Magnesium-26 is a stable isotope that has found application in isotopic geology, similar to that of aluminium. Mg-26 is a radiogenic daughter product of Al-26, which has a half-life of 717000 years. Large enrichments of stable Mg-26 have been observed in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions of some carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The anomalous abundance of Mg-26 is attributed to the decay of its parent Al-26 in the inclusions. Therefore, the meteorite must have formed in the solar nebula before the Al-26 had decayed. Hence, these fragments are among the oldest objects in the solar system and have preserved i ...

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Magnesium, Magnesium - Notable characteristics, Magnesium - Applications, Magnesium - History, Magnesium - Sources, Magnesium - Compounds in living organisms, Magnesium - Food sources, Magnesium - Isotopes, Magnesium - Precautions

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Green vegetables such as spinach provide magnesium because the center of the chlorophyll molecule contains magnesium. Nuts, seeds, and some whole grains are also good sources of magnesium. Although magnesium is present in many foods, it usually occurs in small amounts. As with most nutrients, daily needs for magnesium cannot be met from a single food. Eating a wide variety of foods, including five servings of fruits and vegetables daily and plenty of whole grains, helps ...

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Magnesium, Magnesium - Notable characteristics, Magnesium - Applications, Magnesium - History, Magnesium - Sources, Magnesium - Compounds in living organisms, Magnesium - Food sources, Magnesium - Isotopes, Magnesium - Precautions

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The most common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are dose-related and relate to the effect of loop diuretics on diuresis and electrolyte balance. Common ADRs include: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, dehydration, hyperuricemia, gout, dizziness, postural hypotension, syncope (Rossi, 2004). Infrequent ADRs include: dyslipidemia, increased serum creatinine concentration, hypocalcemia, rash (Rossi, 2004). Ototoxicity (damage to the ear) is a serious, but rare ADR associated with use of loop diuretics. This may be limited to tinnitus and vert ...

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Loop diuretic, Loop diuretic - Mechanism of action, Loop diuretic - Clinical use, Loop diuretic - Loop diuretic resistance, Loop diuretic - Adverse effects, Loop diuretic - Examples of loop diuretics

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Although magnesium is found in over 60 minerals, only dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, talc, and olivine are of commercial importance. In the United States this metal is principally obtained by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride from brines, wells, and sea water: cathode: Mg2+ + 2e- → Mg anode: 2Cl- → Cl2 (gas) + 2e- The United States has traditionally been the major world supplier of this metal, supplying 45% of world product ...

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Magnesium, Magnesium - Notable characteristics, Magnesium - Applications, Magnesium - History, Magnesium - Sources, Magnesium - Compounds in living organisms, Magnesium - Food sources, Magnesium - Isotopes, Magnesium - Precautions

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As a tangible investment gold is sometimes held as part of a portfolio because over the long term gold has an extensive history of maintaining its value. It has in the last century gained ground in relation to fiat currencies owing to inflation. Gold becomes particularly desirable in times of extremely weak confidence and during hyperinflation because gold maintains its value even as fiat money becomes worthless. Peo ...

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Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism

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Blacklights are a subset of fluorescent lamps that are used to provide long-wave ultraviolet light (at about 360nm wavelength). They are built in the same fashion as conventional fluorescent lamps but the glass tube is coated with a phosphor that converts the short-wave UV within the tube to long-wave UV rather than to visible light. They are used to provoke fluorescence (to provide dramatic effects using blacklight paint and to detect materials such as urine and certain dyes that would be invisible in ...

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Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - History, Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Mechanism of light production, Fluorescent lamp - Electrical aspects of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Method of 'starting' a fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light, Fluorescent lamp - Usage, Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Disadvantages, Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations, Fluorescent lamp - Other fluorescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Fluorescent fun

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Due to its relative chemical inertness gold is usually found as the native metal or alloy. Occasionally large accumulations of native gold (also known as nuggets) occur but usually gold occurs as minute grains. These grains occur between mineral grain boundries or as inclusions within minerals. Common gold associations are quartz often as veins and sulfide minerals. The most common sulfide associations are pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, stibnite and pyrrhotite. Rarer mineral associations are petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, mut ...

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Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism

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Economic gold extraction can be achieved from ore grades as little as 0.5 g/1000 kg (0.5 ppm) on average in large easily mined deposits, typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 g/1000 kg (1-5 ppm), ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 g/1000 kg (3 ppm) on average. Ore grades of 30 g/1000 kg (30 ppm) are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, therefore in most gold mines you will not see any gold. It is claimed, that all the gold that has been mined throughout the history of mankind could be incorporated in a solid ...

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Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism

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Although gold is a noble metal, it can form many compounds, auric chloride (AuCl3) and chlorauric acid (HAuCl4) being the most common. Gold compounds can be aurous (univalent, +1) or auric (trivalent, +3). Gold also can under extreme conditions form a +5 state with fluorine (gold pentafluoride, AuF5), as well as (unusually for a metal), a -1 state. Such compounds containing the Au- anion are called aurides and include caesium auride, CsAu, rubidium auride, RbAu, and tetramethylammonium auride, (CH3See also:

Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism

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In January 1959 US M3 money supply was $288.8 billion, and the Official Gold Holdings of the United States was then 17,335.1 Tonnes, or about 557 million ounces (there are 32,150.7 Troy Ounces in a Tonne). That means that in 1959, there were $518 in circulation for every ounce of gold reserves held by the USA. Although the theoretical price should then have been $518 per ounce, the actual price, as fi ...

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Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism

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Gold (Sanskrit jval, Greek χρυσος [khrusos], Latin aurum for "shining dawn", Anglo-Saxon gold, Chinese 金 [jīn],Japanese 金 [kin]) has been known and highly valued since prehistoric times. It may have been the first metal used by humans and was valued for ornamentation and rituals. Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which king Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was as "common as dust" in Egypt. Egypt and Nubia had the resources to make them major gold-producing areas ...

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Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism

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Like other precious metals, gold is measured by troy weight and by grams. When it is alloyed with other metals the term carat or karat is used to indicate the amount of gold present, with 24 carats being pure gold and lower ratings proportionally less. The purity of a gold bar can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1, known as the millesimal fineness, such as 0.995. The price of gold is determined on the open market, but a procedure known as the Gold Fixing ...

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Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism

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Electric currents in electrolytes are flows of electrically charged atoms (ions). For example, if an electric field is placed across a solution of Na+ and Cl–, the sodium ions will move constantly towards the negative electrode (cathode), while the chlorine ions will move towards the positive electrode (anode). If the conditions are right, redox reactions will take place at the electrode surfaces, releasing electrons from the chlorin ...

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Electrical conduction, Electrical conduction - Solids including insulating solids, Electrical conduction - Metals, Electrical conduction - Semiconductors, Electrical conduction - Superconductors, Electrical conduction - Electrolytes, Electrical conduction - Gases and plasmas, Electrical conduction - Vacuum

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Fluorescent lamps do not give out a steady light, instead they flicker (fluctuate greatly in intensity) at a rate that depends on the frequency of the driving voltage. Whilst this is not easily discerned by the human eye, it can cause a strobe effect posing a safety hazard in a workshop for example, where something spinning at just the right speed may appear stationary if illuminated solely by a fluorescent lamp. It also causes problems for video recording as there can be a 'beat effect' between the periodic reading of a camera's sensor and ...

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Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - History, Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Mechanism of light production, Fluorescent lamp - Electrical aspects of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Method of 'starting' a fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light, Fluorescent lamp - Usage, Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Disadvantages, Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations, Fluorescent lamp - Other fluorescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Fluorescent fun

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Note: the information in this section might be unapplicable outside of North America. Bulbs are typically identified by a code such as F##T##, where F is for fluorescent, the first number indicates the power in watts (or strangely, length in inches in very long bulbs), the T indicates that the shape of the lamp is tubular, and the last number is diameter in eighths of an inch. Typical diameters are T12 (1½" or 38 mm) for residential bulbs with old magnetic ballasts, T8 (1 in or 25 mm) for commercial energy-saving bulbs with el ...

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Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - History, Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Mechanism of light production, Fluorescent lamp - Electrical aspects of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Method of 'starting' a fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light, Fluorescent lamp - Usage, Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Disadvantages, Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations, Fluorescent lamp - Other fluorescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Fluorescent fun

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Fluorescent lamps are much more efficient than incandescent light bulbs of an equivalent brightness. This is because more of the consumed energy is converted to usable light and less is converted to heat, (allowing fluorescent lamps to run cooler). They also have a longer lamp life, which can be further lengthened by avoiding cramped enclosures, where heat build-ups that wear the lamp down may occur. The seemingly cheap light bulbs could be replaced with seemingly more expensive fluorescent lamps, but due to electricity savings and th ...

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Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - History, Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Mechanism of light production, Fluorescent lamp - Electrical aspects of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Method of 'starting' a fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light, Fluorescent lamp - Usage, Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Disadvantages, Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations, Fluorescent lamp - Other fluorescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Fluorescent fun

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Fluorescent light bulbs come in many shapes and sizes. An increasingly popular one is the compact fluorescent light bulb (CF). Many compact fluorescent lamps integrate the auxiliary electronics into the base of the lamp, allowing them to screw into a regular light bulb socket. In the US, residential use of fluorescent lighting remains low (generally limited to kitchens, basements, hallways and other areas), but schools and businesses find the cost savings of fluorescents to be significant and only rarely use incandescent lights. Typical ligh ...

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Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - History, Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Mechanism of light production, Fluorescent lamp - Electrical aspects of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Method of 'starting' a fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light, Fluorescent lamp - Usage, Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Disadvantages, Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations, Fluorescent lamp - Other fluorescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Fluorescent fun

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In neutral gases, electrical conductivity is very low. They act as a dielectric or insulator, up until the electric field reaches a breakdown value, freeing the electrons from the atoms in an avalanche process thus forming a plasma. This plasma provides mobile electrons and positive ions, acting as a conductor which supports electric currents and forms a spark, arc or lightning. In ordinary air below the breakdown field, the dominant source of electrical conduction is via ...

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Electrical conduction, Electrical conduction - Solids including insulating solids, Electrical conduction - Metals, Electrical conduction - Semiconductors, Electrical conduction - Superconductors, Electrical conduction - Electrolytes, Electrical conduction - Gases and plasmas, Electrical conduction - Vacuum

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The earliest ancestor of the fluorescent lamp is probably the device by Heinrich Geissler who obtained in 1856 a bluish glow from a gas sealed in a tube, excited with an induction coil. Though he is remembered as a physicist, Geissler was educated as a glassblower. At the 1893 World's Fair, the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, Nikola Tesla's fluorescent lights were displayed. In 1894, D. McFarlane Moore created the Moore lamp, a commercial gas discharge lamp meant to compete with the incandescent light bulb of h ...

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Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - History, Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Mechanism of light production, Fluorescent lamp - Electrical aspects of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Method of 'starting' a fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light, Fluorescent lamp - Usage, Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Disadvantages, Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations, Fluorescent lamp - Other fluorescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Fluorescent fun

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Different molecules have different masses, and this fact is used in a mass spectrometer to determine what molecules are present in a sample. For example, table salt (NaCl), is vaporized (turned into gas) and broken down (ionized) into electrically charged particles, called ions, in the first part of the mass spectometer. The sodium ions and chloride ions have specific molecular weights. They also have a charge, which means that they will be moved under the influence of an electric field. These ions are then sent into an ion acceleration cham ...

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Mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - How it works in layman terms, Mass spectrometry - Instrumentation, Mass spectrometry - Ion source, Mass spectrometry - Mass analyzer, Mass spectrometry - Detector, Mass spectrometry - Hyphenated MS, Mass spectrometry - Gas chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - Liquid chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - IMS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Tandem MS MS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Applications, Mass spectrometry - Isotope ratio MS, Mass spectrometry - Trace Gas Analysis, Mass spectrometry - Pharmcokinetics, Mass spectrometry - Mass spectrometry of proteins, Mass spectrometry - Protein and peptide fractionation coupled with mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - Protein identification, Mass spectrometry - History

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Lorazepam, like other benzodiazepines, can cause psychological and/or physical dependence. Withdrawal symptoms are similar in character to those of alcohol and barbiturates have been observed after abrupt discontinuation, therefore, a gradual taper is recommended over a period of weeks or even months, depending on the length of time it was used and the dosage taken. The likelihood of abuse, dependence and withdrawal symptoms is substantially greater with lorazepam relative to other benzodiazepines because of its short half-life, highe ...

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Lorazepam, Lorazepam - Indications, Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics, Lorazepam - Dosage, Lorazepam - Disadvantages, Lorazepam - Abuse, Lorazepam - Legal issues

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Silver plays no known natural biological role in humans, and possible health effects of silver are a subject of dispute. Silver itself is not toxic but most of its salts are and some may be carcinogenic. Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, wrote that silver had beneficial healing and anti-disease properties, and the Phoenicians used to store water, wine, and vinegar in silver bottles to prevent spoiling. In the early 1900's people would put silver dollars in milk bottles to prolong the milk's freshness. Silver compounds were u ...

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Silver, Silver - Notable characteristics, Silver - Applications, Silver - History, Silver - Occurrence, Silver - Isotopes, Silver - Precautions and health effects

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