Encyclopedia - Cladistics: Encyclopedia - Cladistics
Cladistics (Greek: klados = branch) is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships between living things based on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cladistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Cladistics - Cladistic Classification
A recent trend in biology since the 1960s, called cladism or cladistic taxonomy, requires taxa to be clades. In other words, cladists arg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cladistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Cladistics - Cladistic Methods
Typically, a cladistic analysis begins by collecting information on certain features of all the organisms in question. Features may come ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phylogenetics: Encyclopedia - Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolution...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lycopodiopsida: Encyclopedia - Lycopodiopsida
The Class Lycopodiopsida includes the clubmosses. These plants are often loosely grouped as the fern allies. The Lycopodiopsida tradition...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clade: Encyclopedia - Clade
A clade is group of organisms which share a common ancestor and which includes all descendents of that ancestor. Taxonomy which requires ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Containment Hierarchy: Encyclopedia - Containment Hierarchy
A containment hierarchy is a hierarchical collection of strictly nested sets. Each entry in the hierarchy designates a set such that the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - David B. Weishampel: Encyclopedia - David B. Weishampel
Professor David B. Weishampel (born November 16, 1952) is a American palaeontologist in the Department of cell biology and anatomy at Joh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genus: Encyclopedia - Genus
In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a grouping in the classification of living organisms having one or more related and morphologicall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Choristodera: Encyclopedia - Choristodera
Cteniogenidae Simoedosauridae Champsosauridae Choristodera is an order of semi-aquatic diapsid reptiles which ranged from the Middle Jura...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ungulate: Encyclopedia - Ungulate
Ungulates (meaning roughly "hoofed" or "hoofed animal") make up several orders of mammals, of which six to eight survive. There is some d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Earthworm: Encyclopedia - Earthworm
Earthworm is the common reference for the larger members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transitional Fossil: Encyclopedia Ii - Transitional Fossil - Transitional Forms And Cladistics
Before the general acceptance of 'cladistics' or 'phylogenetic systematics' in paleontology, evolutionary trees were often drawn as the e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parsimony: Encyclopedia Ii - Parsimony - Science
In science, parsimony is preference for the least complicated explanation for an observation. This is generally regarded as good when jud...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Molecular Systematics: Encyclopedia Ii - Molecular Systematics - Theoretical Background
Molecular systematics has been made possible by the availability of techniques for gene sequencing, which allow the determination of the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Molecular Systematics: Encyclopedia Ii - Molecular Systematics - Theoretical Background
Molecular systematics has been made possible by the availability of techniques for DNA sequencing, which allow the determination of the e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Molecular Systematics: Encyclopedia Ii - Molecular Systematics - Characteristics And Assumptions Of Molecular Systematics
This example illustrates several characteristics of molecular systematics and its underlying assumptions. Molecular systematics is an es...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transitional Fossil: Encyclopedia Ii - Transitional Fossil - Misconceptions
It is commonly stated by anti-evolutionists that there are no known transitional fossils. According to evolutionary scientists, this posi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Textual Criticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Textual Criticism - Methods Of Textual Criticism
There are three fundamental approaches to textual criticism: copy text editing, eclecticism, and stemmatics. Techniques from the biologic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Molecular Systematics: Encyclopedia Ii - Molecular Systematics - Example: The Phylogeny Of The Domestic Dog
For example, Vilà et al (1997) determined haplotypes from a sequence of 261 base pairs in the mitochondrial DNA of 140 domestic dogs, 16...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transitional Fossil: Encyclopedia Ii - Transitional Fossil - Transitional Forms Vs. Intermediate Forms
The terms 'transitional' and 'intermediate' are for the most part used as synonyms to each other. However, a distinction between the two ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Cladist: Oceanography Dictionary - Cladist
  Definition and meaning of cladist:   cladist - a systematist who attempts to classify life forms according to their evo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Temnospondyli: Encyclopedia Ii - Temnospondyli - Classification
Temnospondyli - Two types of Vertebrae. Originally, Temnospondyls were classified according to the structure of the vertebrae. Earlier ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Cladistics: Oceanography Dictionary - Cladistics
  Definition and meaning of cladistics:   cladistics - the systematic classification of groups of organisms on the basis ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Textual Criticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Textual Criticism - Textual Criticism Of The New Testament
The New Testament has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work, having over 5,300 Greek manuscripts, 10,000 Latin m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Homology Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Homology Biology - Homology Of Sequences In Genetics
In genetics, homology is used in reference to protein or DNA sequences, meaning that the given sequences share a common ancestor. Sequenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multituberculata: Encyclopedia Ii - Multituberculata - Groups Within Multituberculata
In their 2001 study, Kielan-Jaworowska and Hurum found that most multituberculates could be referred to two suborders: "Plagiaulacida" an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nautiloid: Encyclopedia Ii - Nautiloid - Taxonomic Relationships
The nautiloids are among the group of animals called the cephalopods (class Cephalopoda), which also includes ammonoids, belemnites and m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leach Orchid: Encyclopedia Ii - Leach Orchid - Taxonomy
Cladistic research (by A. Pridgeon, R. Solano and M. Chase) has shown that the genus Stelis is monophyletic. But the distinction with sev...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prosauropoda: Encyclopedia Ii - Prosauropoda - Changing Definitions
The Prosauropoda were originally defined as the early, bipedal, Triassic ancestors of the great sauropod dinosaurs. More recently, cladis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - In Science
Occam's Razor has become a basic perspective for those who follow the scientific method. It is important to note that it is a heuristic a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - In Philosophy Of Mind
Probably the first person to make use of the principle was Ockham himself. He writes "The source of many errors in philosophy is the clai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - In Religion
In the philosophy of religion Occam's Razor is sometimes used to challenge arguments for the existence of God: if there doesn't seem to b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - In Statistics
There are various papers in scholarly journals deriving versions of Occam's Razor from probability theory and applying it in statistical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ape: Encyclopedia Ii - Ape - History Of Hominoid Taxonomy
The history of hominoid taxonomy is somewhat confusing and complex. The names of subgroups have changed their meaning over time as new ev...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - Variations
The principle is most often expressed as Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem, or "Entities should not be multiplied beyond ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - History
William of Ockham (c.1285–1349) is usually credited with formulating the razor that bears his name, which is typically phrased "entitie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - Justifications
Occam's Razor is known by several different names including the Principle of Parsimony, the Principle of Simplicity, and the Principle of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - History
William of Ockham (c.1285–1349) is usually credited with formulating the razor that bears his name, which is typically phrased "entitie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - Justifications
Occam's Razor is known by several different names including the Principle of Parsimony, the Principle of Simplicity, and the Principle of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - In Science
Occam's Razor has become a basic perspective for those who follow the scientific method. It is important to note that it is an heuristic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - In Religion
In the philosophy of religion Occam's Razor is sometimes used to challenge arguments for the existence of God: if there doesn't seem to b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - In Philosophy Of Mind
Probably the first person to make use of the principle was Ockham himself. He writes "The source of many errors in philosophy is the clai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - In Statistics
There are various papers in scholarly journals deriving versions of Occam's Razor from probability theory and applying it in statistical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - Variations
A re-statement of Occam's Razor, in more formal terms, is provided by information theory in the form of minimum message length. "When dec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Occam's Razor: Encyclopedia Ii - Occam's Razor - Trivia
Galileo Galilei lampooned the misuse of Occam's Razor in his Dialogue. The principle is represented in the dialogue by Simplicio. The tel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sequence Alignment: Encyclopedia Ii - Sequence Alignment - Multiple Alignment
Multiple alignment is an extension of pairwise alignment to incorporate more than two sequences into an alignment. Multiple alignment met...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Classification: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Classification - Modern Developments
Whereas Linnaeus classified for ease of identification, it is now generally accepted that classification should reflect the Darwinian pri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Phylogenetics
List of publications in biology - Phylogenetic Systematics. Willi Hennig University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1966. Description: Thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diptera: Encyclopedia Ii - Diptera - Subdivision
About 85,000 species of insect have only two wings and are classified as members of Diptera, There are two generally accepted sub-orders ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diptera: Encyclopedia Ii - Diptera - Subdivision
About 85,000 species of insect have only two wings and are classified as members of Diptera, There are two generally accepted sub-orders ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Cladistic Distance: Oceanography Dictionary - Cladistic Distance
  Definition and meaning of cladistic distance:   cladistic distance - the number of branching points between any two nod...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Cladistic Species: Oceanography Dictionary - Cladistic Species
  Definition and meaning of cladistic species:   cladistic species - the concept of species in which a species is a linea...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Coordinate Taxon: Oceanography Dictionary - Coordinate Taxon
  Definition and meaning of coordinate taxon:   coordinate taxon - in cladistics, a group within a monophyletic lineage a...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Cladogram: Oceanography Dictionary - Cladogram
  Definition and meaning of cladogram:   cladogram - a tree-like diagram, resulting from a cladistic analysis, which depi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ape: Encyclopedia - Ape
Hylobatidae Hominidae Apes are the members of the Hominoidea superfamily of primates, including humans. Currently, there are two families...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Created Kind: Encyclopedia Ii - Created Kind - Kinds In The Tree Of Life
The creationist "kind" is assumed to be based upon an idea that life in the past exhibited greater genetic diversity and heterozygosity t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dinosaur: Encyclopedia Ii - Dinosaur - What Is A Dinosaur?
Dinosaur - Definition. The superorder or clade "Dinosauria" was formally named by the English scientist Richard Owen in 1842. The term ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Articles Related To The Creation-evolution Controversy: Encyclopedia Ii - Articles Related To The Creation-evolution Controversy - Natural History
The controversy often takes the tone of creationists attacking various aspects of natural history (or evolution, within this context) wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zoology: Encyclopedia Ii - Zoology - Systems Of Classification
Main article: Scientific classification Morphography includes the systematic exploration and tabulation of the facts involved in the reco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Anatomy
List of publications in biology - Gray's Anatomy. Henry Gray Henry Gray, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, 1858. Online version ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Alternative Speculative And Disputed Theories: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Alternative Speculative And Disputed Theories - Theories
List of alternative speculative and disputed theories - Biology. See also Medicine below. Creationism is the belief that the origin ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lineage Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Lineage Evolution - Phylogenetic Representation Of Lineages
Lineages are typically visualized as subsets of a phylogenetic tree. For example, the tree in Figure 1 shows the separation of life into ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - Principles Of Biology
Unlike physics, biology does not usually describe systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mammal: Encyclopedia Ii - Mammal - Classification
Main article: Mammal classification George Gaylord Simpson's classic "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Race: Encyclopedia Ii - Race - The Origins, Patterns, And Physical Manifestations Of Human Genetic Variation
Race - Origins of modern humans. see also single-origin hypothesis, multiregional hypothesis. Any biological model for race must acco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Developmental Biology
List of publications in biology - Genomic Regulatory Systems: Development and Evolution. E. H. Davidson Genomic Regulatory Systems: De...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Botany
Species Plantarum, 1753 Carolus Linnaeus online at gallica Description : a two-volume work, going through many editions (ever expa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Evolutionary Biology
List of publications in biology - Histoire Naturelle. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 1749-1788 Description: Until the publica...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Cell Biology
List of publications in biology - Molecular Biology of the Cell. Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Robe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Cognitive Neuroscience
List of publications in biology - The organization of behavior. Donald O. Hebb New York: Wiley, 1989 Description: Importance: List ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Psychiatry
List of publications in biology - The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct. Dr. Thomas Szasz 1960 Text ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Origin Of Life
List of publications in biology - Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth. Andrew H. Knoll 2003, P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Systems Biology
List of publications in biology - The Future and Limits of Systems Biology. Werner, E. Science STKE, 2005, pe16. Online version. Desc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Taxonomy
List of publications in biology - Systema Naturae. Carolus Linnaeus First published 1735 Description: With this publication Linneaus ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Psychophysics
List of publications in biology - Tracking an object through feature space. Blaser E, Pylyshyn ZW, Holcombe AO. Tracking an object thr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Psychobiology
List of publications in biology - Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Wilson, E. O Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belkna...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Genetics
List of publications in biology - Experiments on Plant Hybridization. Gregor Mendel Proceedings of the Natural History Society, 1866. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Molecular Biology
List of publications in biology - DNA Sequencing with Chain-Terminating Inhibitors. Frederick Sanger, S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Paleontology
List of publications in biology - Tempo and Mode in Evolution. George Gaylord Simpson Columbia University Press, 1944 Importance: ....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Biology - Evolutionary Developmental Biology
List of publications in biology - The Evolution of Individuality. Leo W. Buss 1987, The Evolution of Individuality, Princeton Universi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - Scope Of Biology
Main article: List of biology disciplines Biology has become such a vast research enterprise that it is not generally regarded as a singl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Articles Related To The Creation-evolution Controversy: Encyclopedia Ii - Articles Related To The Creation-evolution Controversy - Intelligent Design
Intelligent design is a relatively new proposal that claims there is teleological evidence that can be observed in nature. Related issues...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Created Kind: Encyclopedia Ii - Created Kind - Definitions
The concept of the "kind" originates from a literal reading of Genesis 1:12-24: And God said, let the earth bring forth grass, the herb ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Created Kind: Encyclopedia Ii - Created Kind - Hypothesized Kinds
Creationists have proposed a handful of possibilities for the created "kinds": Humanity — Creationists reject any and all claims of ev...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zoology: Encyclopedia Ii - Zoology - Branches Of Biology Relevant To Zoology
The original branches of zoology established in the late 19th century such as zoo-physics, bionomics and morphography, have largely been ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zoology: Encyclopedia Ii - Zoology - History Of Zoology
Main articles: History of zoology (before Darwin) History of zoology (since Darwin) ... See also:Zoology, Zoology - History of zoolo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mammal: Encyclopedia Ii - Mammal - Characteristics
While most mammals give birth to live young, there are a few mammals (the monotremes) that lay eggs. Live birth also occurs in a variety ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mammal: Encyclopedia Ii - Mammal - Origins
Mammals belong among the amniotes, and in particular to a group called the synapsids, distinguished by the shape of their skulls, in part...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ape: Encyclopedia Ii - Ape - Historical And Modern Terminology
"Ape" (Old Eng. apa; Dutch aap; Old Ger. affo; Welsh epa; Old Czech op) is a word of uncertain origin and is possibly an imitation of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ape: Encyclopedia Ii - Ape - Biology
The gibbon family, Hylobatidae, is composed of thirteen medium-sized species. Their major distinction are their long arms which they use ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dinosaur: Encyclopedia Ii - Dinosaur - Areas Of Debate
Dinosaur - Warm-blooded?. A vigorous debate on the subject of temperature regulation in dinosaurs has been ongoing since the 1960s. Ori...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dinosaur: Encyclopedia Ii - Dinosaur - Extinction Theories
The sudden mass extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, which occurred around 65 million years ago, is one of the most intriguing mysterie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dinosaur: Encyclopedia Ii - Dinosaur - History Of Discovery
Dinosaur fossils have been known of for millennia, although their true nature was not recognized; the Chinese considered them to be drago...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dinosaur: Encyclopedia Ii - Dinosaur - In Popular Culture
Dinosaurs were highly successful creatures; they were the dominant land animals on Earth for over 150 million years. However, it is their...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dinosaur: Encyclopedia Ii - Dinosaur - Study Of Dinosaurs
Information on dinosaurs is obtained from a widely varying fields of study which include Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and the Earth Scien...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ape: Encyclopedia Ii - Ape - New Subspecies?
In 2002, a new giant ape troop was discovered in the Democratic Republic of Congo. These apes share many features of both chimpanzees and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - Branches Of Biology
While botany encompasses the study of plants, zoology is the branch of science that is concerned about the study of animals and anthropol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - History
Main articles: History of biology, History of medicine, History of genetics Major discoveries in biology include: Cell theory Germ theor...   » Read the article

Article - Oceanography Sitemap I - C
This is a sitemap for Oceanography - C . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. The ...   » Read the article