Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Climate Models
Scientists have studied this issue with computer models of the climate (see below). These models are accepted by the scientific community...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Climate Models
Scientists have studied this issue with computer models of the climate (see below). These models are accepted by the scientific community...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Climate Models
Scientists have studied this issue with computer models of the climate (see below). These models are accepted by the scientific community...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia - Global Warming
Global warming is an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The term is also used for the scientific t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Action On Climate Change: Encyclopedia - Business Action On Climate Change
Business action on climate change includes a range of activities relating to combatting global warming, and to influencing political deci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attribution Of Recent Climate Change: Encyclopedia - Attribution Of Recent Climate Change
Attribution of recent climate change attempts to discover what mechanisms are responsible for the observed changes in climate. The endeav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - United Kingdom Climate Change Programme: Encyclopedia - United Kingdom Climate Change Programme
The United Kingdom's Climate Change Programme was launched by the British government in response to its commitment to the Kyoto Protocol ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Climate Engineering: Encyclopedia - Climate Engineering
This article is in need of attention. You can help Wikipedia by editing it into a better article. Please also consider changing this noti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Climate Change: Encyclopedia - Climate Change
Climate change refers to the variation in the Earth's global climate or regional climates over time. It describes changes in the variabil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Climate Model: Encyclopedia - Climate Model
Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice. They are used for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Warm Period: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Warm Period - Climate Events
The Medieval Warm Period partially coincides in time with the peak in solar activity named the Medieval Maximum (AD 1100–1250). In Ches...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Emissions Trading: Encyclopedia - Carbon Emissions Trading
Carbon emissions trading involves the trading of permits to emit carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases, calculated in tonnes of carb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Warm Period: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Warm Period - Climate Events
The Medieval Warm Period partially coincides in time with the peak in solar activity named the Medieval Maximum (AD 1100–1250). In Ches...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming And Agriculture: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming And Agriculture - Consequences Of Potential Global Climate Changes On Agricultural Production
Many scientists hold the position that agricultural shifts are likely. The possible effects proposed are listed below: The first direct e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Climate Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Climate Model - Accuracy Of Models That Predict Global Warming
According to the IPCC, the majority of climatologists agree that important climate processes are imperfectly accounted for by the climate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Opinion On Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Opinion On Climate Change - Statements On Global Warming
Some scientific organisations who have made position statements on climate change. Intergovernmental panel on climate change American Me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Overview
Terminology 'Global warming' is a specific case of the more general term 'climate change' (which can also refer to cooling, such as in Ic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Public Controversy
Main article: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy is an ongoing dispute about what effect humans have on the glo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Mitigating And Adapting To Global Warming
"Mitigation of global warming" covers all actions aimed at reducing the extent or likelihood of global warming. The world's primary inter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Mitigating And Adapting To Global Warming
"Mitigation of global warming" covers all actions aimed at reducing the extent or likelihood of global warming. The world's primary inter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Causes Of Global Warming
The climate system varies both through natural, "internal" processes as well as in response to variations in external "forcing" from both...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Causes Of Global Warming
The climate system varies both through natural, "internal" processes as well as in response to variations in external "forcing" from both...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Issues
Main article: Ozone depletion Although they are often interlinked in the popular press, the connection between global warming and ozon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Effects
The predicted effects of global warming are many and various, both for the environment and for human life. The primary effect of global w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Effects
The predicted effects of global warming are many and various, both for the environment and for human life. The primary effect of global w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Overview
Terminology 'Global warming' is a specific case of the more general term 'climate change' (which can also refer to cooling, such as in Ic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Causes Of Global Warming
Main articles: attribution of recent climate change and scientific opinion on climate change The climate system varies both through natur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Mitigating And Adapting To Global Warming
"Mitigation of global warming" covers all actions aimed at reducing the extent or likelihood of global warming. The world's primary inter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Warming Of The Earth
Relative to 1860-1900 the global (land and sea) temperature has increased by 0.75 °C. Temperatures in the lower troposphere have in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Issues
Main article: Ozone depletion Although they are often interlinked in the popular press, the connection between global warming and ozon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Effects
The predicted effects of global warming are many and various, both for the environment and for human life. The primary effect of global w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Public Controversy
Main article: Global warming controversy There is an an ongoing dispute about what effect humans have on the global climate and what p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitigation Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitigation Of Global Warming - Mitigating The Effects Of Global Warming
Mitigation of the effects of global warming (often referred to as "adaptation" in climate change circles) focusses on defending against r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Warming Of The Earth
Relative to 1860-1900 the global (land and sea) temperature has increased by 0.75 °C. Temperatures in the lower troposphere have in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics Of Global Warming - Costs Of Business-as-usual
Economics of global warming - Non-economic costs. Tricky question of environment's intrinsic value ... See also:Economics of global w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming And Agriculture: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming And Agriculture - Background
Global warming and agriculture - Assessment: global vs local. Despite technological advances, such as improved varieties, genetically m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming And Agriculture: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming And Agriculture - Conclusions
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways : productivity, in terms of quantity and quality of c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics Of Global Warming - Mitigation
The estimated costs of mitigating global warming (i.e. reducing it - it cannot be prevented) depend on a number of factors. One fundament...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics Of Global Warming - Distribution
The costs and benefits of global warming are distributed quite unequally. low-lying countries' risk of floods many countries subject to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics Of Global Warming - Optimal Strategies For Mitigation
Financial and technological strategies can have a major impact on reaching a particular target atmospheric CO2 concentration. Carbon tax...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Action On Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Action On Climate Change - Energy Industry
Business action on climate change - ExxonMobil. Image:StopEssoleaflet.jpg ExxonMobil has been a leading figure in the business world's ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Action On Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Action On Climate Change - Overview
In 1989, the oil and automotive industries and the National Association of Manufacturers created the Global Climate Coalition (GCC) to op...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Opinion On Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Opinion On Climate Change - Surveys
Surveys have shown scientists unevenly split on the issue of whether global warming theory has been adequately proven, with a majority ag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Climate Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Climate Model - Structure
Three (or more properly, four) dimensional GCMs discretise the equations for fluid motion and integrate these forward in time. They also ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Climate Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Climate Model - Relation To Weather Forecasting
The global climate models used for climate projections are very similar in structure to (and often share computer code with) numerical mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Opinion On Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Opinion On Climate Change - Us National Research Council 2001
In 2001 the Committee on the Science of Climate Change of the National Research Council published Climate Change Science: An Analysis of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Climate Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Climate Model - Projections Of Future Climate Change
Coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs are use transient climate simulations to project/predict future temperature changes under various scenarios...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Opinion On Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Opinion On Climate Change - Ipcc
The IPCC said in its Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995 that the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Opinion On Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Opinion On Climate Change - American Meteorological Society
The American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement adopted by their council in 2003 said: There is now clear evidence that the mean ann...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Enso: Encyclopedia Ii - Enso - Causes Of El Niño
The mechanisms which might cause an El Niño event are still being investigated. It is difficult to find patterns which may show causes o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Enso: Encyclopedia Ii - Enso - Southern Oscillation Index Soi
The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is calculated from the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Enso: Encyclopedia Ii - Enso - Wider Effects Of El Niño Conditions
Because El Niño's warm pool feeds thunderstorms above, it creates increased rainfall across the east-central and eastern Pacific Ocean. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Enso: Encyclopedia Ii - Enso - History
The first mention of the term "El Nino" to refer to climate occurs in 1892, when Captain Camilo Carrilo told the Geographical society con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Enso: Encyclopedia Ii - Enso - El Niño And La Niña
El Niño and La Niña are officially defined as sustained sea surface temperature anomalies of magnitude greater than 0.5°C across the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Enso: Encyclopedia Ii - Enso - Non-climate Effects
Along the west coast of South America, El Niño reduces the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustains large fish populations, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - El Niño: Encyclopedia Ii - El Niño - Enso And Global Warming
A few years ago, attribution of recent changes (if any) in ENSO or predictions of future changes were very weak [1]. More recent results ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - El Niño: Encyclopedia Ii - El Niño - Southern Oscillation Index Soi
The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is calculated from the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - El Niño: Encyclopedia Ii - El Niño - Wider Effects Of El Niño Conditions
Because El Niño's warm pool feeds thunderstorms above, it creates increased rainfall across the east-central and eastern Pacific Ocean. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - El Niño: Encyclopedia Ii - El Niño - El Niño
El Niño is officially defined as sustained sea surface temperature anomalies that are greater than +0.5°C across the central tropical P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Little Ice Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Little Ice Age - Southern Hemisphere
An ice core from the eastern Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula clearly identifies events of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Peri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kyoto Protocol: Encyclopedia Ii - Kyoto Protocol - Support For Kyoto
Further information: Global warming Advocates of the Kyoto Protocol claim that reducing these emissions is crucially important; carbon di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Issues
Main articles: Ozone depletion, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming - Public Controversy
Main articles: Global warming controversy, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Cooling: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Cooling - The Present Level Of Knowledge
Thirty years later, the global warming is seen to have continued. The concern that the cooler temperatures would continue, and perhaps at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Effects Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Effects Of Global Warming - Effects Of Global Warming
Effects of global warming - Weather. Increasing temperature is likely to lead to increasing precipitation [3] but the effects on storms...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Effects Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Effects Of Global Warming - Consequences
See also Mitigation of global warming Effects of global warming - Economic. Main articles: Global warming and agriculture, and [[{{{2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitigation Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitigation Of Global Warming - Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Globally, the majority of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions arise from fuel combustion. The remainder is accounted for largely by "f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitigation Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitigation Of Global Warming - Encouraging Technology And Use Changes
See also: Kyoto Protocol Mitigation of global warming - Carbon emissions trading. Main article: Carbon emissions trading The European U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitigation Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitigation Of Global Warming - Technology
Mitigation of global warming - Electricity generation. Main articles: Renewable energy and Renewable energy development One means of r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitigation Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitigation Of Global Warming - Personal Choices
Individual actions can include: supporting political candidates who have a plan to convert to wind power and electric vehicles. avoiding...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Cooling: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Cooling - Introduction: General Awareness And Concern
In the 1970s there was increasing awareness that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945. The general public had littl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Cooling: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Cooling - Concern In The Middle Of The Twentieth Century
The following sections discuss a variety of scientific papers and other sources in an attempt to trace the rise and fall of interest in t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar Variation: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar Variation - Global Warming
Some researchers have correlated solar variation with changes in the Earth's average temperature and climate - sometimes finding an effec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Cooling: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Cooling - Physical Mechanisms
The cooling period is well reproduced by current (2002 on) GCMs that include the effect of sulphate aerosol cooling, so it (now) seems li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar Variation: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar Variation - History Of Study Of Solar Variations
The longest recorded aspect of solar variations are changes in sunspots. Shortly after astronomers began using the telescope in 1609, sun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar Variation: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar Variation - Solar Activity
Solar variation - Sunspots. Sunspots are relatively dark areas on the surface of the Sun and are thus cooler than its average surface. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar Variation: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar Variation - Solar Interactions With Earth
There are several ways that solar variations may affect Earth. Some variations, such as changes in the size of the Sun, are presently onl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solar Variation: Encyclopedia Ii - Solar Variation - Other Effects Due To Solar Variation
Interaction of solar particles, the solar magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, cause variations in the particle and electromag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Climate Change - Climate Change Factors
Climate changes reflect variations within the Earth's environment, natural processes going on around it, and the impact of humans. The ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Climate Change - Interplay Of Factors
If a certain forcing (for example, solar variation) acts to change the climate, then there may be mechanisms which act to amplify or redu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attribution Of Recent Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Attribution Of Recent Climate Change - Detection And Attribution
Detection and attribution of climate signals, as well as its common-sense meaning, has a more precise definition within the climate chang...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attribution Of Recent Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Attribution Of Recent Climate Change - Scientific Literature And Opinion
Some examples of published and informal support for the consensus view: The attribution of climate change is discussed extensively, with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attribution Of Recent Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Attribution Of Recent Climate Change - Attribution Of 20th Century Climate Change
The most fiercely-contested question in current climate change research is over attribution of climate change to either natural/internal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Climate Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Climate Model - Gcm's Global Climate Models Or General Circulation Models
Three (or more properly, four) dimensional GCM's discretise the equations for fluid motion and integrate these forward in time. They also...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Climate Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Climate Model - Zero-dimensional Models
It is possible to obtain a very simple model of the radiative equilibrium of the Earth by writing (1 − a)Sπr2 = 4πr2sT4 where the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Climate Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Climate Model - Radiative-convective Models
The zero-dimensional model above predicts the temperature of an imaginary layer where long wave radiation is emitted to space. This can b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Climate Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Climate Model - Gcm's Global Climate Models Or General Circulation Models
Main articles: general circulation model, and [[]], and [[]], and    » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming Controversy: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming Controversy - Controversial Issues
The controversy is made up of separate issues relating to global warming which are sometimes mixed together by proponents of one view or ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming Controversy: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming Controversy - Discussion Of Some Of The Points
Global warming controversy - Global warming and carbon dioxide. One argument against anthropogenic global warming questions the content...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming Controversy: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming Controversy - Scope Of The Controversy
The controversy occurs almost entirely within the press and political arenas. In the scientific press and among climate researchers, ther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming Controversy: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming Controversy - Overview
Leaving the realm of scientific journals, the debate has spilled out into the public arena, with some politicians making the issue a comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming Controversy: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming Controversy - Points Made By Supporters Of The Global Warming Theory
Supporters of the global warming theory assert that: the recent rise in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is human-caused the hi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Warming Controversy: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Warming Controversy - Points Made By Opponents Of The Global Warming Theory
There are many reasons given for opposition to the global warming theory: IPCC draws firm conclusions unjustified by the science, especi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Politics Of Global Warming: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of Global Warming - Environmental Groups
An international day of action is planned for 3 December 2005, to coincide with the first meeting of the Parties in Montreal. The planned...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Climate Of The United Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Climate Of The United Kingdom - Climate Change
Some evidence exists that suggests that the climate of the United Kingdom is undergoing a process of warming as a result of global climat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Emissions Trading: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Emissions Trading - Current Carbon Trading Schemes
The European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the largest multi-national, greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Emissions Trading: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Emissions Trading - Business Opinion
With the creation of a market for trading carbon dioxide emissions within the Kyoto Protocol, it is likely that London financial markets ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electric Vehicle: Encyclopedia Ii - Electric Vehicle - History
Electric motive power started with a small railway operated by a miniature electric motor, built by Thomas Davenport in 1835. In 1838, a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change - Aims
The principles of the IPCC operation [5] are assigned by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change: Encyclopedia Ii - Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change - Operations
The current Chair of the IPCC is Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; previously Robert Watson headed the IPCC. The IPCC Panel is c...   » Read the article