Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia - Coal
Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). It is a readily combustible blac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - World Coal Reserves
It has been estimated that, as of 1996, there is around one exagram (1 × 1015 kg) of total coal reserves economically accessible using c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - World Coal Reserves
It has been estimated that, as of 1996, there is around one exagram (1 × 1015 kg) of total coal reserves accessible using current mining...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Tar: Encyclopedia - Coal Tar
Coal tar is the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to make coke. The gaseous by-product produced by this process is commonly k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Dust: Encyclopedia - Coal Dust
Coal dust is a fine powder form of coal. Because of the brittle nature of coal, coal dust may occur during mining or transportation, or w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia - Coal Assay
Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particlar physical and chemical properties of coals. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Oil: Encyclopedia - Coal Oil
Coal oil is an oil used for illuminating purposes, also called "lamp oil." It was formerly obtained from the distillation of mineral wax,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Measure: Encyclopedia - Coal Measure
A coal measure (stratigraphic unit) is the name given to any rock sequence that occurs in the upper part of the Carboniferous System in E...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthracite Coal: Encyclopedia - Anthracite Coal
Anthracite (Greek Ανθρακίτης, literally "a form of coal", from Anthrax [Άνθραξ], coal) is a hard, compact variety of mine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bituminous Coal: Encyclopedia - Bituminous Coal
Bituminous coal is a soft coal containing a tar-like substance called bitumen. It is of better quality than lignite coal but of poorer qu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Mining: Encyclopedia - Coal Mining
Coal mining is the extraction of coal from the Earth for use as fuel. Coal mining - Methods of extraction. The most economical of method...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Miner's Daughter: Encyclopedia - Coal Miner's Daughter
Coal Miner's Daughter is a 1980 biographical film which tells the story of country music performer Loretta Lynn. It stars Sissy Spacek, T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Region: Encyclopedia - Coal Region
The Coal Region is a term used to refer to an area of Northeastern Pennsylvania in the central Appalachian Mountains comprised of Lackawa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clean Coal: Encyclopedia - Clean Coal
Clean coal is coal chemically washed of minerals and impurities, sometimes gasified, burned and the resulting flue gases treated with ste...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lignite: Encyclopedia - Lignite
Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mining: Encyclopedia - Mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, ve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carboniferous: Encyclopedia - Carboniferous
The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359.2 Ma (million...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Coal Fires
There are hundreds of coal fires burning around the world.[8] Those burning underground can be difficult to locate and many can not be ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bridgend: Encyclopedia - Bridgend
Bridgend (Welsh: Pen-y-bont) is a town in the traditional county of Glamorgan and the main town in the county borough of Bridgend. Bridge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Chemical Properties Of Coal
Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal or black coal, anthracite and graphite. Each type of coal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Composition
Carbon forms more than 50 percent by weight and more than 70 percent by volume of coal (this includes inherent moisture). This is dependa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Composition
Carbon forms more than 50 percent by weight and more than 70 percent by volume of coal (this includes inherent moisture). This is depende...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Creation
Coal is formed from plant remains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Etymology And Folklore
The word "coal" came from Anglo-Saxon col, which meant charcoal. Coal was not mined in Britain before late Middle Ages; i.e. after ca. 10...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Etymology And Folklore
The word "coal" came from Anglo-Saxon col, which meant charcoal. Coal was not mined in Britain before the late Middle Ages; i.e. after ca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bituminous Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Bituminous Coal - Coking Coal
When used for many industrial processes, bituminous coal must first be "coked" to remove volatile components. Coking is achieved by heati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Skink: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Skink - Taxonomy
There are two subspecies of the Coal Skink: Northern Coal Skink (E.a. anthracinus) Southern Coal Skink (E.a. pluvialis) The (Northern) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bituminous Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Bituminous Coal - Permian Coals
The second largest deposits of the world's bituminous coal is contained within Permian strata in Russia and also in the Bowen Basin in Qu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bituminous Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Bituminous Coal - Carboniferous Coals
Much North American coal was created when swamps created organic material faster than it could decay, prior to the orogenies that created...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Chamber: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Chamber - Biography
Coal Chamber signed to Roadrunner Records and recorded their first album (both in 1996) for their self-titled debut in 1997. The album wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthracite Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthracite Coal - Properties
Anthracite is similar in appearance to the mineraloid jet, and is sometimes used to imitate it. Physically, anthracite differs from ordin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Uses
Coal - Coal as fuel. See also Clean coal Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce heat through combustion. World coal consum...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Physical And Mechanical Properties
Relative density Relative density or specific gravity of the coal depends on the rank of the coal and degree of mineral impurity. Knowled...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bituminous Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Bituminous Coal - Uses
Bituminous coals are graded according to vitrinite reflectance, moisture content, volatile content, plasticity and ash content. Generally...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Special Combustion Tests
Specific Energy Aside from physical or chemical analyses to determine the handling and pollutant profile of a coal, the energy output of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthracite Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthracite Coal - Economic Value
Pottsville, Pennsylvania anthracite coal history began in 1790 with the discovery of coal made by the hunter Necho Allen in what is calle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthracite Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthracite Coal - Major Reserves
The largest fields of anthracite coal in the United States are found in Northeastern Pennsylvania called the Coal Region, where there are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Skink: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Skink - Habitat And Range
The more humid portions of wooded hillsides with abundant leaf litter or loose stones are favorite habitats. Coal Skinks' habitat may als...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Mining: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Mining - History
See the main article History of coal mining The oldest continuously worked deep-mine in the UK and possibly the world is Tower Colliery a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Strike Of 1902: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Strike Of 1902 - The Anthracite Coal Strike Commission
The anthracite strike ended, after 163 days, on October 23, 1902. The commissioners began work the next day, then spent a week touring th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - National Coal Board: Encyclopedia Ii - National Coal Board - History
Coal mines had been taken into government control during the First and Second World Wars. Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government nat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Mining: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Mining - History
The oldest continuously worked deep-mine in the UK and possibly the world is Tower Colliery at the northern end of the south Wales valley...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Strike Of 1902: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Strike Of 1902 - The Coal Strike Of 1902
The issues that led to the strike of 1900 were just as pressing in 1902. The union hoped to persuade the federal government to intervene ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Mining: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Mining - Methods Of Extraction
The most economical of methods of coal extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams, and also the geology and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Mining: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Mining - Environmental Impacts
Coal mining frequently causes significant adverse environmental impacts. Strip mining typically destroys most environmental value in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Major Coal Producing Regions: Encyclopedia Ii - Major Coal Producing Regions - Usa
In the United States the Appalachian Mountains region is the major area of mining bituminous coal. There are also large fields of bitumin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Mining: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Mining - Dangers To Miners
Historically, coal mining has been a very dangerous activity. Open cut hazards are principally slope failure, underground mining roof col...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Major Coal Producing Regions: Encyclopedia Ii - Major Coal Producing Regions - Europe
Coal fields in South Wales, Yorkshire and other parts of the United Kingdom used to be major mining areas, however during the 1980s and 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Strike Of 1902: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Strike Of 1902 - The 1900 Strike
The UMWA had won a sweeping victory in the 1897 strike by bituminous coal miners, winning significant wage increases and growing from 10,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Strike Of 1902: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Strike Of 1902 - Federal Intervention
On June 8, 1902, President Roosevelt asked his Commissioner of Labor, Carroll D. Wright, to investigate the strike and report back to him...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Strike Of 1902: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Strike Of 1902 - J. P. Morgan Intervenes
Morgan had played a role in resolving the 1900 strike. He was deeply involved in this strike as well: his interests included the Reading ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Region: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Region - Brief History And Miscellany
Settlement in the region predates the American Revolution, however the discovery of the anthracite coal for which it is named did not occ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Svalbard: Encyclopedia Ii - Svalbard - Coal Mining In Svalbard
The first modern coal mine was opened in 1906 when the Arctic Coal Company (ACC) set up camp. The settlement that grew up around the mine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bridgend: Encyclopedia Ii - Bridgend - Coal And Industry
The first coal mines opened in the valleys north of Bridgend in the seventeenth century, with the Llynfi valley being the first to be ind...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carboniferous: Encyclopedia Ii - Carboniferous - Rocks And Coal
Carboniferous rocks in Europe and eastern North America largely consist of a repeated sequence of limestone, sandstone, shale and coal be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostrava: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostrava - Industry And Coal Mines
Some of the largest Czech industrial concerns lie in the city of Ostrava. The Vítkovice ironworks, located in the suburb of the same nam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Page West Virginia: Encyclopedia Ii - Page West Virginia - William Nelson Page Coal Railroad
In 1896, Col. Page was also the founder of the Loup Creek and Deepwater Railway, a logging railroad connecting a sawmill at Robson with t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louisville And Nashville Railroad: Encyclopedia Ii - Louisville And Nashville Railroad - Coal And Capital In The Gilded Age
Railroads were much interested in coal, of course, as all locomotives were steam-powered, and wood-burning models had been found to be un...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norfolk And Western Railway: Encyclopedia Ii - Norfolk And Western Railway - Coal
In 1885, several small mining companies representing about 400,000 acres (1,600 km²) of bituminous coal reserves grouped together t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Merthyr Tydfil: Encyclopedia Ii - Merthyr Tydfil - The Decline Of Coal And Iron
The steel and coal industries began to decline after World War One, and by the 1930’s, they had all closed. In 1987, the iron foundry, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jean Monnet: Encyclopedia Ii - Jean Monnet - European Coal And Steel Community
Following liberation, Monnet proposed a "global plan for modernization and economic development" to the French government. Appointed Plan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John G. Bennett: Encyclopedia Ii - John G. Bennett - Coal Industry
During this time, Bennett became involved with various coal mining ventures in Greece and Turkey. These were ultimately unsuccessful, but...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mountaintop Removal: Encyclopedia Ii - Mountaintop Removal - Criticism
Critics contend that mountaintop removal is a disastrous practice which benefits a small number of corporations at the expense of local c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Forge: Encyclopedia Ii - Forge - Types Of Forges
Forge - Coal/coke/charcoal forge. A forge which typically uses bituminous coal, industrial coke or charcoal as the fuel to heat metal. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gasification: Encyclopedia Ii - Gasification - Gasification Processes
Four types of gasifier are currently available for commercial use: counter-current fixed bed, co-current fixed bed, fluid bed and entrain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Svalbard: Encyclopedia Ii - Svalbard - Economy
Economic activity centres on coal mining, supplemented by fishing and trapping. In the final decades of the 20th century, tourism, resear...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Page West Virginia: Encyclopedia Ii - Page West Virginia - Growth And Decline
Page, West Virginia became the site of a switching yard, roundhouse, and station on the Virginian Railway (VGN). During the first half of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Illinois: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Illinois - Geology
Illinois is mainly covered with soil, hundreds of feet thick in many places. Much of this is called, appropriately, "Illite". This is the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostrava: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostrava - Sport In Ostrava
Football (soccer) teams: FC Baník Ostrava FC Vitkovice Ice-hockey teams: HC Vitkovice Athletics: Golden spike ... See also:Ostra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostrava: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostrava - History Of Ostrava
Ostrava has been an important crossroads of prehistoric trading routes, namely the Amber Road. Archaeological finds have proved that the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostrava: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostrava - Tourist Attractions
While Ostrava is usually not in the top ten list of tourist attractions of the Czech Republic, there is a number of interesting places to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Illinois: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Illinois - Political Geography
The city of Chicago is heavily Democratic. While this tendency has historically been balanced by Republican voters in the suburbs, Democr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Svalbard: Encyclopedia Ii - Svalbard - History
Vikings and Russians may have discovered Svalbard as early as the 12th century. Traditional Norse accounts exist of a land known as Svalb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Svalbard: Encyclopedia Ii - Svalbard - Politics
By the terms of the Svalbard Treaty of February 9, 1920, international diplomacy recognized Norwegian sovereignty and designated the area...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Svalbard: Encyclopedia Ii - Svalbard - Geography
Svalbard consists of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean; ranging from 74° to 81° North, and 10° to 34° East, it forms the norther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Schuylkill County Pennsylvania: Encyclopedia Ii - Schuylkill County Pennsylvania - Railroad History
The Reading and Pennsylvania railroad: In the early 1800s southern Schuylkill County was served by the Union Canal out of Pine Grove with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heating Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Heating Value - Comparison Of Fuels
Heating value - Fuel needed to run a lightbulb 100 W for a year. 876 lb of coal 508 lb of oil 377 lb of natural gas 324 lb of natural...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liévin: Encyclopedia Ii - Liévin - History
Liévin - Prehistory. The history of Liévin begins very early. The foothill of Riaumont (highest point in Liévin) is a rich archaeolo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liévin: Encyclopedia Ii - Liévin - Miscellaneous
Famous people from Liévin include: Georges Carpentier, boxer, born in Liévin 1894 Robert Enrico, director, born in Liévin 1931 Twin ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bridgend: Encyclopedia Ii - Bridgend - The Second World War And Bridgend
Bridgend played an important part during the Second World War. It was it home to a Prisoner of War Camp at Island Farm and a large muniti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bridgend: Encyclopedia Ii - Bridgend - Post-war Bridgend
Bridgend remained a solid market town after the War. In 1948, Newbridge Fields (a short distance from the town centre) hosted the 1948 Na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bridgend: Encyclopedia Ii - Bridgend - Modern Bridgend And The Future
Further new housing developments at Broadlands (near Newbridge Fields) and the never ending expansion of Brackla have caused Bridgend's p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bridgend: Encyclopedia Ii - Bridgend - Culture
Bridgend has its own commercial radio station: 106.3 Bridge FM. Bridgend is twinned with Langenau, Germany and Villenave D'Ornon, France....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bridgend: Encyclopedia Ii - Bridgend - Castles And Foundation
The town has three castles nearby: Coity Castle, in the village of Coity approximately two miles from the centre; Ogmore Castle on the ou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostrava: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostrava - People And Demographics
As of 2003, the officially estimated population of Ostrava is 315,442 inhabitants, who are living in a total of 23 districts formed by jo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Forge: Encyclopedia Ii - Forge - Forging
Forging is the working of metal by plastic deformation. It is distinguished from machining, the shaping of metal by removing material (dr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Illinois: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Illinois - Geographical Divisions
Illinois has three major geographical divisions. The first is Chicagoland, including the city of Chicago, its suburbs, and the adjoining ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louisville And Nashville Railroad: Encyclopedia Ii - Louisville And Nashville Railroad - Early History And Civil War
Its first line extended only barely south of Louisville, Kentucky, and in fact it took until 1859 to span the 180-odd miles to its second...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louisville And Nashville Railroad: Encyclopedia Ii - Louisville And Nashville Railroad - The Twentieth Century
The World Wars brought heavy demand to the L&N. Its widespread and robust network coped well with the demands of war transport and pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pottsville Pennsylvania: Encyclopedia Ii - Pottsville Pennsylvania - Industry
Pottsville, in the Coal Region of eastern Pennsylvania, has been long associated with the anthracite coal industry. Pottsville Pennsylva...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostrava: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostrava - Geography And Climate
Ostrava is located in the north-eastern tip of Czech Republic, very close to the Polish (15km) and Slovak (55km) borders. It spreads over...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostrava: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostrava - Transportation
Ostrava-Mosnov International Airport is about 30 minutes away from Ostrava by bus. Most visitors, though, arrive to the city by train fro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Illinois: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Illinois - Flora And Fauna
Large mammal species currently found in Illinois include whitetail deer and coyote, with the later becoming urbanized in the Chicago area...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Illinois: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Illinois - Climate
Illinois has a continental climate, with large temperature extremes not moderated by either mountains or oceans. Weather is influenced pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oil Shale: Encyclopedia Ii - Oil Shale - History
Oil shale has been used since ancient times and can be used directly as a fuel just like coal. The modern use of oil shale to produce oil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carboniferous: Encyclopedia Ii - Carboniferous - Subdivisions
The Carboniferous is usually broken into Lower and Upper subdivisions. The Faunal stages from youngest to oldest are: Carboniferous - Gz...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Dream Dictionary Coals: Meaning Of Dreams About Coals
  Coals To see bright coals of fire, denotes pleasure and many pleasant changes. To dream you handle them yourself, denotes unm...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Coal Dream Symbol: Dreams Interpretation Dictionary - Coal
Coal Dream Symbols: Unknown energy sources of potential self. It also points to your unused potential.   (Source: Myths - Dreams ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Dream Dictionary Coal-hod: Meaning Of Dreams About Coal-hod
  Coal-hod To dream of a coal-hod, denotes that grief will be likely to fill a vacancy made by reckless extravagance. To see yo...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Dream Dictionary Colliery Or Coal-mine: Meaning Of Dreams About Colliery Or Coal-mine
  Colliery or Coal-Mine To dream of being in a coal-mine or colliery and seeing miners, denotes that some evil will assert its ...   » Read the article