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Cl | A Wisdom Archive on Cl | | Cl A selection of articles related to Cl | |
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cl, CL
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Cl | | | | | |  Cl: Encyclopedia II - Yttrium - OccurrenceThis element is found in almost all rare earth minerals and in uranium ores but is never found in nature as a free element. Yttrium is commercially recovered from monazite sand (3% content, [(Ce, La, etc.)PO4]) and from bastnasite (0.2% content, [(Ce, La, etc.)(CO3)F]). It is commercially produced by reducing yttrium fluoride with calcium metal but it can also be produced using other techniques. It is difficult to separate from other rare earths and when extracted, is a dark gray powder.
Lunar rock samples from the Apollo program h ...
See also:Yttrium, Yttrium - Notable Characteristics, Yttrium - Applications, Yttrium - History, Yttrium - Occurrence, Yttrium - Isotopes, Yttrium - Precautions Read more here: » Yttrium: Encyclopedia II - Yttrium - Occurrence |
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| | | | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Silver - Occurrence Silver is found in native form, combined with sulfur, arsenic, antimony, or chlorine and in various ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl). The principal sources of silver are copper, copper-nickel, gold, lead and lead-zinc ores obtained from Canada, Cobalt, Ontario , Mexico, Peru, Australia and the United States.
This metal is also produced during the electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial grade fine silver is at least 99.9% pure silver and purities greater than 99.999% are available. Mexico is the large ...
See also:Silver, Silver - Notable characteristics, Silver - Applications, Silver - History, Silver - Occurrence, Silver - Isotopes, Silver - Precautions and health effects Read more here: » Silver: Encyclopedia II - Silver - Occurrence |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Silver - History Silver (from Anglo-Saxon seolfor, compare Old High German silabar; Ag is from the Latin argentum) has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in the book of Genesis, and slag heaps found in Asia Minor and on the islands of the Aegean Sea indicate that silver was being separated from lead as early as the 4th millennium BCE.
Silver has been used for thousands of years for ornaments and utensils, for trade, and as the basis for many monetary systems. Its value as a precious metal was long considered second only to gold. In Ancient Egypt and Medieval Europe, it ...
See also:Silver, Silver - Notable characteristics, Silver - Applications, Silver - History, Silver - Occurrence, Silver - Isotopes, Silver - Precautions and health effects Read more here: » Silver: Encyclopedia II - Silver - History |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Compounds Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer. It is extremely toxic if inhaled, and dangerous for the environment.
Vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4), also called vanadium(IV) sulfate oxide hydrate, is used as a relatively controversial dietary supplement, primarily for increasing insulin levels and body-building. Whether it works for the latter purpose has not been proven, and there is some evidence that athletes who take it are merely experiencing a plac ...
See also:Vanadium, Vanadium - Notable characteristics, Vanadium - Applications, Vanadium - History, Vanadium - Biological role, Vanadium - Occurrence, Vanadium - Isolation, Vanadium - Compounds, Vanadium - Isotopes, Vanadium - Precautions Read more here: » Vanadium: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Compounds |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Isotopes Naturally occurring vanadium is composed of 1 stable isotope; V-51. 15 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being V-50 with a half-life of 1.4E17 years, V-49 with a half-life of 330 days, and V-48 with a half-life of 15.9735 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 1 hour and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 10 seconds ...
See also:Vanadium, Vanadium - Notable characteristics, Vanadium - Applications, Vanadium - History, Vanadium - Biological role, Vanadium - Occurrence, Vanadium - Isolation, Vanadium - Compounds, Vanadium - Isotopes, Vanadium - Precautions Read more here: » Vanadium: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Isotopes |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Isolation Vanadium is available commercially and production of a sample in the laboratory is not normally required. Commercially, routes leading to metallic vanadium as main product are not usually required as enough is produced as byproduct in other processes.
In industry, heating of vanadium ore or residues from other processes with salt, NaCl, or sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, at about 850°C gives sodium vanadate, NaVO3. This is dissolved in water and acidified to give a red solid which in turn is melted to form ...
See also:Vanadium, Vanadium - Notable characteristics, Vanadium - Applications, Vanadium - History, Vanadium - Biological role, Vanadium - Occurrence, Vanadium - Isolation, Vanadium - Compounds, Vanadium - Isotopes, Vanadium - Precautions Read more here: » Vanadium: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Isolation |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Occurrence Vanadium is never found unbound in nature but it does occur in about 65 different minerals among which are patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Vanadium is also present in bauxite, and in carbon containing deposits such as crude oil, coal, oil shale and tar sands. The spectra of vanadium has also been detected in l ...
See also:Vanadium, Vanadium - Notable characteristics, Vanadium - Applications, Vanadium - History, Vanadium - Biological role, Vanadium - Occurrence, Vanadium - Isolation, Vanadium - Compounds, Vanadium - Isotopes, Vanadium - Precautions Read more here: » Vanadium: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Occurrence |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - History Vanadium (Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis) was originally discovered by Andrés Manuel del Río (a Spanish mineralogist) at Mexico City in 1801, who called it "brown lead" (now named vanadinite). Through experimentation, he saw that the colors it exhibited were reminiscent of chromium, so he named the element panchromium. He later renamed this compound erythronium, since most of the salts turned red when heated. The French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils incorrectly declared that del Rio's new element was only impure chromium. Del Ri ...
See also:Vanadium, Vanadium - Notable characteristics, Vanadium - Applications, Vanadium - History, Vanadium - Biological role, Vanadium - Occurrence, Vanadium - Isolation, Vanadium - Compounds, Vanadium - Isotopes, Vanadium - Precautions Read more here: » Vanadium: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - History |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Biological role In biology, a vanadium atom is an essential component of some enzymes, particularly the vanadium nitrogenase used by some nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Vanadium is essential to ascidians or sea squirts in Vanadium Chromagen Proteins. The concentration of vanadium in their blood is more than 100 times higher than the concentration of vanadium in the seawater around them. Rats and chickens are also known to require vanadium in very small amounts and deficiencies result ...
See also:Vanadium, Vanadium - Notable characteristics, Vanadium - Applications, Vanadium - History, Vanadium - Biological role, Vanadium - Occurrence, Vanadium - Isolation, Vanadium - Compounds, Vanadium - Isotopes, Vanadium - Precautions Read more here: » Vanadium: Encyclopedia II - Vanadium - Biological role |
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| | | | | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Neptunium - Isotopes 19 neptunium radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Np-237 with a half-life of 2.14 million years, Np-236 with a half-life of 154,000 years, and Np-235 with a half-life of 396.1 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 4.5 days, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 50 minutes. This element also has 4 meta states, with the most stable bein ...
See also:Neptunium, Neptunium - Notable characteristics, Neptunium - History, Neptunium - Occurrence, Neptunium - Isotopes, Neptunium - Weapons applications Read more here: » Neptunium: Encyclopedia II - Neptunium - Isotopes |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Oxide - Chemical properties Oxides are formed in redox reactions through oxidation in which a reducing agent is allowed to react with molecular oxygen (O2) or oxidizing agents which contain oxygen, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and permanganate (MnO4-). Oxides are characterized by a redistribution of electrons, in which the oxygen atoms have a net surplus of electrons and the other atoms a net lack. In oxides of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and halogens, covalent bonds occur between oxygen and ...
See also:Oxide, Oxide - Current naming, Oxide - Chemical properties, Oxide - Types of oxides, Oxide - Common oxides sorted by oxidation state Read more here: » Oxide: Encyclopedia II - Oxide - Chemical properties |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sulfur mustard - Chemistry Chemically, it is a thioether with the formula C4H8Cl2S. Its structure can be described as 1,1-thio-bis-[2-chloroethane], (ClCH2CH2)2S, 2,2′-dichlorodiethyl sulfide or bis-(2-chloroethyl)-sulfide. Mustard gas can be synthesized by reacting sulfur dichloride (SCl2) with two moles of ethylene (C2H4).
Although the compound is commonly known as "mustard gas", it is a viscous liquid at normal temperatures. The pure compound has a melting point of 14°C (57°F) and d ...
See also:Sulfur mustard, Sulfur mustard - Chemistry, Sulfur mustard - Physiological effects, Sulfur mustard - History, Sulfur mustard - Disposal of Mustard Gas Read more here: » Sulfur mustard: Encyclopedia II - Sulfur mustard - Chemistry |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Mass spectrometry - History The first mass spectrography technique was described in an 1899 article by English scientist J.J. Thomson. The processes that more directly gave rise to the modern version were devised by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster and F.W. Aston in 1918 and 1919 respectively.
In 2002, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was received by John Fenn for the development of electrospray ionization (ESI) and Koichi Tanaka for the development of soft laser desorption (SLD) in 1987. An improved SLD method, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), was develo ...
See also:Mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - How it works in layman terms, Mass spectrometry - Instrumentation, Mass spectrometry - Ion source, Mass spectrometry - Mass analyzer, Mass spectrometry - Detector, Mass spectrometry - Hyphenated MS, Mass spectrometry - Gas chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - Liquid chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - IMS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Tandem MS MS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Applications, Mass spectrometry - Isotope ratio MS, Mass spectrometry - Trace Gas Analysis, Mass spectrometry - Pharmcokinetics, Mass spectrometry - Mass spectrometry of proteins, Mass spectrometry - Protein and peptide fractionation coupled with mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - Protein identification, Mass spectrometry - History Read more here: » Mass spectrometry: Encyclopedia II - Mass spectrometry - History |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Mass spectrometry - Hyphenated MS
Mass spectrometry - Gas chromatography/MS.
See also the main article on Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
A common form of mass spectrometry is gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS or GC-MS). In this technique, a gas chromatograph is used to separate compounds. This stream of separated compounds is fed on-line into the ion source, a metallic filament to which voltage is applied. This filament emits electrons which ionize the compounds. The ions can then further fragment, yielding predictable patterns. Intact ions and fragments pass into the mass s ...
See also:Mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - How it works in layman terms, Mass spectrometry - Instrumentation, Mass spectrometry - Ion source, Mass spectrometry - Mass analyzer, Mass spectrometry - Detector, Mass spectrometry - Hyphenated MS, Mass spectrometry - Gas chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - Liquid chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - IMS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Tandem MS MS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Applications, Mass spectrometry - Isotope ratio MS, Mass spectrometry - Trace Gas Analysis, Mass spectrometry - Pharmcokinetics, Mass spectrometry - Mass spectrometry of proteins, Mass spectrometry - Protein and peptide fractionation coupled with mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - Protein identification, Mass spectrometry - History Read more here: » Mass spectrometry: Encyclopedia II - Mass spectrometry - Hyphenated MS |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Mass spectrometry - Applications
Mass spectrometry - Isotope ratio MS.
Mass spectrometry is also used to determine the isotopic composition of elements within a sample. Differences in mass among isotopes of an element are very small, and the less abundant isotopes of an element are typically very rare, so a very sensitive instrument is required. These instruments, sometimes referred to as isotope ratio mass spectrometers (IR-MS), usually use a single magnet to bend a beam of ionized particles towards a series of Faraday cups which convert partic ...
See also:Mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - How it works in layman terms, Mass spectrometry - Instrumentation, Mass spectrometry - Ion source, Mass spectrometry - Mass analyzer, Mass spectrometry - Detector, Mass spectrometry - Hyphenated MS, Mass spectrometry - Gas chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - Liquid chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - IMS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Tandem MS MS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Applications, Mass spectrometry - Isotope ratio MS, Mass spectrometry - Trace Gas Analysis, Mass spectrometry - Pharmcokinetics, Mass spectrometry - Mass spectrometry of proteins, Mass spectrometry - Protein and peptide fractionation coupled with mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - Protein identification, Mass spectrometry - History Read more here: » Mass spectrometry: Encyclopedia II - Mass spectrometry - Applications |
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