Encyclopedia - Clinical Trial: Encyclopedia - Clinical Trial
In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. Clinical trial - Ty...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clinical Trial: Encyclopedia Ii - Clinical Trial - Types Of Clinical Trials
The most commonly performed clinical trials evaluate new drugs, medical devices, biologics, or other interventions to patients in strictl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clinical Trial: Encyclopedia Ii - Clinical Trial - Phases
Drug clinical trials are commonly classified into four phases, and the drug-development process will normally proceed through all four st...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator: Encyclopedia Ii - Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator - Clinical Trials
A number of clinical trials have demonstrated the superiority of the ICD over AAD (antiarrhythmic drugs) in the prevention of death from ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma - Clinical Trials
Many people with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma take part in clinical trials (research studies). Doctors conduct clinical trials to learn about t...   » Read the article

Article - Medical Astrology: What Is Medical Astrology? I
Medical Astrology presented by Ingrid Naiman, is a wholistic approach to Astrology that include not only the interpretation of an Astrolo...   » Read the article

Article - Medical Astrology: What Is Medical Astrology? Ii
Medical Astrology: In this second part of the article, Ingrid Naiman further explain the dynamics of Medical Astrology.    » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clinical Protocol: Encyclopedia - Clinical Protocol
A Clinical Trial Protocol is a document that describes the objective(s), design, methodology, statistical considerations, and organizatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study: Encyclopedia - Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study
The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (also known under the abbreviation 4S) is a multicenter clinical trial that was performed in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ziprasidone: Encyclopedia - Ziprasidone
Ziprasidone Ziprasidone (Geodon®) was the fifth atypical antipsychotic to gain FDA approval. Ziprasidone is FDA approved for the treatm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Efficacy: Encyclopedia - Efficacy
In general, efficacy is the ability to produce an effect, usually a specifically desired effect. For example, an efficacious vaccine has ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Approved Drug: Encyclopedia - Approved Drug
In the United States, the FDA approves prescription drugs. Before a drug can be prescribed, it must undergo an extensive FDA approval pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cancer Research: Encyclopedia - Cancer Research
Cancer research is research into cancer in order to identify causes and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatments and cure...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cupping: Encyclopedia - Cupping
Cupping is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy involving the placement of glass, plastic, or bamboo cups on the skin with a vacu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age-related Eye Disease Study: Encyclopedia - Age-related Eye Disease Study
The Age-Related Eye Disease Study was a clinical trial sponsored by the National Eye Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clinical Trial: Encyclopedia Ii - Clinical Trial - Phases
Pharmaceutical clinical trials are commonly classified into four phases, and the drug-development process will normally proceed through a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clinical Trials With Surprising Outcomes: Encyclopedia Ii - Clinical Trials With Surprising Outcomes - Inotropic Agents For Congestive Heart Failure
Multiple inotropic agents (drugs that stimulate heart contraction) have been studied in congestive heart failure in an effort to improve ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hiv Vaccine: Encyclopedia Ii - Hiv Vaccine - Clinical Trials To Date
17 vaccine candidates are in in phase I trials and four in phase I/II. There is only one in phase III (the NIH/Department of Defense’s ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hiv Vaccine: Encyclopedia Ii - Hiv Vaccine - Clinical Trials To Date
Up to May 2000 over 60 phase I/II trials of candidate vaccines had been conducted worldwide. Most initial approaches focused on the HIV e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Investigator's Brochure: Encyclopedia Ii - Investigator's Brochure - Clinical Trial Investigator's Brochure Ib
The Investigator's Brochure (IB) is a compilation of the clinical and nonclinical data on the investigational product(s) that are relevan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator: Encyclopedia Ii - Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator - History Of Icd
The development of the ICD was pioneered by Michael Mirowski’s team working at Sinai Hospital in Baltimore with the help of industrial ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hiv Vaccine: Encyclopedia Ii - Hiv Vaccine - Problems With Hiv Vaccine Research
In 1984, after the confirmation of the etiological agent of AIDS by Prof. Robert Gallo, the United States Health and Human Services Secre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hiv Vaccine: Encyclopedia Ii - Hiv Vaccine - Research Achievements
Research supports the contention that a safe and effective vaccine is possible. Vaccines against other diseases where correlates were not...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Likelihood Principle: Encyclopedia Ii - Likelihood Principle - Example
Suppose X is the number of successes in twelve independent Bernoulli trials with probability θ of success on each trial, and Y is the n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Investigator's Brochure: Encyclopedia Ii - Investigator's Brochure - Contents Of The Investigator's Brochure
The IB should contain the following sections, each with literature references where appropriate: Table of Contents (Click HERE for an exa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Investigator's Brochure: Encyclopedia Ii - Investigator's Brochure - Title Page
This should provide the sponsor's name, the identity of each investigational product (i.e., research number, chemical or approved generic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Investigator's Brochure: Encyclopedia Ii - Investigator's Brochure - Confidentiality Statement
The sponsor may wish to include a statement instructing the investigator/recipients to treat the IB as a confidential document for the so...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Investigator's Brochure: Encyclopedia Ii - Investigator's Brochure - Sample Of Title Page:
TITLE PAGE (Example) SPONSOR'S NAME Product: Research Number: Name(s): Chemical, Generic (if approved) Trade Name(s) (if legally permiss...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Likelihood Principle: Encyclopedia Ii - Likelihood Principle - The Law Of Likelihood
A related concept is the law of likelihood, the notion that the extent to which the evidence supports one parameter value or hypothesis a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Likelihood Principle: Encyclopedia Ii - Likelihood Principle - Historical Remarks
The likelihood principle was first identified by that name in print in 1962 (Barnard et al., Birnbaum, and Savage et al.), but arguments ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stomach Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Stomach Cancer - Symptoms
Stomach cancer can be hard to find early. Often there are no symptoms in the early stages and, in many cases, the cancer has spread befor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stomach Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Stomach Cancer - Diagnosis
To find the cause of symptoms, the doctor asks about the patient's medical history, does a physical exam, and may order laboratory studie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stomach Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Stomach Cancer - Staging
If cancer cells are found in the tissue sample, the next step is to stage, or find out the extent of the disease. Various tests determine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Investigator's Brochure: Encyclopedia Ii - Investigator's Brochure - Sample Of Table Of Content
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF INVESTIGATOR'S BROCHURE (Example) Confidentiality Statement (optional) Signature Page (optional) 1 Table of Content...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motor Neurone Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Motor Neurone Disease - Treatment
Currently, there is no cure for ALS. The only drug that affects the course of the disease is riluzole. This drug, an ion-channel blocker,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evidence-based Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Evidence-based Medicine - Overview
Using techniques from science, engineering and statistics, such as meta-analysis of the existing literature, risk-benefit analysis, and r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pharmaceutical Company: Encyclopedia Ii - Pharmaceutical Company - Drug Development
Drug development is considered a costly and intensive process. Of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction is e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma - Prognosis
It is natural for anyone facing cancer to be concerned about what the future holds. Understanding the nature of cancer and what to expect...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma - Etiology
The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has increased dramatically over the last couple of decades. This disease has gone from being rela...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma - Symptoms
The most common symptom of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, underarm (axilla), or groin. Oth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma - Diagnosis
If non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is suspected, the doctor asks about the person's medical history and performs a physical exam. The exam include...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma - Types Of Non-hodgkin's Lymphoma
Over the years, doctors have used a variety of terms to classify the many different types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Most often, they are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma - Staging
If non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is diagnosed, the doctor needs to learn the stage, or extent, of the disease. Staging is a careful attempt to f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma - Treatment
The doctor develops a treatment plan to fit each patient's needs. Treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma depends on the stage of the diseas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-hodgkin Lymphoma - Nutrition
Eating well during cancer treatment means getting enough food energy and protein to help prevent weight loss and regain strength. Good nu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motor Neurone Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Motor Neurone Disease - Signs And Symptoms
Characteristic symptoms of MND include gradual weakening, wasting away, and uncontrollable twitching of the muscles; spasticity or stiffn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motor Neurone Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Motor Neurone Disease - Diagnosis
The diagnosis of ALS is established based on the history of the patient and the findings on neurological examination. There is no diagnos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motor Neurone Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Motor Neurone Disease - Pathology
Motor neurone disease - Causes. Nonhereditary (also called sporadic) MND are caused by unknown factors. Nonhereditary MND include ALS, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motor Neurone Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Motor Neurone Disease - Pathology
Motor neurone disease - Causes. Nonhereditary (also called sporadic) MND are caused by unknown factors. Nonhereditary MND include ALS, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pharmaceutical Company: Encyclopedia Ii - Pharmaceutical Company - Post-approval Surveillance
Some medications only show to have safety issues after they are marketed, as clinical trials are of a limited size, such as the 3,000 tes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motor Neurone Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Motor Neurone Disease - Epidemiology
MND has three major subgroups: primary lateral sclerosis (PLS, only the upper motor neurones are affected), progressive muscular atrophy ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motor Neurone Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Motor Neurone Disease - History And Prominent Patients
U.S. baseball player Lou Gehrig brought national and international attention to the disease in 1939 when he abruptly retired after being ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Medicine - Recent Studies
Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observation on male British doctors Authors: R. Doll, R. Peto, J. Boreham, I. Sutherland Pub...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regulatory Requirement: Encyclopedia Ii - Regulatory Requirement - Regulatory Review:
Investigational New Drug (IND) Application: An application filed with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prior to human testing....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Estimation Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Estimation Theory - Fields That Use Estimation Theory
There are numerous fields that require the use of estimation theory. Some of these fields include (but by no means limited to): Medicine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Insulin-like Growth Factor 1: Encyclopedia Ii - Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 - Igf1 As A Therapeutic Agent
IGF1 has been synthesized and used in therapeutic trials for several conditions including growth failure and diabetes. Results of clinica...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Substitutes: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Substitutes - Current Oxygen Therapeutics Under Development
Blood substitutes - Perfluorocarbon based. Oxygent, by Alliance Pharmaceutical. Status: U.S. phase II trials, European phase III trial...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zanamivir: Encyclopedia Ii - Zanamivir - Limitations
Whilst zanamivir proved to be a potent and effective inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase and inhibitor of influenza virus replication in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sleeping Sickness: Encyclopedia Ii - Sleeping Sickness - Treatment
Eflornithine (difluoromethylornithine or DFMO), the most modern treatment, was developed in the 1970s by Albert Sjoerdsmanot and underwen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regulatory Requirement: Encyclopedia Ii - Regulatory Requirement - Phase Iii Clinical Evaluation
Controlled and uncontrolled clinical trial of a drug's safety and effectiveness in hospital and outpatient settings. Phase III studies g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evidence-based Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Evidence-based Medicine - Criticism Of Evidence-based Medicine
Critics of evidence-based medicine maintain that good evidence is often deficient in many areas, that lack of evidence and lack of benefi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evidence-based Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Evidence-based Medicine - Qualification Of Evidence
Systems to stratify evidence by quality have been developed, such as this one by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Level I: Evide...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evidence-based Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Evidence-based Medicine - Categories Of Recommendations
In guidelines and other publications, recommendations are classified according to the level of evidence on which they are based. The U.S....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evidence-based Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Evidence-based Medicine - Limitations Of Available Evidence
It is recognised that not all evidence is made accessible, that this can limit the effectiveness of any approach, and that effort to redu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Memantine: Encyclopedia Ii - Memantine - Clinical Use
Memantine - Indications. Memantine is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. (Joint For...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lupus Erythematosus: Encyclopedia Ii - Lupus Erythematosus - Classification
The American College of Rheumatology has established eleven criteria in 1982[1], which were revised in 1997[2], as a classificatory instr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aphrodisiac: Encyclopedia Ii - Aphrodisiac - Other Drugs
There is some debate in lay circles as to whether a chemical called phenylethylamine present in chocolate is an aphrodisiac. This compoun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Melatonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Melatonin - Medical Uses Of Melatonin
In recent times, melatonin has become available as a medication and a dietary supplement. Because it does not have to be prescribed and i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nettle: Encyclopedia Ii - Nettle - Uses
Nettle stems are a popular raw material used in small-scale papermaking. The tops of growing nettles are a popular cooked green in many a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zopiclone: Encyclopedia Ii - Zopiclone - Adverse Reactions
The side-effect most commonly seen in clinical trials is taste alteration (bitter, metallic taste). Zopiclone - More Common Reactions:. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oncology: Encyclopedia Ii - Oncology - Ethical Issues
There are a number of recurring ethical questions and dilemmas in oncological practice. These include: What information to give the pati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Encyclopedia Ii - Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - Treatment
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic, progressive disease that cannot be cured. It implicates two main goals of treatment of the disease...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emtricitabine: Encyclopedia Ii - Emtricitabine - Indications
Emtricitabine is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV infection in adults. This indication ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Captopril: Encyclopedia Ii - Captopril - Shortcomings
During Phase III/IV trials of captopril, it was found that captopril had some undesirable adverse effects. The most predominant of which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tumor Necrosis Factor: Encyclopedia Ii - Tumor Necrosis Factor - Pharmacology
Inhibition of TNFα with a monoclonal antibody or a circulating receptor such as infliximab (Remicade®), etanercept (Enbrel®), or adali...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tramadol: Encyclopedia Ii - Tramadol - Dependence
Some controversy exists regarding the dependence liability of tramadol. Grünenthal has promoted it as an opioid with "little" risk of de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rna Interference: Encyclopedia Ii - Rna Interference - Role In Medicine
The dsRNAs that trigger RNAi may be usable as drugs. The first application to reach clinical trials is in the treatment of macular degene...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orlistat: Encyclopedia Ii - Orlistat - Side Effects
The primary side effects of the drug are GI-related. Side effects were most severe within the first year of therapy. Because its main eff...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - St John's Wort: Encyclopedia Ii - St John's Wort - Dose/formulations
The dosage of St John's wort preparations vary greatly between formulations, due to variability in the plant source and preparation proce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pharmaceutical Company: Encyclopedia Ii - Pharmaceutical Company - Drug Discovery
Drug discovery is the process by which drugs are discovered and/or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by identi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pharmaceutical Company: Encyclopedia Ii - Pharmaceutical Company - Products
Pharmaceutical company - Drug information. Drug information and data are provided by the FDA and are located at the Orange Book site. D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pharmaceutical Company: Encyclopedia Ii - Pharmaceutical Company - Revenues
Pharmaceutical company - Industry revenues. 2004 global dollar volume was $550 billion, a 7 percent increase over 2003—which in turn ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pharmaceutical Company: Encyclopedia Ii - Pharmaceutical Company - Sales And Marketing
Pharmaceutical company - The pharmaceutical industry is different. The pharmaceutical industry is different from most industries in tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pharmaceutical Company: Encyclopedia Ii - Pharmaceutical Company - Bibliography
Pharmaceutical company - Controversy. Ray Moynihan, Alan Cassels: Selling sickness: How the world's biggest pharmaceutical companies a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Mesereau: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Mesereau - Legal Service To The Community
Balancing Mr. Mesereau's high-profile courtroom career achievements are his many pro bono legal projects aiding the needy and powerless, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herbalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Herbalism - Examples
Examples of some commonly used herbal medicines: Artichoke and several other plants reduced total serum cholesterol levels in preliminar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bupropion: Encyclopedia Ii - Bupropion - History
Bupropion was first synthesized by Burroughs Research in 1966, and patented by Burroughs-Wellcome (later Glaxo-Wellcome, and, as of 2000,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adverse Effect Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Adverse Effect Medicine - Reporting Systems
In many countries, adverse effects are required by law to be reported, researched in clinical trials and included into the patient inform...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Treatment
No cure has yet been found for ALS. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the first drug treatment for the disease...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sildenafil: Encyclopedia Ii - Sildenafil - History
Sildenafil, initially known as compound UK-92,480, was initially developed to treat angina pectoris (a form of cardiovascular disease). P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Imatinib: Encyclopedia Ii - Imatinib - Uses
Imatinib is used in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and a number of other malignancies. Early...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medical Malpractice: Encyclopedia Ii - Medical Malpractice - Trial Of Claims
Although medical malpractice is most often thought of as applying to physicians, the term includes the medical negligence of any medical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flecainide: Encyclopedia Ii - Flecainide - Serious Adverse Reactions
Results of a medical study known as the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) demonstrated that patients with structural heart dise...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Doctors Study: Encyclopedia Ii - British Doctors Study - Context
Although there had been suspicions of a link between smoking and various diseases, the evidence for this link had been largely circumstan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thalidomide: Encyclopedia Ii - Thalidomide - The Thalidomide Tragedy
Thalidomide had passed safety tests performed on animals, primarily because the proper tests — particularly those involving pregna...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atherosclerosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Atherosclerosis - Recent Research
Progress on methods to improve HDLipoprotein particle concentrations and function, which in some animal studies largely reverses and remo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Treatment
No cure has yet been found for ALS. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the first drug treatment for the disease...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sas Institute: Encyclopedia Ii - Sas Institute - Company
Although the advent of more powerful personal computers has also allowed lower cost statistical packages to be available, SAS software co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Relative Risk: Encyclopedia Ii - Relative Risk - Association With Odds Ratio
Relative risk is different from odds ratio, although asymptotically approaches odds ratio for small probabilities. In fact, odds ratio ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Harold Shipman: Encyclopedia Ii - Harold Shipman - Detection
In March 1998, Dr Linda Reynolds of the Brooke Surgery in Hyde, opposite Shipman's clinic, went to John Pollard, the coroner for the Sout...   » Read the article