In 1989, the oil and automotive industries and the National Association of Manufacturers created the Global Climate Coalition (GCC) to oppose mandatory actions to address global warming. In 1997, when the Senate overwhelmingly passed a resolution against ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, the industry funded a $13 million industry advertising blitz in the run-up to the vote.[1] In 1998 the New York Times published an American Petroleum Institute (API) memo outlining a strategy aiming to make "recognition of uncertainty ... part of t ...

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Business action on climate change, Business action on climate change - Overview, Business action on climate change - Energy industry, Business action on climate change - ExxonMobil, Business action on climate change - BP, Business action on climate change - Others, Business action on climate change - Insurance industry, Business action on climate change - Media

Read more here: » Business action on climate change: Encyclopedia II - Business action on climate change - Overview

Surveys have shown scientists unevenly split on the issue of whether global warming theory has been adequately proven, with a majority agreeing that global warming will occur in future if human behavior does not change. Scientific opinion on climate change - Oreskes 2004. In December 2004, Science published an opinion essay [7] that summarized a study of the scientific literature on climate change. The essay concluded that there is a scientific consensus on the reality of anthropogenic climate chang ...

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Scientific opinion on climate change, Scientific opinion on climate change - Statements, Scientific opinion on climate change - IPCC, Scientific opinion on climate change - Joint science academies’ statement, Scientific opinion on climate change - US National Research Council 2001, Scientific opinion on climate change - American Meteorological Society, Scientific opinion on climate change - Statements on global warming, Scientific opinion on climate change - Surveys, Scientific opinion on climate change - Oreskes 2004, Scientific opinion on climate change - Bray and von Storch 1996, Scientific opinion on climate change - Survey of US state climatologists, Scientific opinion on climate change - Other known surveys

Read more here: » Scientific opinion on climate change: Encyclopedia II - Scientific opinion on climate change - Surveys

Three (or more properly, four) dimensional GCMs discretise the equations for fluid motion and integrate these forward in time. They also contain parametrisations for processes - such as convection - that occur on scales too small to be resolved directly. More sophisticated models may include representations of the carbon and other cycles. A simple general circulation model (SGCM), a minimal GCM, consists of a dynamical core, for example the primitive equations, energy input into the model, and energy dissipation in the form of ...

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Global climate model, Global climate model - Structure, Global climate model - Model grids, Global climate model - Flux correction, Global climate model - Convection, Global climate model - Projections of future climate change, Global climate model - Accuracy of models that predict global warming, Global climate model - Relation to weather forecasting

Read more here: » Global climate model: Encyclopedia II - Global climate model - Structure

The global climate models used for climate projections are very similar in structure to (and often share computer code with) numerical models for weather prediction but are nonetheless logically distinct: see climate vs weather for details. Most weather forecasting is done on the basis of interpreting the output of GCM data. Since forecasts are short - typically a few days or a week - such models do not usually contain an ocean model but rely on imposed SSTs. They also require accurate initial conditions to begin the forecast - ...

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Global climate model, Global climate model - Structure, Global climate model - Model grids, Global climate model - Flux correction, Global climate model - Convection, Global climate model - Projections of future climate change, Global climate model - Accuracy of models that predict global warming, Global climate model - Relation to weather forecasting

Read more here: » Global climate model: Encyclopedia II - Global climate model - Relation to weather forecasting

In 2001 the Committee on the Science of Climate Change of the National Research Council published Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions [3]. This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the science community: The IPCC's conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accu ...

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Scientific opinion on climate change, Scientific opinion on climate change - Statements, Scientific opinion on climate change - IPCC, Scientific opinion on climate change - Joint science academies’ statement, Scientific opinion on climate change - US National Research Council 2001, Scientific opinion on climate change - American Meteorological Society, Scientific opinion on climate change - Statements on global warming, Scientific opinion on climate change - Surveys, Scientific opinion on climate change - Oreskes 2004, Scientific opinion on climate change - Bray and von Storch 1996, Scientific opinion on climate change - Survey of US state climatologists, Scientific opinion on climate change - Other known surveys

Read more here: » Scientific opinion on climate change: Encyclopedia II - Scientific opinion on climate change - US National Research Council 2001

Coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs are use transient climate simulations to project/predict future temperature changes under various scenarios. These can be idealised scenarios (most commonly, CO2 increasing at 1%/y) or more realistic (usually the "IS92a" or more recently the SRES scenarios). Which scenarios should be considered most realistic is currently uncertain, as the projections of future CO2 (and sulphate) emission are themselves uncertain. The IPCC TAR figure 9.3 shows the global mean response of 19 different coupled models to an ...

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Global climate model, Global climate model - Structure, Global climate model - Model grids, Global climate model - Flux correction, Global climate model - Convection, Global climate model - Projections of future climate change, Global climate model - Accuracy of models that predict global warming, Global climate model - Relation to weather forecasting

Read more here: » Global climate model: Encyclopedia II - Global climate model - Projections of future climate change

The IPCC said in its Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995 that the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate" and strengthened this in its Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001 to, "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities." Note that "balance of evidence" is not intended to suggest unambiguous proof; it is a reference to the standards of proof required in English civil law (balance of ev ...

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Scientific opinion on climate change, Scientific opinion on climate change - Statements, Scientific opinion on climate change - IPCC, Scientific opinion on climate change - Joint science academies’ statement, Scientific opinion on climate change - US National Research Council 2001, Scientific opinion on climate change - American Meteorological Society, Scientific opinion on climate change - Statements on global warming, Scientific opinion on climate change - Surveys, Scientific opinion on climate change - Oreskes 2004, Scientific opinion on climate change - Bray and von Storch 1996, Scientific opinion on climate change - Survey of US state climatologists, Scientific opinion on climate change - Other known surveys

Read more here: » Scientific opinion on climate change: Encyclopedia II - Scientific opinion on climate change - IPCC

The American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement adopted by their council in 2003 said: There is now clear evidence that the mean annual temperature at the Earth's surface, averaged over the entire globe, has been increasing in the past 200 years. There is also clear evidence that the abundance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased over the same period. In the past decade, significant progress has been made toward a better understanding of the climate system and toward improved projections of long-term climate c ...

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Scientific opinion on climate change, Scientific opinion on climate change - Statements, Scientific opinion on climate change - IPCC, Scientific opinion on climate change - Joint science academies’ statement, Scientific opinion on climate change - US National Research Council 2001, Scientific opinion on climate change - American Meteorological Society, Scientific opinion on climate change - Statements on global warming, Scientific opinion on climate change - Surveys, Scientific opinion on climate change - Oreskes 2004, Scientific opinion on climate change - Bray and von Storch 1996, Scientific opinion on climate change - Survey of US state climatologists, Scientific opinion on climate change - Other known surveys

Read more here: » Scientific opinion on climate change: Encyclopedia II - Scientific opinion on climate change - American Meteorological Society

The mechanisms which might cause an El Niño event are still being investigated. It is difficult to find patterns which may show causes or allow forecasts. Major theories: Bjerknes in 1969 suggested that an anomalously warm spot in the eastern Pacific can weaken the east-west temperature difference, causing weakening in the Walker circulation and trade wind flows, which push warm water to the west. The result is increasingly warm water toward the east. Wyrtki in 1975 proposed that increased trade winds could buil ...

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ENSO, ENSO - El Niño and La Niña, ENSO - ENSO, ENSO - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, ENSO - Non-climate effects, ENSO - ENSO and global warming, ENSO - Causes of El Niño, ENSO - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, ENSO - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, ENSO - Atlantic effect, ENSO - History, ENSO - Related images

Read more here: » ENSO: Encyclopedia II - ENSO - Causes of El Niño

The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is calculated from the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. Sustained negative values of the SOI often indicate El Niño episodes. These negative values are usually accompanied by sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, a decrease in the strength of the Pacific Trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Aus ...

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ENSO, ENSO - El Niño and La Niña, ENSO - ENSO, ENSO - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, ENSO - Non-climate effects, ENSO - ENSO and global warming, ENSO - Causes of El Niño, ENSO - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, ENSO - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, ENSO - Atlantic effect, ENSO - History, ENSO - Related images

Read more here: » ENSO: Encyclopedia II - ENSO - Southern Oscillation Index SOI

Because El Niño's warm pool feeds thunderstorms above, it creates increased rainfall across the east-central and eastern Pacific Ocean. In South America, the effects of El Niño are direct and stronger than in North America. An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet summers (December-February) along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme. The effects during the months of February, March and April may become critical. Southern Brazil and northern Argentina also ex ...

See also:

ENSO, ENSO - El Niño and La Niña, ENSO - ENSO, ENSO - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, ENSO - Non-climate effects, ENSO - ENSO and global warming, ENSO - Causes of El Niño, ENSO - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, ENSO - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, ENSO - Atlantic effect, ENSO - History, ENSO - Related images

Read more here: » ENSO: Encyclopedia II - ENSO - Wider effects of El Niño conditions

The first mention of the term "El Nino" to refer to climate occurs in 1892, when Captain Camilo Carrilo told the Geographical society congress in Lima that Peruvian sailors named the warm northerly current "El Nino" because it was most noticeable around Christmas. However even before then the phenomenon was of interest because of its effects on biological productivity, with its effects on the guano industry. Normal conditions along the west Peruvian coast are a cold southerly current (the Peru current) with upwelling water; the upwell ...

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ENSO, ENSO - El Niño and La Niña, ENSO - ENSO, ENSO - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, ENSO - Non-climate effects, ENSO - ENSO and global warming, ENSO - Causes of El Niño, ENSO - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, ENSO - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, ENSO - Atlantic effect, ENSO - History, ENSO - Related images

Read more here: » ENSO: Encyclopedia II - ENSO - History

El Niño and La Niña are officially defined as sustained sea surface temperature anomalies of magnitude greater than 0.5°C across the central tropical Pacific Ocean. When the +0.5°C (or -0.5°C) condition is met for a period of less than five months, it is classified as El Niño (or La Niña) conditions. If the anomaly persists for five months or longer, it is classified as an El Niño (or La Niña) episode. The name comes from the Spanish name for the Christ child; the name was given to the phenomenon by fishermen working off the coast o ...

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ENSO, ENSO - El Niño and La Niña, ENSO - ENSO, ENSO - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, ENSO - Non-climate effects, ENSO - ENSO and global warming, ENSO - Causes of El Niño, ENSO - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, ENSO - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, ENSO - Atlantic effect, ENSO - History, ENSO - Related images

Read more here: » ENSO: Encyclopedia II - ENSO - El Niño and La Niña

Along the west coast of South America, El Niño reduces the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustains large fish populations, which in turn sustain abundant sea birds, whose droppings support the fertilizer industry. The local fishing industry along the affected coastline can suffer during long-lasting El Niño events. The world's largest fishery collapsed due to overfishing during the 1972 El Niño Peruvian anchoveta reduction. During the 1982-83 event, jack mackerel and anchoveta populations were reduced, scallops increas ...

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ENSO, ENSO - El Niño and La Niña, ENSO - ENSO, ENSO - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, ENSO - Non-climate effects, ENSO - ENSO and global warming, ENSO - Causes of El Niño, ENSO - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, ENSO - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, ENSO - Atlantic effect, ENSO - History, ENSO - Related images

Read more here: » ENSO: Encyclopedia II - ENSO - Non-climate effects

A few years ago, attribution of recent changes (if any) in ENSO or predictions of future changes were very weak [1]. More recent results (e.g. Collins et al.) tend to suggest that the projected tropical warming may follow a somewhat El-Nino like spatial pattern, without necessarily altering the variability about this pattern. El Niño - Causes of El Niño. The mechanisms which might cause an El Niño event are still being investigated. It is difficult to fin ...

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El Niño, El Niño - El Niño, El Niño - ENSO, El Niño - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, El Niño - Non-climate effects, El Niño - ENSO and global warming, El Niño - Causes of El Niño, El Niño - La Niña, El Niño - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, El Niño - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, El Niño - Atlantic effect, El Niño - Related images

Read more here: » El Niño: Encyclopedia II - El Niño - ENSO and global warming

The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is calculated from the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. Sustained negative values of the SOI often indicate El Niño episodes. These negative values are usually accompanied by sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, a decrease in the strength of the Pacific Trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern ...

See also:

El Niño, El Niño - El Niño, El Niño - ENSO, El Niño - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, El Niño - Non-climate effects, El Niño - ENSO and global warming, El Niño - Causes of El Niño, El Niño - La Niña, El Niño - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, El Niño - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, El Niño - Atlantic effect, El Niño - Related images

Read more here: » El Niño: Encyclopedia II - El Niño - Southern Oscillation Index SOI

Because El Niño's warm pool feeds thunderstorms above, it creates increased rainfall across the east-central and eastern Pacific Ocean. In South America, the effects of El Niño are direct and stronger than in North America. An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet summers (December-February) along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme. The effects during the months of February, March and April may become critical. Southern Brazil and northern Argentina also ex ...

See also:

El Niño, El Niño - El Niño, El Niño - ENSO, El Niño - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, El Niño - Non-climate effects, El Niño - ENSO and global warming, El Niño - Causes of El Niño, El Niño - La Niña, El Niño - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, El Niño - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, El Niño - Atlantic effect, El Niño - Related images

Read more here: » El Niño: Encyclopedia II - El Niño - Wider effects of El Niño conditions

El Niño is officially defined as sustained sea surface temperature anomalies that are greater than +0.5°C across the central tropical Pacific Ocean. The name comes from the Spanish name for the Christ child; the name was given to the phenomenon by fishermen working off the coast of Peru and Ecuador, who noticed it often occurs around Christmas. In historical times it has occurred at irregular intervals of 2-7 years and ...

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El Niño, El Niño - El Niño, El Niño - ENSO, El Niño - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, El Niño - Non-climate effects, El Niño - ENSO and global warming, El Niño - Causes of El Niño, El Niño - La Niña, El Niño - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, El Niño - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, El Niño - Atlantic effect, El Niño - Related images

Read more here: » El Niño: Encyclopedia II - El Niño - El Niño

An ice core from the eastern Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula clearly identifies events of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period [9]. This would tend to support a global nature for the LIA. Ice cores from the Upper Fremont Glacier in North America and the Quelccaya Ice Cap (Peruvian Andes, South America) show similar changes during the LIA [10]. The Siple Dome has a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the LIA in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record. This event i ...

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Little Ice Age, Little Ice Age - Dating of the Little Ice Age, Little Ice Age - Northern Hemisphere, Little Ice Age - Depictions of winter in European painting, Little Ice Age - Southern Hemisphere, Little Ice Age - Climate patterns, Little Ice Age - Causes, Little Ice Age - Solar activity, Little Ice Age - Volcanic activity, Little Ice Age - End of Little Ice Age

Read more here: » Little Ice Age: Encyclopedia II - Little Ice Age - Southern Hemisphere

Further information: Global warming Advocates of the Kyoto Protocol claim that reducing these emissions is crucially important; carbon dioxide, they believe, is causing the earth's atmosphere to heat up. This is supported by attribution analysis. The governments of all of the countries whose parliaments have ratified the Protocol are supporting it. Most prominent among advocates of Kyoto have been the European Union and many environmentalist organizations. The United Nations an ...

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Kyoto Protocol, Kyoto Protocol - Description, Kyoto Protocol - Objectives, Kyoto Protocol - Status of the agreement, Kyoto Protocol - Details of the agreement, Kyoto Protocol - Financial commitments, Kyoto Protocol - Emissions trading, Kyoto Protocol - Revisions, Kyoto Protocol - Current positions of governments, Kyoto Protocol - Position of Russia, Kyoto Protocol - Position of the European Union, Kyoto Protocol - Position of the United States, Kyoto Protocol - Position of Canada, Kyoto Protocol - Position of China, Kyoto Protocol - Position of Australia, Kyoto Protocol - Position of India, Kyoto Protocol - Common but differentiated responsibility, Kyoto Protocol - Support for Kyoto, Kyoto Protocol - Grassroots support in the US, Kyoto Protocol - Opposition to Kyoto, Kyoto Protocol - Cost-benefit analysis, Kyoto Protocol - Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate

Read more here: » Kyoto Protocol: Encyclopedia II - Kyoto Protocol - Support for Kyoto

Main articles: Ozone depletion, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Global warming, Global warming - Overview, Global warming - Warming of the Earth, Global warming - Causes of global warming, Global warming - Greenhouse gas emissions, Global warming - Alternative theories, Global warming - Climate models, Global warming - Issues, Global warming - Public controversy, Global warming - Effects, Global warming - Effects on ecosystems, Global warming - Destabilisation of ocean currents, Global warming - Environmental refugees, Global warming - Spread of disease, Global warming - Financial effects, Global warming - Possible beneficial effects, Global warming - Mitigating and adapting to global warming

Read more here: » Global warming: Encyclopedia II - Global warming - Issues

Main articles: Global warming controversy, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Global warming, Global warming - Overview, Global warming - Warming of the Earth, Global warming - Causes of global warming, Global warming - Greenhouse gas emissions, Global warming - Alternative theories, Global warming - Climate models, Global warming - Issues, Global warming - Public controversy, Global warming - Effects, Global warming - Effects on ecosystems, Global warming - Destabilisation of ocean currents, Global warming - Environmental refugees, Global warming - Spread of disease, Global warming - Financial effects, Global warming - Possible beneficial effects, Global warming - Mitigating and adapting to global warming

Read more here: » Global warming: Encyclopedia II - Global warming - Public controversy