clinical trial

Several studies have stimulated doubt about the effectiveness of antidepressants. The studies cite that the difference between antidepressants and placebo is neglible. Antidepressants work only slightly better than placebo, and the Food and Drug Administration has not informed physicians of how little benefit most of these depression drugs offer (Kirsch I, Moore TJ, Scoboria A, Nicholls SS (2002a), The emperor's new drugs: an analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ...

See also:

Antidepressant, Antidepressant - History, Antidepressant - Classes and members, Antidepressant - Classes, Antidepressant - Prominent members, Antidepressant - Mechanism of action, Antidepressant - Treatment strategies, Antidepressant - Switching, Antidepressant - Augmentation and combination, Antidepressant - Combining with psychotherapy, Antidepressant - Preventing relapse, Antidepressant - Tolerance and dependence, Antidepressant - Side effects, Antidepressant - General, Antidepressant - Sexual, Antidepressant - Opioids, Antidepressant - Controversy, Antidepressant - Alternative medicine

Read more here: » Antidepressant: Encyclopedia II - Antidepressant - Controversy

Regression dilution is a statistical phenomena also known as "attenuation". Consider fitting a straight line (linear regression) for the relationship of an outcome variable y to a predictor variable x, and estimating the gradient (slope) of the line. Statistical variability, measurement error or random noise in the y variable causes imprecision in the estimated gradient, but not bias: on average, the procedure calculates the right gradient. However, variability, measurement error or random noise in the x variable causes bias in the es ...

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Regression dilution, Regression dilution - Introduction, Regression dilution - How to correct for regression dilution, Regression dilution - The case of a randomly distributed x variable, Regression dilution - The case of a fixed x variable, Regression dilution - Multiple x variables, Regression dilution - Is correction necessary?, Regression dilution - Caveats

Read more here: » Regression dilution: Encyclopedia II - Regression dilution - Introduction

Cocaine addiction is the obsessive or uncontrollable abuse of cocaine. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) shows promising results. Spiritual based Twelve-step programs such as Cocaine Anonymous (modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous) have some success combatting this problem. A cocaine vaccine is also being tested which may prevent the recipient from feeling the desirable effects of the drug, although a similar effort to develop a heroin vacci ...

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Cocaine, Cocaine - History, Cocaine - The coca leaf, Cocaine - Isolation, Cocaine - Popularization, Cocaine - Prohibition, Cocaine - Modern usage, Cocaine - Pharmacology, Cocaine - Appearance, Cocaine - Forms of cocaine, Cocaine - Methods of administration, Cocaine - Mechanism of action, Cocaine - Metabolism and excretion, Cocaine - Effects and health issues, Cocaine - Cocaine as a local anesthetic, Cocaine - Cocaine addiction, Cocaine - Treatment, Cocaine - Usage, Cocaine - In the United States, Cocaine - Works concerning cocaine, Cocaine - Books about cocaine, Cocaine - Movies about cocaine

Read more here: » Cocaine: Encyclopedia II - Cocaine - Cocaine addiction

The first testing of a new compound in human subjects, for the purpose of establishing the tolerance of healthy human subjects at different doses, defining its pharmacological effects at anticipated therapeutic levels, and studying its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion patterns in humans. ...

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Regulatory requirement, Regulatory requirement - Drug Discovery and Development, Regulatory requirement - Regulatory Review:, Regulatory requirement - Phase I Clinical Evaluation, Regulatory requirement - Phase II Clinical Evaluation, Regulatory requirement - Phase III Clinical Evaluation, Regulatory requirement - Regulatory Review: New Drug Application NDA, Regulatory requirement - Post approval

Read more here: » Regulatory requirement: Encyclopedia II - Regulatory requirement - Phase I Clinical Evaluation

Studies on humans are revealing the neural mechanisms of placebo effects. Some of the best research is in the area of pain research. People can be conditioned to expect analgesia in certain situations. When those conditions are provided to the patient, the brain responds by generating a pattern of neural activity that produces objectively quantifiable analgesia. Evans (2004) argues that the placebo effect works through a suppression of the acute phase response, and as a result does not work in medical conditions that do not feature th ...

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Placebo effect, Placebo effect - Placebo-controlled studies, Placebo effect - Notable placebo effect absences, Placebo effect - Placebo and pain, Placebo effect - Placebo and depression, Placebo effect - Objective or subjective effects?, Placebo effect - Confounders mistaken for placebo effect

Read more here: » Placebo effect: Encyclopedia II - Placebo effect - Placebo and pain

Antidepressant - Classes. Further information: List of antidepressants Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Tricyclic antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NARIs) Dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs) Opioids Selective serotonin reuptake enhancers (SSREs) Novel antidepressants Tetracyclic antidepressants Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

Antidepressant, Antidepressant - History, Antidepressant - Classes and members, Antidepressant - Classes, Antidepressant - Prominent members, Antidepressant - Mechanism of action, Antidepressant - Treatment strategies, Antidepressant - Switching, Antidepressant - Augmentation and combination, Antidepressant - Combining with psychotherapy, Antidepressant - Preventing relapse, Antidepressant - Tolerance and dependance, Antidepressant - Side effects, Antidepressant - General, Antidepressant - Sexual, Antidepressant - Opioids, Antidepressant - Controversy, Antidepressant - Alternative medicine

Read more here: » Antidepressant: Encyclopedia II - Antidepressant - Classes and members

Britsh firm Reckitt & Colman (now Reckitt Benckiser) first marketed buprenorphine under the trade names Temgesic (sublingual/parenteral preparations, no active additives) and Buprenex (parenteral, no active additives). Two more recent formulations from Reckitt Benckiser have been approved for opioid addiction treatment in the U.S.: Subutex (lemon-lime flavored sublingual, no active additives; in 2mg, 4mg, and 8mg dosages) and Suboxone (orange-tang flavored sublingual, one part naloxone for every four parts bup ...

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Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine - Commercial preparations, Buprenorphine - Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, Buprenorphine - Clinical use, Buprenorphine - Antidepressant, Buprenorphine - Adverse effects, Buprenorphine - Dependence treatment, Buprenorphine - Buprenorphine vs. methadone, Buprenorphine - Inpatient rehabilitation

Read more here: » Buprenorphine: Encyclopedia II - Buprenorphine - Commercial preparations

Buprenorphine is a thebaine derivative, and its analgesic effect is due to partial agonist activity at μ-opioid receptors. Buprenorphine is also a κ-opioid receptor antagonist. The partial agonist activity means that opioid receptor antagonists (e.g., an antidote such as naloxone) only partially reverse the effects of buprenorphine. Buprenorphine hydrochloride is administered by intramuscular injection, intravenous infusion, via a transdermal patch, or as a sublingual tablet. It is not administered orally, due to very high first-pas ...

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Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine - Commercial preparations, Buprenorphine - Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, Buprenorphine - Clinical use, Buprenorphine - Antidepressant, Buprenorphine - Adverse effects, Buprenorphine - Dependence treatment, Buprenorphine - Buprenorphine vs. methadone, Buprenorphine - Inpatient rehabilitation

Read more here: » Buprenorphine: Encyclopedia II - Buprenorphine - Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics

Several studies have stimulated doubt about the effectiveness of antidepressants. The studies cite that the difference between antidepressants and placebo is neglible. Antidepressants work only slightly better than placebo, and the Food and Drug Administration has not informed physicians of how little benefit most of these depression drugs offer (Kirsch I, Moore TJ, Scoboria A, Nicholls SS (2002a), The emperor's new drugs: an analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ...

See also:

Antidepressant, Antidepressant - History, Antidepressant - Classes and members, Antidepressant - Classes, Antidepressant - Prominent members, Antidepressant - Mechanism of action, Antidepressant - Treatment strategies, Antidepressant - Switching, Antidepressant - Augmentation and combination, Antidepressant - Combining with psychotherapy, Antidepressant - Preventing relapse, Antidepressant - Tolerance and dependance, Antidepressant - Side effects, Antidepressant - General, Antidepressant - Sexual, Antidepressant - Opioids, Antidepressant - Controversy, Antidepressant - Alternative medicine

Read more here: » Antidepressant: Encyclopedia II - Antidepressant - Controversy

Antidepressants are not thought to produce tolerance, although sudden withdrawal may produce adverse effects. Antidepressants create little if any immediate change in mood and require between several days and several weeks to take effect. Antidepressants do not seem to have all of the same addictive qualities as other substances such as nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, or other stimulants. (There is, however, controversy on the definition of addiction.) Some argue that antidepressants do not meet the general requirements for the co ...

See also:

Antidepressant, Antidepressant - History, Antidepressant - Classes and members, Antidepressant - Classes, Antidepressant - Prominent members, Antidepressant - Mechanism of action, Antidepressant - Treatment strategies, Antidepressant - Switching, Antidepressant - Augmentation and combination, Antidepressant - Combining with psychotherapy, Antidepressant - Preventing relapse, Antidepressant - Tolerance and dependance, Antidepressant - Side effects, Antidepressant - General, Antidepressant - Sexual, Antidepressant - Opioids, Antidepressant - Controversy, Antidepressant - Alternative medicine

Read more here: » Antidepressant: Encyclopedia II - Antidepressant - Tolerance and dependance

Antidepressants can often cause side effects, and an inability to tolerate these is the most common cause of discontinuing the medication. Antidepressant - General. Although recent drugs may have fewer side effects, patients sometimes report severe side effects associated with their discontinuation, particularly with paroxetine. Additionally, a certain percentage of patients do not respond to antidepressant drugs. Another advantage of some newer antidepressants is they can show effects within as few as fiv ...

See also:

Antidepressant, Antidepressant - History, Antidepressant - Classes and members, Antidepressant - Classes, Antidepressant - Prominent members, Antidepressant - Mechanism of action, Antidepressant - Treatment strategies, Antidepressant - Switching, Antidepressant - Augmentation and combination, Antidepressant - Combining with psychotherapy, Antidepressant - Preventing relapse, Antidepressant - Tolerance and dependance, Antidepressant - Side effects, Antidepressant - General, Antidepressant - Sexual, Antidepressant - Opioids, Antidepressant - Controversy, Antidepressant - Alternative medicine

Read more here: » Antidepressant: Encyclopedia II - Antidepressant - Side effects

The production, the distribution and the sales of cocaine products are restricted (and illegal in most contexts) in most countries. Cocaine - Africa. In Nigeria, it is a crime to be seen with cocaine. In South Africa, it is a crime to have cocaine in your posession. Cocaine - Asia. In Pakistan, use and possession of cocaine is illegal. In Singapore, possession of more than 15 grams of cocaine resul ...

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Cocaine, Cocaine - History, Cocaine - The coca leaf, Cocaine - Isolation, Cocaine - Popularization, Cocaine - Prohibition, Cocaine - Modern usage, Cocaine - Pharmacology, Cocaine - Appearance, Cocaine - Forms of cocaine, Cocaine - Methods of administration, Cocaine - Mechanism of action, Cocaine - Metabolism and excretion, Cocaine - Effects and health issues, Cocaine - Cocaine as a local anesthetic, Cocaine - Cocaine addiction, Cocaine - Treatment, Cocaine - Legal status, Cocaine - Africa, Cocaine - Asia, Cocaine - Middle east, Cocaine - Australia & Oceania, Cocaine - Europe, Cocaine - North America, Cocaine - South America, Cocaine - Usage, Cocaine - In the United States, Cocaine - Works concerning cocaine, Cocaine - Books about cocaine, Cocaine - Movies about cocaine

Read more here: » Cocaine: Encyclopedia II - Cocaine - Legal status

Cocaine - Books about cocaine. Cocaine: an unauthorized biography by Dominic Streatfeild Novel, With Cocaine, by M. Ageyev Über Coca by Sigmund Freud The Triumph of Surgery by Jürgen Thorwald - Ch. 6 - The second battle against Pain (The early use of cocaine solution in eye surgery) More, Now, Again by Elizabeth Wurtzel Snowblind by Robert Sabbag Celerino III Castillo & Dave Harmon (1994). Powderburns: C ...

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Cocaine, Cocaine - History, Cocaine - The coca leaf, Cocaine - Isolation, Cocaine - Popularization, Cocaine - Prohibition, Cocaine - Modern usage, Cocaine - Pharmacology, Cocaine - Appearance, Cocaine - Forms of cocaine, Cocaine - Methods of administration, Cocaine - Mechanism of action, Cocaine - Metabolism and excretion, Cocaine - Effects and health issues, Cocaine - Cocaine as a local anesthetic, Cocaine - Cocaine addiction, Cocaine - Treatment, Cocaine - Legal status, Cocaine - Africa, Cocaine - Asia, Cocaine - Middle east, Cocaine - Australia & Oceania, Cocaine - Europe, Cocaine - North America, Cocaine - South America, Cocaine - Usage, Cocaine - In the United States, Cocaine - Works concerning cocaine, Cocaine - Books about cocaine, Cocaine - Movies about cocaine

Read more here: » Cocaine: Encyclopedia II - Cocaine - Works concerning cocaine

A major difficulty in dealing with trial results comes from commercial, political and/or academic pressure. Most trials are expensive to run, and will be the result of significant previous research, which is itself not cheap. There may be a political issue at stake (compare MMR vaccine) or vested interests (compare homeopathy). In such cases there is great pressure to interpret results in a way which suits the viewer, and great care must be ...

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Randomized controlled trial, Randomized controlled trial - Types of trials, Randomized controlled trial - Open trial, Randomized controlled trial - Blind trials, Randomized controlled trial - Controlled aspect, Randomized controlled trial - Difficulties

Read more here: » Randomized controlled trial: Encyclopedia II - Randomized controlled trial - Difficulties

Antidepressant - Classes. Further information: List of antidepressants Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Tricyclic antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NARIs) Dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs) Opioids Selective serotonin reuptake enhancers (SSREs) Novel antidepressants Tetracyclic antidepressa ...

See also:

Antidepressant, Antidepressant - History, Antidepressant - Classes and members, Antidepressant - Classes, Antidepressant - Prominent members, Antidepressant - Mechanism of action, Antidepressant - Treatment strategies, Antidepressant - Switching, Antidepressant - Augmentation and combination, Antidepressant - Combining with psychotherapy, Antidepressant - Preventing relapse, Antidepressant - Tolerance and dependence, Antidepressant - Side effects, Antidepressant - General, Antidepressant - Sexual, Antidepressant - Opioids, Antidepressant - Controversy, Antidepressant - Alternative medicine

Read more here: » Antidepressant: Encyclopedia II - Antidepressant - Classes and members

Antidepressants are not thought to produce tolerance, although sudden withdrawal may produce adverse effects. Antidepressants create little if any immediate change in mood and require between several days and several weeks to take effect. Antidepressants do not seem to have all of the same addictive qualities as other substances such as nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, or other stimulants. (There is, however, controversy on the definition of addiction.) Some argue that antidepressants do not meet the general requirements for the co ...

See also:

Antidepressant, Antidepressant - History, Antidepressant - Classes and members, Antidepressant - Classes, Antidepressant - Prominent members, Antidepressant - Mechanism of action, Antidepressant - Treatment strategies, Antidepressant - Switching, Antidepressant - Augmentation and combination, Antidepressant - Combining with psychotherapy, Antidepressant - Preventing relapse, Antidepressant - Tolerance and dependence, Antidepressant - Side effects, Antidepressant - General, Antidepressant - Sexual, Antidepressant - Opioids, Antidepressant - Controversy, Antidepressant - Alternative medicine

Read more here: » Antidepressant: Encyclopedia II - Antidepressant - Tolerance and dependence

The 'controlled' aspect comes from three main sources. The first is another member of the research team, who will typically review the test to try to remove any factors which might skew the results. For example, it is important to have a test group which is reasonably balanced for ages and sexes of the subjects (unless this is a treatment which will never be used on a particular sex or age group). The second source of control is inherent in having a 'control' group, that is, a group which is undergoing the same routine (seeing a doctor, taki ...

See also:

Randomized controlled trial, Randomized controlled trial - Types of trials, Randomized controlled trial - Open trial, Randomized controlled trial - Blind trials, Randomized controlled trial - Controlled aspect, Randomized controlled trial - Difficulties

Read more here: » Randomized controlled trial: Encyclopedia II - Randomized controlled trial - Controlled aspect

...

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List of publications in medicine, List of publications in medicine - Foundations, List of publications in medicine - Recent studies, List of publications in medicine - Bioethics, List of publications in medicine - Biostatistics, List of publications in medicine - Embryology, List of publications in medicine - Nutrition, List of publications in medicine - Transfusion medicine, List of publications in medicine - Clinical chemistry, List of publications in medicine - Hematology, List of publications in medicine - Radiology, List of publications in medicine - Interventional radiology, List of publications in medicine - Nuclear Medicine, List of publications in medicine - Anesthesiology, List of publications in medicine - Pain medicine, List of publications in medicine - Dermatology, List of publications in medicine - Emergency medicine, List of publications in medicine - General practice, List of publications in medicine - Geriatrics, List of publications in medicine - Hospital medicine, List of publications in medicine - Intensive care medicine, List of publications in medicine - Internal medicine, List of publications in medicine - Cardiology, List of publications in medicine - Gastroenterology, List of publications in medicine - Endocrinology, List of publications in medicine - Hematology, List of publications in medicine - Infectious diseases, List of publications in medicine - Nephrology, List of publications in medicine - Oncology, List of publications in medicine - Pulmonology, List of publications in medicine - Rheumatology, List of publications in medicine - Neurology, List of publications in medicine - Obstetrics, List of publications in medicine - gynecology, List of publications in medicine - Palliative care, List of publications in medicine - Pediatrics, List of publications in medicine - public health, List of publications in medicine - Psychiatry, List of publications in medicine - Radiation therapy, List of publications in medicine - General surgery, List of publications in medicine - Neurosurgery, List of publications in medicine - Ophthalmology, List of publications in medicine - Orthopedic surgery, List of publications in medicine - Otolaryngology, List of publications in medicine - Plastic surgery, List of publications in medicine - Urology, List of publications in medicine - Vascular surgery, List of publications in medicine - hyperbaric medicine, List of publications in medicine - Medical informatics, List of publications in medicine - Nosology

Read more here: » List of publications in medicine: Encyclopedia II - List of publications in medicine - Pediatrics

Biostatistics : A Bayesian Introduction Authors: George G. Woodworth Publication data: Wiley-Interscience (August 20, 2004) ISBN 0471468428 Description: This book presents an introduction to biostatistics through the Bayesian lens Importance: ...

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List of publications in medicine, List of publications in medicine - Foundations, List of publications in medicine - Recent studies, List of publications in medicine - Bioethics, List of publications in medicine - Biostatistics, List of publications in medicine - Embryology, List of publications in medicine - Nutrition, List of publications in medicine - Transfusion medicine, List of publications in medicine - Clinical chemistry, List of publications in medicine - Hematology, List of publications in medicine - Radiology, List of publications in medicine - Interventional radiology, List of publications in medicine - Nuclear Medicine, List of publications in medicine - Anesthesiology, List of publications in medicine - Pain medicine, List of publications in medicine - Dermatology, List of publications in medicine - Emergency medicine, List of publications in medicine - General practice, List of publications in medicine - Geriatrics, List of publications in medicine - Hospital medicine, List of publications in medicine - Intensive care medicine, List of publications in medicine - Internal medicine, List of publications in medicine - Cardiology, List of publications in medicine - Gastroenterology, List of publications in medicine - Endocrinology, List of publications in medicine - Hematology, List of publications in medicine - Infectious diseases, List of publications in medicine - Nephrology, List of publications in medicine - Oncology, List of publications in medicine - Pulmonology, List of publications in medicine - Rheumatology, List of publications in medicine - Neurology, List of publications in medicine - Obstetrics, List of publications in medicine - gynecology, List of publications in medicine - Palliative care, List of publications in medicine - Pediatrics, List of publications in medicine - public health, List of publications in medicine - Psychiatry, List of publications in medicine - Radiation therapy, List of publications in medicine - General surgery, List of publications in medicine - Neurosurgery, List of publications in medicine - Ophthalmology, List of publications in medicine - Orthopedic surgery, List of publications in medicine - Otolaryngology, List of publications in medicine - Plastic surgery, List of publications in medicine - Urology, List of publications in medicine - Vascular surgery, List of publications in medicine - hyperbaric medicine, List of publications in medicine - Medical informatics, List of publications in medicine - Nosology

Read more here: » List of publications in medicine: Encyclopedia II - List of publications in medicine - Biostatistics

Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus Author: Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campbell WR, Fletcher AA Publication data: Canadian Medical Association Journal 1922;12:141-146. Online version: Online version Description: Banting and Best proved the existence of the hypothetical pancreatic substance termed "insulin" by Sharpey-Schafer. Importance: Topi ...

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List of publications in medicine, List of publications in medicine - Foundations, List of publications in medicine - Recent studies, List of publications in medicine - Bioethics, List of publications in medicine - Biostatistics, List of publications in medicine - Embryology, List of publications in medicine - Nutrition, List of publications in medicine - Transfusion medicine, List of publications in medicine - Clinical chemistry, List of publications in medicine - Hematology, List of publications in medicine - Radiology, List of publications in medicine - Interventional radiology, List of publications in medicine - Nuclear Medicine, List of publications in medicine - Anesthesiology, List of publications in medicine - Pain medicine, List of publications in medicine - Dermatology, List of publications in medicine - Emergency medicine, List of publications in medicine - General practice, List of publications in medicine - Geriatrics, List of publications in medicine - Hospital medicine, List of publications in medicine - Intensive care medicine, List of publications in medicine - Internal medicine, List of publications in medicine - Cardiology, List of publications in medicine - Gastroenterology, List of publications in medicine - Endocrinology, List of publications in medicine - Hematology, List of publications in medicine - Infectious diseases, List of publications in medicine - Nephrology, List of publications in medicine - Oncology, List of publications in medicine - Pulmonology, List of publications in medicine - Rheumatology, List of publications in medicine - Neurology, List of publications in medicine - Obstetrics, List of publications in medicine - gynecology, List of publications in medicine - Palliative care, List of publications in medicine - Pediatrics, List of publications in medicine - public health, List of publications in medicine - Psychiatry, List of publications in medicine - Radiation therapy, List of publications in medicine - General surgery, List of publications in medicine - Neurosurgery, List of publications in medicine - Ophthalmology, List of publications in medicine - Orthopedic surgery, List of publications in medicine - Otolaryngology, List of publications in medicine - Plastic surgery, List of publications in medicine - Urology, List of publications in medicine - Vascular surgery, List of publications in medicine - hyperbaric medicine, List of publications in medicine - Medical informatics, List of publications in medicine - Nosology

Read more here: » List of publications in medicine: Encyclopedia II - List of publications in medicine - Endocrinology

Antidepressants can often cause side effects, and an inability to tolerate these is the most common cause of discontinuing the medication. Antidepressant - General. Although recent drugs may have fewer side effects, patients sometimes report severe side effects associated with their discontinuation, particularly with paroxetine. Additionally, a certain percentage of patients do not respond to antidepressant drugs. Another advantage of some newer antidepressants is they can show effects within as few as fiv ...

See also:

Antidepressant, Antidepressant - History, Antidepressant - Classes and members, Antidepressant - Classes, Antidepressant - Prominent members, Antidepressant - Mechanism of action, Antidepressant - Treatment strategies, Antidepressant - Switching, Antidepressant - Augmentation and combination, Antidepressant - Combining with psychotherapy, Antidepressant - Preventing relapse, Antidepressant - Tolerance and dependence, Antidepressant - Side effects, Antidepressant - General, Antidepressant - Sexual, Antidepressant - Opioids, Antidepressant - Controversy, Antidepressant - Alternative medicine

Read more here: » Antidepressant: Encyclopedia II - Antidepressant - Side effects