clays - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Alum: Encyclopedia - Alum
Alum, in chemistry, is a term given to the crystallized double sulfates of the typical formula M+2SO4·M3+2(SO4)3·24H2O, where M+ is the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Chemical Properties Of Coal
Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal or black coal, anthracite and graphite. Each type of coal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Collecting Fossils: Encyclopedia - Collecting Fossils
Collecting fossils can be a very relaxing and often rewarding hobby. There are no special rules about where one may find fossils, and you...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ammonite: Encyclopedia - Ammonite
Ammonites are an extinct group of marine animals (subclass Ammonoidea) in the phylum Mollusca and class Cephalopoda. Their closest living...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flax: Encyclopedia - Flax
Common flax (also known as linseed) is a member of the Linaceae family, which includes about 150 plant species widely distributed around ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Panspermia: Encyclopedia - Panspermia
Panspermia is the hypothesis that the seeds of life are ubiquitous in the universe, that they may have delivered life to Earth, and that ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorite Group: Encyclopedia - Chlorite Group
Chlorite is a group of phyllosilicate minerals often classified as clays. Chlorites can be described by the following four endmembers bas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia - Coal Assay
Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particlar physical and chemical properties of coals. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia - Coal
Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). It is a readily combustible blac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bedfordshire: Encyclopedia - Bedfordshire
Alistair Burt, Nadine Dorries, Patrick Hall, Kelvin Hopkins, Margaret Moran, Andrew Selous Bedford Mid Bedfordshire South Bedfordshire L...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Desert: Encyclopedia - Desert
In geography, a desert is a landscape form or region that receives little precipitation - less than 250 mm per year. Deserts have a reput...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gibbsite: Encyclopedia - Gibbsite
Gibbsite, Al(OH)3, is an important ore of aluminium and is one of three minerals that make up the rock bauxite. Bauxite is often thought ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biostimulation: Encyclopedia - Biostimulation
Biostimulation involves the modification of the environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation. This can be done by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Schist: Encyclopedia - Schist
The schists form a group of medium-grade metamorphic rocks, chiefly notable for the preponderance of lamellar minerals such as micas, chl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sandstone: Encyclopedia - Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. Most sandstone is comprised of quartz and/or feldspa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chalk: Encyclopedia - Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous form of limestone composed of the mineral calcium carbonate. It is relatively resistant to erosion and slu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weathering: Encyclopedia - Weathering
Weathering is the process of decomposition and/or disintegration of rocks, soils and their minerals through natural, chemical, and biolog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Till: Encyclopedia - Till
Till is an unsorted glacial sediment. Glacial drift is a general term for the coarsely graded and extremely heterogeneous sediments of gl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia - Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6. An abundant nonmetallic, tetravalent eleme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Korean Pottery: Encyclopedia Ii - Korean Pottery - Early History
Korean pottery - Chinese influences. With many scholars, and trade missions sent to China, the Koreans who returned brought back many ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Durdle Door: Encyclopedia Ii - Durdle Door - Geology
The arch has formed on a concordant coastline where bands of rock run parallel to the shoreline. Here the rock strata run near vertical, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Salisbury Plain: Encyclopedia Ii - Salisbury Plain - History
Salisbury Plain is famous for its history. In Neolithic times there was an extensive population and much of the original vegetation had b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sediment: Encyclopedia Ii - Sediment - Sediment Transport
Sediment - Rivers and streams. If a fluid, such as water, is flowing, it can carry suspended particles. The settling velocity is the mi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jurassic Coast: Encyclopedia Ii - Jurassic Coast - Formation
At the start of the Jurassic period a sea level rose flooding the Triassic landscape. For most of the Jurassic period Dorset was under a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Collecting Fossils: Encyclopedia Ii - Collecting Fossils - Equipment
It is important to have the right kind of field equipment when looking for fossils, and safety should always be your primary concern. A h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Karachay-cherkessia: Encyclopedia Ii - Karachay-cherkessia - Geography
Karachay-Cherkessia - Time zone. Karachay-Cherkessia is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Headlands And Bays: Encyclopedia Ii - Headlands And Bays - Geology And Geography
Headlands and bays are usually found together on the same stretch of coastline. Headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines, where b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alum: Encyclopedia Ii - Alum - Pliny's Writings
The word "alumen," which we translate "alum," occurs in Pliny's Natural History. In the 15th chapter of his 35th book he gives a detailed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dry Cleaning: Encyclopedia Ii - Dry Cleaning - Process
A dry cleaning machine is somewhat similar to combination of a domestic washing machine, and clothes dryer. Garments are placed into a wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of The United Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of The United Kingdom - Physical Geography
The physical geography of the UK varies greatly. It includes the chalk cliffs of Kent and Dorset, the rolling hills and fields of southea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hampshire: Encyclopedia Ii - Hampshire - Physical Geography
Hampshire's geology falls into two categories. In the south, along the coast is the "Hampshire Basin", an area of relatively non-resistan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Houston Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Houston Texas - History
Houston Texas - Houston's founding. In the mid-1800s, two brothers who were New York real estate promoters, John Kirby Allen and August...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geology Of Hampshire: Encyclopedia Ii - Geology Of Hampshire - Hampshire Basin
In the south, along the coast, soft Eocene and Oligocene clays and gravels form low flat terrain, the Hampshire Basin. Protected from sea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geology Of The Capitol Reef Area: Encyclopedia Ii - Geology Of The Capitol Reef Area - Jurassic Events
Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Glen Canyon Group. All three formations of the Glen Canyon Group were laid down in the Mid to Late T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geology Of The British Isles: Encyclopedia Ii - Geology Of The British Isles - Geological History
Geology of the British Isles - Proterozoic Era. The Gneisses, the oldest rocks in Britain or Ireland, date from at least 2,700 Ma (Ma =...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flax: Encyclopedia Ii - Flax - Cultivating Flax
The major fibre flax-producing countries are the former USSR, Poland, France, Belgium and the Czech Republic. The soils most suitable for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flax: Encyclopedia Ii - Flax - Cultivating Flax
The major fibre flax-producing countries are the former USSR, Poland, France, Belgium and the Czech Republic. The soils most suitable for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weathering: Encyclopedia Ii - Weathering - Mechanical Physical Weathering
Mechanical weathering is the cause of the disintegration of rocks or, wood. Most of the times it produces smaller angular fragments (like...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Desert: Encyclopedia Ii - Desert - Desert Features
Sand covers only about 20 percent of Earth's deserts. Most of the sand is in sand sheets and sand seas—vast regions of undulating dunes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sakhalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Sakhalin - History
Sakhalin was inhabited in the Neolithic Stone Age. Flint implements, like those found in Siberia, have been found at Dui and Kusunai in g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thallium: Encyclopedia Ii - Thallium - Applications
The odorless and tasteless thallium sulfate was widely used in the past as a rat poison and ant killer. In the United States and many oth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shale: Encyclopedia Ii - Shale - Formation
The fine particles that compose shale can remain suspended in water long after the larger and denser particles of sand have deposited out...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bedfordshire: Encyclopedia Ii - Bedfordshire - History
See also main Bedfordshire history article The first recorded use of the name was in 1011 as "Bedanfordscir," meaning "Beda's ford" (rive...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - River Glen Lincolnshire: Encyclopedia Ii - River Glen Lincolnshire - History
The Nennius text, Historia Britonum, tells us that Arthur, the war leader of the Britons fought his first battle against the Anglo-Saxons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Notable Characteristics
Carbon is a remarkable element for many reasons. Its different forms include one of the softest (graphite) and one of the hardest (diamon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Allotropes
The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes) that pure carbon can take. The three relatively well-kno...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Suffolk: Encyclopedia Ii - Suffolk - History
Suffolk was part of the kingdom of East Anglia which was settled by the Angles in the 5th century. In 1974, Suffolk was split into five a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - History
Sugar Land Texas - Sugar Land's founding. Sugar Land has a heritage tracing its roots back to the original Mexican land grant to Stephe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Panspermia: Encyclopedia Ii - Panspermia - Evidence
Until a large portion of the galaxy is surveyed for signs of life or contact is made with other civilizations, the panspermia hypothesis ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sandstone: Encyclopedia Ii - Sandstone - Origins
Sandstones are clastic in origin (as opposed to organic, like chalk or coal). They are formed from the cemented grains that may be fragme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ammonite: Encyclopedia Ii - Ammonite - Shell Anatomy And Diversity
Ammonite - Basic shell anatomy. The chambered part of the ammonite shell is called a phragmocone. The phragmocone contains a series of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oceanic Trench: Encyclopedia Ii - Oceanic Trench - Accretionary Prisms And Sediment Transport
Accretionary prisms grow by frontal accretion, whereby sediments are scraped off, bulldozer-fashion, near the trench, or by underplating ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrogen Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrogen Cycle - Ammonia
Another source of ammonia is the decomposition of dead organic matter by bacteria called decomposers, which produce ammonium ions (NH4+)....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chuvashia: Encyclopedia Ii - Chuvashia - Economy
Chuvashia is Russia’s center for hops growing and is famous throughout the country for its long history of beer brewing. It is also a m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Desert: Encyclopedia Ii - Desert - Desert Features
Sand covers only about 20 percent of Earth's deserts. Most of the sand is in sand sheets and sand seas—vast regions of undulating dunes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Suffolk: Encyclopedia Ii - Suffolk - History
Suffolk was part of the kingdom of East Anglia which was settled by the Angles in the 5th century. In 1974, Suffolk was split into five a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mount Adams Washington: Encyclopedia Ii - Mount Adams Washington - History
Native Americans in the area have created a detailed legend concerning the three smoking mountains that guard the Columbia River. Accordi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Minerals: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Minerals - Examples And Applications
Typical examples of industrial rocks and minerals are limestone, clays, sand, gravel, diatomite, kaolin, bentonite, silica, barite, gypsu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorite Group: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorite Group - Members Of The Chlorite Group:
Clinoclore, penninite, and chamosite are the most common varieties. Several other sub-varieties have been described. The name chlorite is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extractive Metallurgy: Encyclopedia Ii - Extractive Metallurgy - Mineral Processing
Mineral processing involves the use of physical processes to manipulate ore particle size, and concentrate valuable minerals using the pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weathering: Encyclopedia Ii - Weathering - Mechanical Physical Weathering
Mechanical weathering is the cause of the disintegration of rocks or wood. Most of the times it produces smaller angular fragments (like ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Limestone: Encyclopedia Ii - Limestone - Limestone Landscape
Limestone is partially soluble, especially in acid, and therefore forms many erosion landforms. These include limestone pavements, pot ho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrogen Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrogen Cycle - Ammonia
Another source of ammonia is the decomposition of dead organic matter by bacteria called decomposers, which produce ammonium ions (NH4+)....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Uses
Coal - Coal as fuel. See also Clean coal Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce heat through combustion. World coal consum...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal - Etymology And Folklore
The word "coal" came from Anglo-Saxon col, which meant charcoal. Coal was not mined in Britain before late Middle Ages; i.e. after ca. 10...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chuvashia: Encyclopedia Ii - Chuvashia - Geography
Chuvashia is located in the center of the European part of Russia, in the heart of the Volga-Vyatka region, midway between Nizhny Novgoro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Suffolk: Encyclopedia Ii - Suffolk - Geology Landscape And Ecology
Much of Suffolk is low-lying on Eocene sand and clays. These rocks are relatively unresistant and on the coast are eroded rapidly. Coasta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Suffolk: Encyclopedia Ii - Suffolk - Cities Towns And Villages
The agreed upon number of established communities in Suffolk varies greatly because of the large number of the all but non-existent hamle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chuvashia: Encyclopedia Ii - Chuvashia - Demographics
In 2002, Chuvashia had a total population of 1,346,300. 794,800 or 60.9 percent of the population were living in urban areas. 510,200 or ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chuvashia: Encyclopedia Ii - Chuvashia - Culture
The republic has a fascinating cultural heritage, a result of the ethnic Chuvash presence in the region. While Russian is the predominant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thallium: Encyclopedia Ii - Thallium - Occurrence
Although the metal is reasonably abundant in the Earth's crust at a concentration estimated to be about 0.7 mg/kg, it exists mostly in as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chuvashia: Encyclopedia Ii - Chuvashia - History
The Chuvash ancestors were tribes of ancient Bulgars and Suars that resided in the Northern Caucasus in the 5th to the 8th centuries. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sediment: Encyclopedia Ii - Sediment - Shores And Shallow Seas
The second major environment where sediment may be suspended in a fluid is in seas and oceans. The sediment could consist of terrigenous ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Organic Compounds
The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO2. This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ammonite: Encyclopedia Ii - Ammonite - Classification
Originating from within the bactritoid nautiloids, Ammonites first appeared in the Late Silurian to Early Devonian (~400 million years ag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sakhalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Sakhalin - Transportation
Transportation, especially by sea, is an important segment of the economy. Nearly all the cargo arriving for Sakhalin (and the Kurile Isl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Allotropes
The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations that pure carbon can take. The three relatively well-known allotropes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sakhalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Sakhalin - Flora And Fauna
The whole of the island is covered with dense forests, mostly coniferous. The Yezo (or Yeddo) spruce (Picea jezoensis), the Sakhalin fir ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sakhalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Sakhalin - Geography
Sakhalin is separated from the mainland by the narrow and shallow Mamiya Strait or Strait of Tartary, which often freezes in winter in it...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sakhalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Sakhalin - Demographics
At the beginning of the 20th century, some 32,000 Russians (of whom over 22,150 were convicts) inhabited Sakhalin along with several thou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sakhalin: Encyclopedia Ii - Sakhalin - Economy
Sakhalin is a classic "resource economy" relying on oil and gas exports, coal mining, forestry, and fishing. There are also some coal dep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geology Of The Capitol Reef Area: Encyclopedia Ii - Geology Of The Capitol Reef Area - Cretaceous Events
Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cedar Mountain and Dakota Sandstone. Early Cretaceous time brought continental deposition that was d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oceanic Trench: Encyclopedia Ii - Oceanic Trench - Morphologic Expression
Trenches are centerpieces of the distinctive physiography of a convergent plate margin. Transects across trenches yield asymmetric profil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oceanic Trench: Encyclopedia Ii - Oceanic Trench - Filled Trenches
The composition of the inner trench slope and a first-order control on trench morphology is determined by sediment supply. Active accreti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oceanic Trench: Encyclopedia Ii - Oceanic Trench - Water And Biosphere
The volume of water escaping from within and beneath the forearc results in some of Earth’s most dynamic and complex interactions betwe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oceanic Trench: Encyclopedia Ii - Oceanic Trench - Empty Trenches And Subduction Erosion
Trenches distant from an influx of continental sediments lack an accretionary prism, and the inner slope of such trenches is commonly com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oceanic Trench: Encyclopedia Ii - Oceanic Trench - History Of The Term Trench
Trenches are the most spectacular morphologic feature on Earth’s solid surface but they were not clearly defined until the late 1940’...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrogen Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrogen Cycle - Conversion Of N2
There are three ways to convert N2 (atmospheric nitrogen gas) into more chemically reactive forms: Biological fixation – some bacteria...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mount Adams Washington: Encyclopedia Ii - Mount Adams Washington - Glaciers
Ice (mostly in the form of glaciers) covers about 6.2 mile² (16 km²) of the mountain's upper cone and is fed by ample snow and rainfall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mount Adams Washington: Encyclopedia Ii - Mount Adams Washington - Geology
Adams is made of several overlapping cones that together form an 18 mile (29 km) diameter base which is elongated in a north-south direct...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrogen Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrogen Cycle - The Basics
Air is about 78% nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen. Nitrogen is essential for many biological processes; it is in all am...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - Geography And Climate
Sugar Land Texas - Geography. Sugar Land is located in northeast Fort Bend County, 25 miles (40 km²) southwest of Houston. Accord...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - Economy
Sugar Land hosts its economy through diversification, corporate vitality, and quality of life and was ranked as one of the “Top Cities ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - Architectural Landmarks
Lakeview Auditorium, located on the campus of Lakeview Elementary School is the oldest public building still standing in the area. Origin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - Transportation
Sugar Land currently does not have a mass transit system. However, this could change as it has been a possible candidate for expansion of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - Education
Sugar Land Texas - Colleges and universities. Sugar Landers have access to higher education right where they live. Currently, there are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - Districts And Communities
Sugar Land is home to many master-planned communities featuring golf courses, country clubs, and lakes. The city has the most master-plan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - Local Attractions
Sugar Land Town Square is the heart of entertainment district in Sugar Land and Fort Bend County. It has many upscale restauran...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - Law And Government
Sugar Land operates under the Council-Manager form of government. Under this system, Council appoints the city manager, who acts as the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - Demographics
As of the censusGR2 of 2000, there are 63,328 people, 20,515 households, and 17,519 families residing in the city. The population density...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Land Texas: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Land Texas - People And Culture
The majority of Sugar Landers are white-collar, and university-educated working in Houston's renowned energy industry. Sugar Land is also...   » Read the article