Claudius II

Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothicus (May 10, 213/214 - January, 270), more often referred to as Claudius II, ruled the Roman Empire for less than two years (268 - 270), but during that brief time, he was so successful and beloved by the people of Rome that he attained divine status. His origin is uncertain. Claudius was either from the Sirmium region (in Pannonia Inferior) or from Dardania (in Moesia Superior). Claudius was the commander of the Roman army that defeated decisively the Goths at the battle of Naissus, in Sept ...

Including:

• Claudius II - Claudius as Emperor
• Claudius II - Death of St. Valentine

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At the time of his accession, the Roman Empire was in serious danger from several incursions, both within and outside its borders. The most pressing of these was an invasion of Illyricum and Pannonia by the Goths. Not long after being named emperor (or just prior to Gallienus' death, depending on the source), he won his greatest victory, and one of the greatest in the history of Roman arms. At the Battle of Naissus, Claudius and his legions routed a huge Gothic army. Together with his cavalry commander, the future Emperor Aurelian, th ...

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Claudius II, Claudius II - Claudius as Emperor, Claudius II - Death of St. Valentine

Read more here: » Claudius II: Encyclopedia II - Claudius II - Claudius as Emperor

At the time of his accession, the Roman Empire was in serious danger from several incursions, both within and outside its borders. The most pressing of these was an invasion of Illyricum and Pannonia by the Goths. Not long after being named emperor (or just prior to Gallienus' death, depending on the source), he won his greatest victory, and one of the greatest in the history of Roman arms. At the Battle of Naissus, Claudius and his legions routed a huge Gothic army. Together with his cavalry commander, the future Emperor Aurelian, th ...

See also:

Claudius II, Claudius II - Claudius as Emperor

Read more here: » Claudius II: Encyclopedia II - Claudius II - Claudius as Emperor

Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" ) is a commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284 caused by the three simultaneous crises of external invasion, internal civil war and economic collapse. The changes in the institutions, society, economic life and eventually religion were so profound and fundamental, the "Crisis of the Third Century" is increasingly seen as the watershed marking the difference between the classic ...

Including:

• Crisis of the Third Century - History
• Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

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Internally the empire faced runaway hyperinflation caused by years of coinage devaluation. This had started earlier under the Severan emperors who enlarged the army by one quarter and doubled the base pay. As each of the short-lived emperors took power they needed ways to raise money quickly to pay the military's "acession bonus" and the easiest way to do so was by simply cutting the silver in coins with less valuable metals. This had the predictable effect of causing runaway inflation and by the time Diocletian came to power the old coinage ...

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Crisis of the Third Century, Crisis of the Third Century - History, Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

Read more here: » Crisis of the Third Century: Encyclopedia II - Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 1, 10 BC–October 13, 54), previously Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24, 41 to his death in 54. Born in Lugdunum in Gaul (modern-day Lyon, France), to Drusus and Antonia Minor, he was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy. Claudius was considered a rather unlikely man to become emperor. He was reportedly afflicted with some type of disability, and his family had virtu ...

Including:

• Claudius - Claudius' affliction and personality
• Claudius - Family and early life
• Claudius - Accession as emperor
• Claudius - Expansion of the empire
• Claudius - Judicial and legislative affairs
• Claudius - Public works
• Claudius - Claudius and the Senate
• Claudius - The Secretariat and centralization of powers
• Claudius - Religious reforms and games
• Claudius - Marriages and personal life
• Claudius - Death deification and reputation
• Claudius - Scholarly works and their impact
• Claudius - Claudius in fiction
• Claudius - Footnotes

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The troubles began in 235, when the emperor Alexander Severus was murdered by soldiers at the age of 27 after Roman legions were defeated in a campaign against Persia. As general after general squabbled over control of the empire, the frontiers were neglected and subjected to frequent raids by Carpians, Goths, Vandals and Alamanni, and outright attacks from Sassanids in the east. Finally, by 258, the attacks were coming from within, when the Empire broke up in to three separate competing states. The Roman provinces of Gaul, Britain an ...

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Crisis of the Third Century, Crisis of the Third Century - History, Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

Read more here: » Crisis of the Third Century: Encyclopedia II - Crisis of the Third Century - History

The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were an alliance of warbands formed from Germanic tribes, first mentioned by Dio Cassius when they fought Caracalla in 213. They apparently dwelt in the basin of the Main, to the south of the Chatti. Alamanni - Tribal connections. The Alamanni emerged from the Irminones. According to Asinius Quadratus their name —"all men"—indicates that they were a conglomeration of various tribes formed into warbands, similar to the contemporary Huns. Another source < ...

Including:

• Alamanni - Tribal connections
• Alamanni - Conflicts with the Roman Empire
• Alamanni - List of battles between Romans and Alamanni
• Alamanni - Alamanni and Franks
• Alamanni - List of Alamannic rulers
• Alamanni - Christianization
• Alamanni - Modern Alemanni

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Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius (March 31, 250–July 25, 306) was an emperor of the Western Roman Empire (305–306). He was commonly called Chlorus (the Pale), an epithet given to him by Byzantine historians. He was the father of Constantine the Great. Constantius was from Illyricum. Historia Augusta reports him being son of Eutropius and Claudia, daughter of Crispus. Crispus was reportedly a brother to Roman Emperors Claudius II and Quintillus. However, historians suspect this connection to be a genealogical fabrication created by his grandson Constantine, thus connect ...

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The troubles began in 235, when the emperor Alexander Severus was murdered by soldiers at the age of 27 after Roman legions were defeated in a campaign against Sassanid Persia. As general after general squabbled over control of the empire, the frontiers were neglected and subjected to frequent raids by Carpians, Goths, Vandals and Alamanni, and outright attacks from aggressive Sassanids in the east. Finally, by 258, the attacks were coming from within, when the Empire broke up in to three separate competing states. The Roman provinces ...

See also:

Crisis of the Third Century, Crisis of the Third Century - History, Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

Read more here: » Crisis of the Third Century: Encyclopedia II - Crisis of the Third Century - History

270 - Events. Quintillus briefly holds power over the Roman Empire, and is succeeded by Aurelian Vandals and Sarmatians driven out of Roman territory Romans leave Utrecht after regular invasions of Germanic people. 270 - Births. Nicholas of Myra, Roman priest and later bishop (approximate date). Rabbah bar Nahmani, Babylonian 'amora. 270 - Deaths. Roman Emperor Claudius II (infectious ...

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• 270 - Events
• 270 - Births
• 270 - Deaths

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Plotinus (Greek: Πλωτίνος)(ca. 205–270) is widely considered the father of Neoplatonism. Much of our biographical information about Plotinus comes from Porphyry's preface to his edition of Plotinus' Enneads. Porphyry believed Plotinus was sixty-six years old when he died in the second year of the reign of the emperor Claudius II, and estimated the year of his teacher's birth as around 205. Plotinus disliked "being in the body", so he never discussed his ancestry, or his place or date of birth. Eunapius however reports ...

Including:

• Plotinus - Teachings

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St. Valentine's Day falls on February 14, and is the traditional day on which lovers in certain cultures let each other know about their love, commonly by sending Valentine's cards, which are often anonymous. The history of Valentine's day can be traced back to an obscure Catholic Church feast day, said to be in honor of Saint Valentine, are discussed below. The day's associations with romantic love arrived after the High Middle Ages, ...

Including:

• St. Valentine's Day - History of Valentine's Day
• St. Valentine's Day - February fertility festivals
• St. Valentine's Day - Valentinius
• St. Valentine's Day - Medieval era
• St. Valentine's Day - Valentine's Day in the USA
• St. Valentine's Day - Valentine's Day in Other Cultures

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One of the key characteristics of the Crisis of the Third Century was the inability of the Emperors to maintain their hold on the Imperium for any marked length of time. An exception to this rule was the reign of the Emperor Gallienus. The fact that Gallienus served as junior Emperor with his father, Valerian, from 253 to 260 may have had something to do with his successes. Father and son each wielded his authority over a smaller area, thus allowing for more flexible control and imperial presence. Another, more probable reason, lay in Gallie ...

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Gallienus, Gallienus - Reign, Gallienus - Legacy

Read more here: » Gallienus: Encyclopedia II - Gallienus - Reign

Claudius was born Tiberius Claudius Drusus on August 1, 10 BC in Lugdunum, Gaul, on the day of the dedication of an altar to Augustus. He was the third child of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor, the two older children being Germanicus and Livilla. Antonia may have had two other children as well, but both died young. His maternal grandparents were Mark Antony and Octavia, Caesar Augustus' sister. His paternal grandparents were Livia, Augustus' third wife, and Tiberius Claudius Nero. During his reign, Claudius revived the rumor that his father Dru ...

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Claudius, Claudius - Claudius' affliction and personality, Claudius - Family and early life, Claudius - Accession as emperor, Claudius - Expansion of the empire, Claudius - Judicial and legislative affairs, Claudius - Public works, Claudius - Claudius and the Senate, Claudius - The Secretariat and centralization of powers, Claudius - Religious reforms and games, Claudius - Marriages and personal life, Claudius - Death deification and reputation, Claudius - Scholarly works and their impact, Claudius - Claudius in fiction, Claudius - Footnotes

Read more here: » Claudius: Encyclopedia II - Claudius - Family and early life

Claudius was born Tiberius Claudius Drusus on August 1, 10 BC in Lugdunum, Gaul, on the day of the dedication of an altar to Augustus. He was the third child of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor, the two older children being Germanicus and Livilla. Antonia may have had two other children as well, but both died young. His maternal grandparents were Mark Antony and Octavia, Caesar Augustus' sister. His paternal grandparents were Livia, Augustus's third wife, and Tiberius Claudius Nero. During his reign, Claudius revived the rumor that his father Dru ...

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Claudius, Claudius - Claudius' affliction and personality, Claudius - Family and early life, Claudius - Accession as emperor, Claudius - Expansion of the empire, Claudius - Judicial and legislative affairs, Claudius - Public works, Claudius - Claudius and the Senate, Claudius - The Secretariat and centralization of powers, Claudius - Religious reforms and games, Claudius - Marriages and personal life, Claudius - Death deification and reputation, Claudius - Scholarly works and their impact, Claudius - Claudius in fiction, Claudius - Footnotes

Read more here: » Claudius: Encyclopedia II - Claudius - Family and early life

Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The diffusionist view. Theories of pre-Columbian contact have been fairly popular in the Western world since the 16th century. Several reasons may account for the spread of these diffusionist theories, including political propaganda, apology of colonialism, and the backing of priority claims. Proponents of such contacts often stated or implied the ethnocentric premise that Native Americans — generally portrayed as savages — could not have developed the sophisticated techn ...

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Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Overview, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The diffusionist view, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The isolationist view, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The Bering Land Bridge model, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The isolationist dogma, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Lessening of the dogma, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Bering Land Bridge model in question, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Feasibilty of trans-oceanic travels, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Historical long-range travels, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Modern experiments, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The Vikings in Newfoundland, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Claims based on cultural and biological similarities, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Polynesians, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Africans, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Egyptians and Mesopotamians, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Phoenicians Greek and Romans, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Chinese, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Indians, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Claims based on legends and documents, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Carthaginians, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Saint Brendan, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Prince Madoc of Wales, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Zichmni aka Robert Sinclair, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Late contacts, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Zheng He, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Spanish, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Portuguese, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Dutch, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Reverse contacts, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Caecilius Metellus, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Antonio Galvano, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Bartolomé de las Casas, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Lost continents flying saucers and La Merika, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Religious accounts, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Bibliography

Read more here: » Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Overview

Aurelian - Reunification of the Empire. Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern part of Italia against the Vandals, Juthungi, and Sarmatians, expelling them from Roman territory and earning the title of Germanicus Maximus. The authority of the Emperor was challenged by several usurpers — Septimius, Urbanus, Domitianus —, who tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the Empire and the overhelming influence of the armies in Roman politics. Aurelian, being an experienced commander, was aware of the importance of the army, and his propaganda, known through his coinage, ...

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Aurelian, Aurelian - Rise to power, Aurelian - Conqueror and reformer, Aurelian - Reunification of the Empire, Aurelian - Reformations, Aurelian - Death

Read more here: » Aurelian: Encyclopedia II - Aurelian - Conqueror and reformer

Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The diffusionist view. Theories of pre-Columbian contact have been fairly popular in the Western world since the 16th century. Several reasons may account for the spread of these diffusionist theories, including political propaganda, apology of colonialism, and the backing of priority claims. Proponents of such contacts often stated or implied the ethnocentric premise that Native Americans — generally portrayed as savages — could not have developed the sophisticated techn ...

See also:

Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Overview, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The diffusionist view, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The isolationist view, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The Bering Land Bridge model, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The isolationist dogma, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Lessening of the dogma, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Bering Land Bridge model in question, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Feasibilty of trans-oceanic travels, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Historical long-range travels, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Modern experiments, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - The Vikings in Newfoundland, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Claims based on cultural and biological similarities, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Polynesians, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Africans, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Egyptians and Mesopotamians, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Phoenicians Greek and Romans, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Chinese, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Indians, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Claims based on legends and documents, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Carthaginians, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Saint Brendan, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Culdee Monks, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Prince Madoc of Wales, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Zichmni aka Robert Sinclair, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Late contacts, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Zheng He, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Spanish, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Portuguese, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Dutch, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - English, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Reverse contacts, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Caecilius Metellus, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Antonio Galvano, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Bartolomé de las Casas, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Lost continents flying saucers and La Merika, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Religious accounts, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Bibliography

Read more here: » Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Overview

St. Valentine's Day - February fertility festivals. The association of the middle of February with love and fertility dates to ancient times. In the calendar of Ancient Athens, the period between mid January and mid February was the month of Gamelion, which was dedicated to the sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera. In Ancient Rome, the day of February 15 was Lupercalia, the festival of Lupercus, the god of fertility, who was represented as half-naked and dressed in goat skins. As part of the purification ritua ...

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St. Valentine's Day, St. Valentine's Day - History of Valentine's Day, St. Valentine's Day - February fertility festivals, St. Valentine's Day - Valentine, St. Valentine's Day - Medieval era, St. Valentine's Day - Valentine's Day in the USA, St. Valentine's Day - Valentine's Day in Other Cultures

Read more here: » St. Valentine's Day: Encyclopedia II - St. Valentine's Day - History of Valentine's Day