail reached its peak between the late 1880s and the mid 1920s as miners arrived to dig coal then gold, especially after the Alaska gold rushes at Nome in 1898, and at the "Inland Empire" along the Kuskokwim Mountains between the ...

See also:

Iditarod, Iditarod - History, Iditarod - Route, Iditarod - Checkpoints, Iditarod - Ceremonial start, Iditarod - Restart, Iditarod - Into the Interior, Iditarod - Divided path, Iditarod - Last dash, Iditarod - Mushers, Iditarod - Dogs, Iditarod - Records and awards, Iditarod - List of Iditarod winners

Read more here: » Iditarod: Encyclopedia II - Iditarod - History

Salammbô, a sensationalist semi-historical novel about Carthage by Gustave Flaubert published in 1888 was extraordinarily successful. Flaubert imaginatively and not without reasonable scholarship, created his own version of the Carthaginian religion, including known Carthaginian gods such as Ba‘al Hammon, Khamon, Melkarth and Tanith. But he also included the god Moloch, and made Moloch rather than Khamon to be the god to whom the Carthaginians offered children. Flaubert described this Moloch mostly according to the Rabbinic descript ...

See also:

Moloch, Moloch - Forms and grammar, Moloch - Traditional accounts and theories, Moloch - Eissfeldt's theory: a type of sacrifice, Moloch - Biblical texts, Moloch - Mosca's theories about offerings to Yahweh, Moloch - Discussion of Eissfeldt's theory, Moloch - Moloch in medieval texts, Moloch - Flaubert's conception, Moloch - Moloch as metaphor in modern art, Moloch - Paradise Lost, Moloch - Moloch in popular culture

Read more here: » Moloch: Encyclopedia II - Moloch - Flaubert's conception

Volcano - Erupted material. One way of classifying volcanoes is by the type of material erupted, which affects the shape of the volcano. If the erupting magma contains a high percentage (65%) of silica the lava is called felsic or acidic. Felsic lava tends to be highly viscous (not very fluid) and is pushed up in a blob that solidifies relatively quickly. Viscous lavas tend to form stratovolcanoes. Lassen Peak in California is an example of a stratovolcano formed from felsic lava. This type of volca ...

See also:

Volcano, Volcano - Volcano classification, Volcano - Erupted material, Volcano - Explosivity, Volcano - Shape, Volcano - Active Dormant or Extinct?, Volcano - Notable Volcanoes, Volcano - Volcanoes on Earth, Volcano - Volcanoes elsewhere in the solar system, Volcano - Volcanology, Volcano - Volcano formation, Volcano - Predicting eruptions, Volcano - Effects of volcanoes, Volcano - Past beliefs

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As with most post-industrial towns in the North of England, Sunderland continues to suffer from multi-generational long term unemployment. As a result the linked social factors of crime, poor health and teenage pregnancy are high in certain wards of the City. Sunderland is also victim to a degree of population exodus resulting in an ageing population. Sunderland has also suffered with the regional economic strategy promoting nearby Newcastle and Gateshead as services and leisure centres lea ...

See also:

Sunderland, Sunderland - Status, Sunderland - History, Sunderland - Shipbuilding, Sunderland - Jewish Community in Sunderland, Sunderland - Victoria Hall Disaster, Sunderland - Current Social and Economic Development, Sunderland - Transport, Sunderland - Other facts, Sunderland - Famous people from Sunderland, Sunderland - Famous Sunderland residents

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The Roaring Twenties were traditionally viewed as an era of great economic prosperity driven by the introduction of a wide array of new consumer goods. Initially, the North American economy, particularly the economy of the USA, took sometime to convert from a wartime economy to a peacetime economy. After this dull phase, the economy was booming. The decade saw North America becoming the richest region on the earth, with industry aligned to mass production, and a society with a culture of consumerism. In Europe, the economy did not start to flourish until 1924. At the same time the 1920s were setting the stag ...

See also:

Roaring Twenties, Roaring Twenties - Economy of the 1920s, Roaring Twenties - Demobilization, Roaring Twenties - New products and technologies, Roaring Twenties - New infrastructure, Roaring Twenties - Demographics, Roaring Twenties - Culture of the Roaring Twenties, Roaring Twenties - The Lost Generation, Roaring Twenties - Social Criticism, Roaring Twenties - Art Deco, Roaring Twenties - Expressionism and Surrealism, Roaring Twenties - Cinema, Roaring Twenties - Harlem Renaissance, Roaring Twenties - The Jazz Age, Roaring Twenties - Dance, Roaring Twenties - Suffrage, Roaring Twenties - Fashion and the changing role of women, Roaring Twenties - Life During the Roaring Twenties, Roaring Twenties - Immigration laws, Roaring Twenties - Prohibition, Roaring Twenties - Rise of the speakeasy, Roaring Twenties - Literature of the 1920s, Roaring Twenties - Sports, Roaring Twenties - Key figures, Roaring Twenties - American politics during the Roaring Twenties, Roaring Twenties - Warren G. Harding, Roaring Twenties - Calvin Coolidge, Roaring Twenties - Herbert Hoover, Roaring Twenties - Fall of labor unions, Roaring Twenties - International influence, Roaring Twenties - Canadian politics during the 1920s, Roaring Twenties - End of the Roaring Twenties, Roaring Twenties - Black Tuesday, Roaring Twenties - Repeal of Prohibition, Roaring Twenties - Timeline

Read more here: » Roaring Twenties: Encyclopedia II - Roaring Twenties - Economy of the 1920s

Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by bees (beeswax) and used by them in constructing their honeycombs. In modern terms, wax is an imprecisely defined term generally understood to be a substance with properties similar to beeswax, namely plastic (malleable) at normal ambient temperatures a melting point above approximately 45 °C (which differentiates wa ...

Including:

• Wax - Wax types
• Wax - Animal and insect waxes
• Wax - Vegetable waxes
• Wax - Mineral waxes
• Wax - Petroleum waxes
• Wax - Synthetic waxes

Read more here: » Wax: Encyclopedia - Wax

Tattoos have become increasingly popular in recent decades in many parts of the world, particularly in North America, Japan, and Europe. The growth in tattoo culture has seen the influx of new artists into the industry, many of whom have technical and fine art training, and that coupled with advancements in tattoo pigments and the ongoing refinement of the equipment used for tattooing has led to a marked improvement in the quality of tattoos being produced. Movie stars, models, popular musicians and sports figures are just some of the people in the public eye who are commonly tattooed, which in turn has fueled the acceptance of tatto ...

See also:

Tattoo, Tattoo - Prevalence, Tattoo - History, Tattoo - Diversity, Tattoo - Tattooing in prehistoric times, Tattoo - Tattooing in the ancient world, Tattoo - Tattooing in Chinese literature, Tattoo - Reintroduction in the Western world, Tattoo - The electric tattoo machine, Tattoo - Negative associations, Tattoo - Popular and youth culture, Tattoo - Purpose, Tattoo - Procedure, Tattoo - Permanent cosmetics, Tattoo - Natural tattoos, Tattoo - Temporary tattoos, Tattoo - Dyes and pigments, Tattoo - Tattoo removal, Tattoo - Risks, Tattoo - Diseases, Tattoo - Allergic reactions, Tattoo - Infection, Tattoo - Tattoos and MRI, Tattoo - Deciding where to get a tattoo, Tattoo - Aftercare, Tattoo - Other uses

Read more here: » Tattoo: Encyclopedia II - Tattoo - Prevalence

Major gulfs include the Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Mannar. Straits include the Palk Strait which separates India from Sri Lanka and the Ten Degree Channel, separating the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands. Important capes include the Cape Comorin, the southern tip of mainland India, Indira Point, the southernmost location of India, Rama's Bridge and Point Calimere. Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea. There are four coral reefs in India and are located in; the Andaman and Nicobar I ...

See also:

Geography of India, Geography of India - Location and extent, Geography of India - Political geography, Geography of India - Geographical regions, Geography of India - Mountains, Geography of India - Indo-Gangetic plain, Geography of India - Thar Desert, Geography of India - Highlands, Geography of India - East coast, Geography of India - West coast, Geography of India - Islands, Geography of India - Rivers, Geography of India - Bodies of water, Geography of India - Wetlands, Geography of India - The Sundarbans, Geography of India - Rann of Kutch, Geography of India - Climate, Geography of India - Geology, Geography of India - Natural disasters, Geography of India - Natural resources, Geography of India - International agreements, Geography of India - Notes

Read more here: » Geography of India: Encyclopedia II - Geography of India - Bodies of water

The Marshall Plan ended in 1951, as originally scheduled. Any effort to extend it was halted by the growing cost of the Korean War and rearmament. Republicans hostile to the plan had also gained seats in the 1950 Congressional elections, and conservative opposition to the plan was revived. Thus the plan ended in 1951, though various other forms of American aid to Europe continued afterwards. The years 1948 to 1952 saw the fastest period of growth in European history. Industrial production increased by 35%. Agricultural production subs ...

See also:

Marshall Plan, Marshall Plan - Background, Marshall Plan - Early ideas, Marshall Plan - The speech, Marshall Plan - Rejection by the Soviets, Marshall Plan - Negotiations, Marshall Plan - Implementation, Marshall Plan - Expenditures, Marshall Plan - Effects, Marshall Plan - Repayment, Marshall Plan - Areas without the Marshall Plan, Marshall Plan - Historiography, Marshall Plan - Notes

Read more here: » Marshall Plan: Encyclopedia II - Marshall Plan - Effects