Coal - Coal as fuel. See also Clean coal Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce heat through combustion. World coal consumption is about 5,800 million short tons (5.3 petagrams) annually, of which about 75% is used for electricity production. The region including China and India uses about 1,700 million short tons (1.5 Pg) annually, forecast to exceed 3,000 million short tons (2.7 Pg) in 2025. ^{See also:}

Coal, Coal - Etymology and folklore, Coal - Composition, Coal - Creation, Coal - Types of coal, Coal - Uses, Coal - Coal as fuel, Coal - Coking and use of coke, Coal - Harmful effects of coal burning, Coal - Coal fires, Coal - World coal reserves

Read more here: » Coal: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Uses

See also:

Bituminous coal, Bituminous coal - Uses, Bituminous coal - Coking Coal, Bituminous coal - Jurassic Coals, Bituminous coal - Triassic Coals, Bituminous coal - Permian Coals, Bituminous coal - Carboniferous Coals

Read more here: » Bituminous coal: Encyclopedia II - Bituminous coal - Uses

It has been estimated that, as of 1996, there is around one exagram (1 × 1015 kg) of total coal reserves economically accessible using current mining technology, approximately half of it being hard coal. The energy value of all the world's coal is well over 100,000 quadrillion Btu (100 zettajoules). There probably is enough coal to last for 300 years. However, this estimate assumes no rise in population, and no increased use of coal to attempt to compensate for the depletion of natural gas and petroleum. A recent (2003) study by ...

See also:

Coal, Coal - Etymology and folklore, Coal - Composition, Coal - Creation, Coal - Types of coal, Coal - Uses, Coal - Coal as fuel, Coal - Coking and use of coke, Coal - Harmful effects of coal burning, Coal - Coal fires, Coal - World coal reserves

Read more here: » Coal: Encyclopedia II - Coal - World coal reserves

Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). It is a readily combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock. It is composed primarily of carbon along with assorted other elements, including sulfur. Often associated with the Industrial Revolution, coal remains an enormously important fuel and is the largest single source of electricity world-wide. In the United States, for example, the burning of coal generates 50% of the electricity consumed. Coal - Etymol ...

Including:

• Coal - Etymology and folklore
• Coal - Composition
• Coal - Creation
• Coal - Types of coal
• Coal - Uses
• Coal - Coal as fuel
• Coal - Coking and use of coke
• Coal - Harmful effects of coal burning
• Coal - Coal fires
• Coal - World coal reserves

Read more here: » Coal: Encyclopedia - Coal

How does the ancient science and art of feng shui relate to the New Children? Due to their sensitivities, the New Children have often been likened to canaries being sent into the coal mine. Feng shui can be used to transform the coal mine - to create more harmony and balance in our physical spaces and surroundings. Since our homes and physical surroundings are comprised of endlessly transforming and interconnected energy fields, we must develop a conscious relationship with the vast dynamics contributing to these energy fields.

(See also: Indigo Children, What is Indigo Children, Parenting Indigo Children, Adult Indigo, Indigo Children Channeling)

Bituminous coal is a soft coal containing a tar-like substance called bitumen. It is of better quality than lignite coal but of poorer quality than anthracite coal. Bituminous coal is an organic sedimentary rock formed by diagenetic and submetamorphic compression of peat bog material. Bituminous coal has been compressed and heated so that its primary constituents are the macerals vitrinite, exinite, etc. The carbon content of bituminous coal is aound 60-80%, the rest being comprised of water, as well as oxygen, hydrogen and sul ...

Including:

• Bituminous coal - Uses
• Bituminous coal - Coking Coal
• Bituminous coal - Jurassic Coals
• Bituminous coal - Triassic Coals
• Bituminous coal - Permian Coals
• Bituminous coal - Carboniferous Coals

Read more here: » Bituminous coal: Encyclopedia - Bituminous coal

Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particlar physical and chemical properties of coals. These methods are used primarily to determine the suitability of coal for coking, power generation or for iron ore smelting in the manufacture of steel. Coal assay - Chemical properties of coal. Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal or black coal, anthracite and graphite. Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters which ar ...

Including:

• Coal assay - Chemical properties of coal
• Coal assay - Physical and Mechanical Properties
• Coal assay - Special Combustion Tests

Read more here: » Coal assay: Encyclopedia - Coal assay

Coal mining is the extraction of coal from the Earth for use as fuel. Coal mining - Methods of extraction. The most economical of methods of coal extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams, and also the geology and environmental factors of the area being mined. If the coal seams are near the surface, the coal is extracted by strip mining. Strip mining exposes the coal by the advancement of an open pit or strip. As the coal is exposed and extracted, the overburden from th ...

Including:

• Coal mining - Methods of extraction
• Coal mining - History
• Coal mining - Dangers to miners
• Coal mining - Environmental impacts
• Coal mining - External link

Read more here: » Coal mining: Encyclopedia - Coal mining

A coal measure (stratigraphic unit) is the name given to any rock sequence that occurs in the upper part of the Carboniferous System in Europe. It is equivalent to the Pennsylvanian of North America. These rocks are typically coal-bearing. The term coal measure is also used to describe a succession of sedimentary rocks comprising of claystones, shales, siltstones, sandstones, conglomerates, and limestones that are interstratified with beds of coal. Such succession occur worldwide and may not necessarily be Carboniferous in age (such as the Permian coal measures of Australia and the late Cretaceous and ...

Including:

• Coal measure - References and further reading

Read more here: » Coal measure: Encyclopedia - Coal measure

Creosote is the name used for a variety of products: wood creosote, coal tar creosote, coal tar, coal tar pitch, and coal tar pitch volatiles. These products are mixtures of many chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (known as PAHs), phenol, and cresols created by high temperature treatment of beech and other woods, coal, or from the resin of the Creosote bush. Wood creosote is a colorless to yellowish greasy liquid with a smoky odor a ...

Including:

• Creosote - Health effects

Read more here: » Creosote: Encyclopedia - Creosote

Clean coal is coal chemically washed of minerals and impurities, sometimes gasified, burned and the resulting flue gases treated with steam and reburned so as to make the carbon dioxide in the flue gas economically recoverable. The carbon dioxide will then be sequestered by some means (several are being explored - see Carbon dioxide sink). The primary example of clean coal is the proposed US FutureGen ...

Read more here: » Clean coal: Encyclopedia - Clean coal

Coal tar is the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to make coke. The gaseous by-product produced by this process is commonly known as town gas. Coal tar is very viscous brown or black liquid, with smell of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Being inflammable, it is sometimes used for heating or to fire boilers. Like most oils, it must be heated before it will flow easily. It can be made into coal tar soap, and is used in medicated shampoo to kill and repel head lice ...

Read more here: » Coal tar: Encyclopedia - Coal tar

A briquette (or briquet) is a block of flammable matter, such as escaillage, which can be used to start a fire. Some briquettes are compressed and dried brown coal (lignite) extruded into hard blocks. This is a common technique for low rank coals. They are typically dried to 12-18% moisture, and are primarily used in household and industry. In Ireland, peat briquettes are a common type of solid fuel after coal. Although often used as the sole fuel for a fire, they are also used to begin a coal fire quickly without ...

Read more here: » Briquette: Encyclopedia - Briquette

Collier may refer to: a bulk cargo ship that carried coal. They were used both to transport coal between ports and to refuel coal burning ships. an occupational title for people who carried and sold coal. In the Middle Ages colliery was a common profession. Colliery is still an important profession today in the north England counties of Northumberland and Tyne and Wear. In colonial United States, a collier was a person who manufactured charcoal, used for gunpowder and smelting metal ores. It was a diffic ...

Including:

• Collier - People
• Collier - Places

Read more here: » Collier: Encyclopedia - Collier

The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359.2 Ma (million years ago), to the beginning of the Permian period, about 299.0 Ma (ICS 2004). As with most older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by 5–10 million years. The Carboniferous is named for the extensive coal beds of that age found in Great Britain and Western Europe. The first third of the Carboniferous is cal ...

Including:

• Carboniferous - Subdivisions
• Carboniferous - Gzhelian most recent
• Carboniferous - Kasimovian
• Carboniferous - Moscovian
• Carboniferous - Bashkirian/Morrowan
• Carboniferous - Serpukhovian
• Carboniferous - Visean
• Carboniferous - Tournaisian oldest
• Carboniferous - Paleogeography
• Carboniferous - Rocks and coal
• Carboniferous - Life

Read more here: » Carboniferous: Encyclopedia - Carboniferous

The Coal Region is a term used to refer to an area of Northeastern Pennsylvania in the central Appalachian Mountains comprised of Lackawanna, Luzerne, Columbia, Carbon, Schuylkill, Dauphin, and Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. The region's population was 890,121 people as of the most recent census. Many of the names in the region are from the Delaware Indians or Lenapes and Susquehanna native American Indians. The region is home to the largest known deposits of anthracite coal found in the Americas, with an estimated reserve of se ...

Including:

• Coal Region - Geography
• Coal Region - Brief History and Miscellany

Read more here: » Coal Region: Encyclopedia - Coal Region

A Bell Pit is a primitive method of mining coal where the coal lies near the surface on flat land. A shaft is sunk to reach the coal which is then excavated and removed by means of a bucket (much like a well). No supports are used and mining continues outward until the mine becomes too dangerous (or collapses) at which point another mine is started. See also. Drift Mine Deep Mine Opencast Mine Category: Mining ...

Read more here: » Bell pit: Encyclopedia - Bell pit

Carbonization is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue. It is often used in organic chemistry with reference to the generation of coal gas and coal tar from raw coal. Fossil fuels in general are the products of the carbonization of vegetable matter. When biomaterial is exposed to sudden searing heat (as in the case of an atomic bomb explosion or pyroclastic flow from a volcano, for instance), it can be carbonized extremely quickly, turning it into solid carbon. In the destruction of Herculaneum many organic objects such as fur ...

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Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It is brownish-black and has a high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as 45 percent, and very high ash content compared to bituminous coal. The heat content of lignite ranges from 9 to 17 million Btu per short ton (10 to 20 MJ/kg) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 13 million Btu/ton (15 MJ/kg), on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter).

Read more here: » Lignite: Encyclopedia - Lignite

Coal oil is an oil used for illuminating purposes, also called "lamp oil." It was formerly obtained from the distillation of mineral wax, bituminous shale, etc., and hence called coal oil. It is now produced primarily by the distillation and purification of petroleum. It consists mainly of several hydrocarbons of the alkane series, having from 10 to 16 carbon atoms in each molecule, and having a higher boiling point (175–325°C) than gasoline or the petroleum ethers, and a lower boiling point than the oils.