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Clinical trials | A Wisdom Archive on Clinical trials | | Clinical trials A selection of articles related to Clinical trials | |
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clinical trials
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Clinical trials | | | | |  Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - HIV vaccine - Problems with HIV vaccine researchIn 1984, after the confirmation of the etiological agent of AIDS by Prof. Robert Gallo, the United States Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler declared that a vaccine would be available within two years (Associated Press, 1984). However, the classical vaccination approaches that have been successful in the control of various viral diseases by priming the adaptive immunity to recognise the viral envelope proteins have failed in the case of HIV-1, as the epitopes of the viral envelope are too variable. Furthermore, the function ...
See also:HIV vaccine, HIV vaccine - Problems with HIV vaccine research, HIV vaccine - Research achievements, HIV vaccine - Clinical trials to date, HIV vaccine - Economics of vaccine development Read more here: » HIV vaccine: Encyclopedia II - HIV vaccine - Problems with HIV vaccine research |
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| | | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Likelihood principle - Example Suppose
X is the number of successes in twelve independent Bernoulli trials with probability θ of success on each trial, and
Y is the number of independent Bernoulli trials needed to get three successes, again with probability θ of success on each trial.
Then the observation that X = 3 induces the likelihood function
and the observation that Y = 12 induces the likelihood function
These are equivalent because each is a scalar multiple of the other. The likelihood principle therefore says the inferences drawn about t ...
See also:Likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Example, Likelihood principle - The law of likelihood, Likelihood principle - Historical remarks, Likelihood principle - Arguments for and against the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Experimental design arguments on the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - The voltmeter story, Likelihood principle - Bayesian arguments on the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Optional stopping in clinical trials Read more here: » Likelihood principle: Encyclopedia II - Likelihood principle - Example |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Investigator's Brochure - Contents of the Investigator's Brochure The IB should contain the following sections, each with literature references where appropriate:
Table of Contents (Click HERE for an example)
Summary A brief summary (preferably not exceeding two pages) should be given, highlighting the significant physical, chemical, pharmaceutical, pharmacological, toxicological, pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and clinical information available that is relevant to the stage of clinical development of the investigational product.
Introduction A brief introductory statement should be provi ...
See also:Investigator's Brochure, Investigator's Brochure - CLINICAL TRIAL INVESTIGATOR'S BROCHURE IB, Investigator's Brochure - Title Page, Investigator's Brochure - Confidentiality Statement, Investigator's Brochure - Contents of the Investigator's Brochure, Investigator's Brochure - Sample of Title Page:, Investigator's Brochure - Sample of Table of Content, Investigator's Brochure - Source Read more here: » Investigator's Brochure: Encyclopedia II - Investigator's Brochure - Contents of the Investigator's Brochure |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Investigator's Brochure - Title Page This should provide the sponsor's name, the identity of each investigational product (i.e., research number, chemical or approved generic name, and trade name(s) where legally permissible and desired by the sponsor), and the release date. It is also suggested that an edition number, and a reference to the number and date of the edition it supersedes, be provided.
...
See also:Investigator's Brochure, Investigator's Brochure - CLINICAL TRIAL INVESTIGATOR'S BROCHURE IB, Investigator's Brochure - Title Page, Investigator's Brochure - Confidentiality Statement, Investigator's Brochure - Contents of the Investigator's Brochure, Investigator's Brochure - Sample of Title Page:, Investigator's Brochure - Sample of Table of Content, Investigator's Brochure - Source Read more here: » Investigator's Brochure: Encyclopedia II - Investigator's Brochure - Title Page |
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| | | | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Likelihood principle - The law of likelihood A related concept is the law of likelihood, the notion that the extent to which the evidence supports one parameter value or hypothesis against another is equal to the ratio of their likelihoods. That is,
is the degree to which the observation x supports parameter value or hypothesis a against b. If this ratio is 1, the evidence is indifferent, and if greater or less than 1, the evidence supports a against b or vice versa. The use of Bayes factors can extend thi ...
See also:Likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Example, Likelihood principle - The law of likelihood, Likelihood principle - Historical remarks, Likelihood principle - Arguments for and against the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Experimental design arguments on the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - The voltmeter story, Likelihood principle - Bayesian arguments on the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Optional stopping in clinical trials Read more here: » Likelihood principle: Encyclopedia II - Likelihood principle - The law of likelihood |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Likelihood principle - Historical remarks The likelihood principle was first identified by that name in print in 1962 (Barnard et al., Birnbaum, and Savage et al.), but arguments for the same principle, unnamed, and the use of the principle in applications goes back to the works of R.A. Fisher in the 1920s. The law of likelihood was identified by that name by I. Hacking (1965). More recently the likelihood principle as a general principle of inference has been championed by A. W. F. Edwards. The likelihood principle ...
See also:Likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Example, Likelihood principle - The law of likelihood, Likelihood principle - Historical remarks, Likelihood principle - Arguments for and against the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Experimental design arguments on the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - The voltmeter story, Likelihood principle - Bayesian arguments on the likelihood principle, Likelihood principle - Optional stopping in clinical trials Read more here: » Likelihood principle: Encyclopedia II - Likelihood principle - Historical remarks |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Stomach cancer - Symptoms Stomach cancer can be hard to find early. Often there are no symptoms in the early stages and, in many cases, the cancer has spread before it is found. When symptoms do occur, they are often so vague that the person ignores them. Stomach cancer can cause the following:
Indigestion or a burning sensation (heartburn)
Discomfort or abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea or constipation
Bloating of the stomach after meals
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Weakness and fatigue
Bleeding (vomiting ...
See also:Stomach cancer, Stomach cancer - Epidemiology, Stomach cancer - Symptoms, Stomach cancer - Diagnosis, Stomach cancer - Histopathology, Stomach cancer - Staging, Stomach cancer - Treatment, Stomach cancer - Getting a second opinion, Stomach cancer - Clinical trials, Stomach cancer - Methods of treatment, Stomach cancer - Side effects of treatment, Stomach cancer - Nutrition for cancer patients Read more here: » Stomach cancer: Encyclopedia II - Stomach cancer - Symptoms |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Stomach cancer - Diagnosis To find the cause of symptoms, the doctor asks about the patient's medical history, does a physical exam, and may order laboratory studies. The patient may also have one or all of the following exams:
Fecal occult blood test
Upper GI series
Gastroscopic exam
Abnormal tissue seen in a gastroscope examination will be biopsied by the surgeon or gastroenterologist. This tissue is then sent to a pathologist for histological examination under a microscope to check for the presence of cancerous cells. A biopsy, with subsequent histological analysis, is the only sure ...
See also:Stomach cancer, Stomach cancer - Epidemiology, Stomach cancer - Symptoms, Stomach cancer - Diagnosis, Stomach cancer - Histopathology, Stomach cancer - Staging, Stomach cancer - Treatment, Stomach cancer - Getting a second opinion, Stomach cancer - Clinical trials, Stomach cancer - Methods of treatment, Stomach cancer - Side effects of treatment, Stomach cancer - Nutrition for cancer patients Read more here: » Stomach cancer: Encyclopedia II - Stomach cancer - Diagnosis |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Stomach cancer - Staging If cancer cells are found in the tissue sample, the next step is to stage, or find out the extent of the disease. Various tests determine whether the cancer has spread and, if so, what parts of the body are affected. Because stomach cancer can spread to the liver, the pancreas, and other organs near the stomach as well as to the lungs, the doctor may order a CT scan, an ultrasound exam, or other tests to check these areas.
Staging may not be complete until after surgery. The surgeon removes nearby lymph nodes and may take samples of t ...
See also:Stomach cancer, Stomach cancer - Epidemiology, Stomach cancer - Symptoms, Stomach cancer - Diagnosis, Stomach cancer - Histopathology, Stomach cancer - Staging, Stomach cancer - Treatment, Stomach cancer - Getting a second opinion, Stomach cancer - Clinical trials, Stomach cancer - Methods of treatment, Stomach cancer - Side effects of treatment, Stomach cancer - Nutrition for cancer patients Read more here: » Stomach cancer: Encyclopedia II - Stomach cancer - Staging |
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| | | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Motor neurone disease - Treatment Currently, there is no cure for ALS. The only drug that affects the course of the disease is riluzole. This drug, an ion-channel blocker, can typically extend the lifespan of an ALS patient by only a few months.
The search for a drug that will slow ALS disease progression is underway. For example, recent research using mouse models suggests that minocycline, a common antibiotic, may also be effective in extending the lifespan of ALS sufferers. This drug must pass clinical trials with ALS patients before it may be used as a general tre ...
See also:Motor neurone disease, Motor neurone disease - Terminology, Motor neurone disease - Signs and symptoms, Motor neurone disease - Diagnosis, Motor neurone disease - Pathology, Motor neurone disease - Causes, Motor neurone disease - Pathophysiology, Motor neurone disease - Extra-motor change in MND, Motor neurone disease - Epidemiology, Motor neurone disease - Prognosis, Motor neurone disease - Treatment, Motor neurone disease - Etymology, Motor neurone disease - History and prominent patients, Motor neurone disease - Sources and references, Motor neurone disease - Information about Clinical Trials, Motor neurone disease - Other Resources Read more here: » Motor neurone disease: Encyclopedia II - Motor neurone disease - Treatment |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Evidence-based medicine - Overview Using techniques from science, engineering and statistics, such as meta-analysis of the existing literature, risk-benefit analysis, and randomized controlled trials, it aims for the ideal that all doctors and other healthcare professionals should make "conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence" in their everyday practice.
Evidence-based medicine categorizes different types of clinical evidence and ranks them according to the strength of their freedom from the various biases that beset medical research. For ex ...
See also:Evidence-based medicine, Evidence-based medicine - Overview, Evidence-based medicine - History, Evidence-based medicine - Qualification of evidence, Evidence-based medicine - Categories of recommendations, Evidence-based medicine - Limitations of available evidence, Evidence-based medicine - Criticism of evidence-based medicine, Evidence-based medicine - Note Read more here: » Evidence-based medicine: Encyclopedia II - Evidence-based medicine - Overview |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Pharmaceutical company - Drug development Drug development is considered a costly and intensive process. Of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction is eventually approved, and only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development,clinical trials, and safety monitoring to determine the safety and efficacy of a compound. Most clinical trials are randomized and controlled. The cost for a new drug (new chemical entity) is estimated to be about $1 billion US$. This figure is however hotly disputed.[3] Depending on a number of considerations, a company may app ...
See also:Pharmaceutical company, Pharmaceutical company - History, Pharmaceutical company - Biotechnology company, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery, Pharmaceutical company - Target identification, Pharmaceutical company - Target prioritization/validation, Pharmaceutical company - Lead identification, Pharmaceutical company - Lead optimization, Pharmaceutical company - Drug development, Pharmaceutical company - Phase I Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase II Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase III Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - New Drug Application, Pharmaceutical company - Orphan drug, Pharmaceutical company - Post-approval surveillance, Pharmaceutical company - Phase IIIb/IV Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Post-Market Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Products, Pharmaceutical company - Drug information, Pharmaceutical company - ICD and DRG, Pharmaceutical company - Revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Industry revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Patents and Generics, Pharmaceutical company - Medicare Part D, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing, Pharmaceutical company - The pharmaceutical industry is different, Pharmaceutical company - Advertising to physicians, Pharmaceutical company - Direct to consumer, Pharmaceutical company - The payers, Pharmaceutical company - Mergers acquisitions and co-marketing of drugs, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Bibliography, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery and development, Pharmaceutical company - Management mergers acquisitions co-marketing deals, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing Read more here: » Pharmaceutical company: Encyclopedia II - Pharmaceutical company - Drug development |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Prognosis It is natural for anyone facing cancer to be concerned about what the future holds. Understanding the nature of cancer and what to expect can help patients and their loved ones plan treatment, anticipate lifestyle changes, and make quality of life and financial decisions.
Cancer patients frequently ask their doctors or search on their own for an answer to the question, "What is my prognosis?" Prognosis is a prediction of the future course and outcome of a disease and an indication of the likelihood of recovery. However, it is only an estimate. When doctors discuss a patient's prognosis, they are attempting to project wh ...
See also:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Symptoms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Diagnosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Staging, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Stages of NHL, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Treatment, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Clinical trials, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Nutrition, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Prognosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Followup care, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Notable NHL patients Read more here: » Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Encyclopedia II - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Prognosis |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has increased dramatically over the last couple of decades. This disease has gone from being relatively rare to being the fifth most common cancer in the United States. At this time, little is known about the reasons for this increase or about exactly what causes non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Doctors can seldom explain why one person gets non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and another does not. It is clear, however, that cancer is not caused by an injury, and is not contagious; no one can "c ...
See also:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Symptoms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Diagnosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Staging, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Stages of NHL, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Treatment, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Clinical trials, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Nutrition, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Prognosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Followup care, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Notable NHL patients Read more here: » Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Encyclopedia II - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Symptoms The most common symptom of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, underarm (axilla), or groin.
Other symptoms may include the following:
Unexplained fever
Night sweats
Constant fatigue
Unexplained weight loss and anorexia (poor appetite)
Itchy skin (pruritus)
Reddened patches on the skin
When symptoms like these occur, they are not sure signs of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. They may also be caused by other, less serious conditions ...
See also:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Symptoms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Diagnosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Staging, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Stages of NHL, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Treatment, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Clinical trials, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Nutrition, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Prognosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Followup care, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Notable NHL patients Read more here: » Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Encyclopedia II - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Symptoms |
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| | | | | Clinical trials: Encyclopedia II - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Diagnosis If non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is suspected, the doctor asks about the person's medical history and performs a physical exam. The exam includes feeling to see if the lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin are enlarged. In addition to checking general signs of health, the doctor may perform blood tests.
The doctor may also order tests that produce pictures of the inside of the body. These may include:
X-rays: Pictures of areas inside the body created by high-energy radiation.
CT scan (computed tomography scan, als ...
See also:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Symptoms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Diagnosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Staging, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Stages of NHL, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Treatment, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Clinical trials, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Nutrition, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Prognosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Followup care, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Notable NHL patients Read more here: » Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Encyclopedia II - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Diagnosis |
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