In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials. The most commonly performed clinical trials evaluate new drugs, medical devices, biologics, or other interventions to patients in strictly scientifically controlled settings, and are required for Food and Drug Administration approval of new therapies. Trials may be designed to assess the safety and efficacy of an experimental therapy, to assess whet ...

Including:

• Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials
• Clinical trial - Phases
• Clinical trial - Phase I
• Clinical trial - Phase II
• Clinical trial - Phase III
• Clinical trial - Phase IV

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Clinical trial, Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials, Clinical trial - Phases, Clinical trial - Phase I, Clinical trial - Phase II, Clinical trial - Phase III, Clinical trial - Phase IV

Read more here: » Clinical trial: Encyclopedia II - Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials

Drug clinical trials are commonly classified into four phases, and the drug-development process will normally proceed through all four stages over many years. If the drug successfully passes through the first three phases, it will usually be successfully approved for use in the general population. Before embarking on costly clinical trials, pharmaceutical companies will perform pre-clinical development to ensure that their investment is wise. < ...

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Clinical trial, Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials, Clinical trial - Phases, Clinical trial - Phase I, Clinical trial - Phase II, Clinical trial - Phase III, Clinical trial - Phase IV

Read more here: » Clinical trial: Encyclopedia II - Clinical trial - Phases

A number of clinical trials have demonstrated the superiority of the ICD over AAD (antiarrhythmic drugs) in the prevention of death from malignant arrhythmias. The SCD-HeFT trial (published in 2005) showed a significant all-cause mortality benefit for patients with ICD. Heart Failure patients that were implanted with an ICD had an all-cause death risk 23% lower than placebo and an absolute decrease in mortality of 7.2 percentage points after five years in the overall population.1 Reporting in 1999, the Antiarrhythmics Versus Im ...

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Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator - History of ICD, Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator - Clinical trials

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Many people with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma take part in clinical trials (research studies). Doctors conduct clinical trials to learn about the effectiveness and side effects of new treatments. In some trials, all patients receive the new treatment. In others, doctors compare different therapies by giving the new treatment to one group of patients and the standard therapy to another group; or they may compare one standard treatment with another. Research like this has led to significant advances in the treatment of cancer. Each achievement brin ...

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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Symptoms, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Diagnosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Staging, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Stages of NHL, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Treatment, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Clinical trials, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Nutrition, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Prognosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Followup care, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Etiology, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Notable NHL patients

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Medical Astrology presented by Ingrid Naiman, is a wholistic approach to Astrology that include not only the interpretation of an Astrology chart but also involves astroendocrinology, the effects of stress, the elements and provide remidies that promotes physical, psychological and spiritual wellbeing.

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Medical Astrology: In this second part of the article, Ingrid Naiman further explain the dynamics of Medical Astrology.

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A Clinical Trial Protocol is a document that describes the objective(s), design, methodology, statistical considerations, and organization of a clinical trial. The protocol usually also gives the background and rationale for the trial, but these could be provided in other protocol referenced documents (such as an Investigator's Brochure). The protocol contains a study plan on which all clinical trials are based. The plan is designed to safeguard the health of the participants as well as answer specific research questions. The p ...

Including:

• Clinical protocol - Regulatory Agencies Using ICH Guidelines for Clinical Trial Protocol

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The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (also known under the abbreviation 4S) is a multicenter clinical trial that was performed in 1990s in Scandinavia. The objective of the study was to assess effect of cholesterol-lowering drug called simvastatin on mortality and morbidity in group of 4444 patients with coronary heart disease, aged between 35 and 70 years. The patients presented with moderate hypercholesterolemia between 5.5 and 8.0 mmol/l. The results of the trial showed that treatment of patients with simvastatin patients sufferi ...

Including:

• Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study - References

Read more here: » Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study: Encyclopedia - Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study

Ziprasidone Ziprasidone (Geodon®) was the fifth atypical antipsychotic to gain FDA approval. Ziprasidone is FDA approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, and the intramuscular injection form of ziprasidone is approved for acute agitation in schizophrenic patients. Clinical trials were conducted in acute cases of mania. Long-term trials have not been conducted for acute bipolar symptoms. Any "hypersensitivity to the product" -- including any of the adverse events noted during clinical trials-- ...

Including:

• Ziprasidone - Pharmacology
• Ziprasidone - Pharmacokinetics
• Ziprasidone - Metabolism
• Ziprasidone - Adverse Events

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In general, efficacy is the ability to produce an effect, usually a specifically desired effect. For example, an efficacious vaccine has the ability to prevent or cure a specific illness. In medicine a distinction is often drawn between 'efficacy' and 'effectiveness'. Whereas efficacy may be shown in clinical trials, effectiveness is demonstrated in practice. The concept of 'self-efficacy' is an important

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In the United States, the FDA approves prescription drugs. Before a drug can be prescribed, it must undergo an extensive FDA approval process. This process involves first testing the drug on animals or in medical labs. If found to be safe by the FDA and approved for the next phase of study, the drug is then tested for safety and effectiveness in humans (clinical trials). The drug manufacturer then files a New Drug Application to the FDA, which review ...

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Cancer research is research into cancer in order to identify causes and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatments and cure. Cancer research ranges from epidemiology, molecular bioscience (bench research) to the performance of clinical trials to evaluate and compare applications of the various cancer treatment. These applications include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy, and combined treatment modalities such as chemo-radiotherapy. Starting in the mid-1990s, the emphasis in clinical can ...

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• Cancer research - Genes involved in Cancer

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Cupping is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy involving the placement of glass, plastic, or bamboo cups on the skin with a vacuum. The therapy is used to relieve what is called "stagnation" in TCM terms, and is used in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as the common cold, pneumonia, and bronchitis. Cupping is also used to treat back, neck, shoulder, and other musculoskeletal pain. Its advocates claim it has other applications as well. Cupping has never been shown to be effective in a clinical trial. It can leave temporary unsightly marks on the ...

Including:

• Cupping - External link

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The Age-Related Eye Disease Study was a clinical trial sponsored by the National Eye Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health in the United States. The study was designed to investigate the natural history and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts, and evaluate the effects of high doses of antioxidants and zinc on the progression of the two conditions in those with AMD The study of 3600 individuals for an average of 6.3 years concluded that high levels of an ...

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Pharmaceutical clinical trials are commonly classified into four phases, and the drug-development process will normally proceed through all four stages over many years. If the drug successfully passes through the first three phases, it will usually be successfully approved for use in the general population. Before pharmaceutical companies start clinical trials on drugs, extensive pre-clinial studies are conducted. < ...

See also:

Clinical trial, Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials, Clinical trial - Phases, Clinical trial - Phase I, Clinical trial - Phase II, Clinical trial - Phase III, Clinical trial - Phase IV

Read more here: » Clinical trial: Encyclopedia II - Clinical trial - Phases

Multiple inotropic agents (drugs that stimulate heart contraction) have been studied in congestive heart failure in an effort to improve symptoms and survival. Physiologically, it would have been anticipated that drugs that enhance heart contraction would improve outcome. However, with the notable exception of digoxin, many of these agents have had disappointing results in clinical trials, and in some cases have actually increased mortality. One inotropic agent in particular is vesnarinone. Initially, a short term study showed promisi ...

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Clinical trials with surprising outcomes, Clinical trials with surprising outcomes - Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial, Clinical trials with surprising outcomes - Inotropic agents for congestive heart failure, Clinical trials with surprising outcomes - Liberal v. restrictive red blood cell transfusions, Clinical trials with surprising outcomes - Bone marrow transplant for breast cancer, Clinical trials with surprising outcomes - Hormone replacement therapy

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17 vaccine candidates are in in phase I trials and four in phase I/II. There is only one in phase III (the NIH/Department of Defense’s ALVAC vCP 1521 canary pox vector/AIDSVAX prime-boost vaccine trial now under way in Thailand). Up to May 2000 over 60 phase I/II trials of candidate vaccines had been conducted worldwide. Most initial approaches focused on the HIV envelope protein. At least thirteen different gp120 and gp160 envelope candidates have been evaluated, in the US predominantly through the AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group. Mo ...

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HIV vaccine, HIV vaccine - Problems with HIV vaccine research, HIV vaccine - Research achievements, HIV vaccine - Clinical trials to date, HIV vaccine - Economics of vaccine development

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Up to May 2000 over 60 phase I/II trials of candidate vaccines had been conducted worldwide. Most initial approaches focused on the HIV envelope protein. At least thirteen different gp120 and gp160 envelope candidates have been evaluated, in the US predominantly through the AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group. Most research focused on gp120 rather than gp41/gp160, as the latter are generally more difficult to produce and did not initially offer any clear advantage over gp120 forms. Overall, they have been safe and immunogenic in diverse population ...

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HIV vaccine, HIV vaccine - Problems with HIV vaccine research, HIV vaccine - Research achievements, HIV vaccine - Clinical trials to date, HIV vaccine - Economics of vaccine development

Read more here: » HIV vaccine: Encyclopedia II - HIV vaccine - Clinical trials to date

The Investigator's Brochure (IB) is a compilation of the clinical and nonclinical data on the investigational product(s) that are relevant to the study of the product(s) in human subjects. Its purpose is to provide the investigators and others involved in the trial with the information to facilitate their understanding of the rationale for, and their compliance with, many key features of the clinical protocol, such as the dose, dose frequency/interval, methods of administration: and safety monitoring procedures. The IB also provides insight ...

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Investigator's Brochure, Investigator's Brochure - CLINICAL TRIAL INVESTIGATOR'S BROCHURE IB, Investigator's Brochure - Title Page, Investigator's Brochure - Confidentiality Statement, Investigator's Brochure - Contents of the Investigator's Brochure, Investigator's Brochure - Sample of Title Page:, Investigator's Brochure - Sample of Table of Content, Investigator's Brochure - Source

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