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Cl | A Wisdom Archive on Cl | | Cl A selection of articles related to Cl | |
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cl, CL
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Cl | | | | | | |  Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - In religionThere are thirty-two references to salt in the Bible, the most familiar probably being the story of Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she disobeyed the angels and looked back at the wicked city of Sodom (Genesis 19:26). Jesus also referred to his followers as the "salt of the earth" (Matthew 5:13), a reference to salt's great value in the ancient world. Most of the time when talking about salt, the Bible is speaking of wisdom or age and wisdom combined.
In the native Japanese religion shinto, salt is seen as "pure" and can ...
See also:Sodium chloride, Sodium chloride - Crystal structure, Sodium chloride - Biological importance, Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history, Sodium chloride - In religion, Sodium chloride - Production and use, Sodium chloride - Flavor enhancer, Sodium chloride - Biological uses, Sodium chloride - De-icing, Sodium chloride - Additives, Sodium chloride - Other facts Read more here: » Sodium chloride: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - In religion |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Radium - Radioactivity Radium is over one million times more radioactive than the same mass of uranium. Its decay occurs in at least seven stages; the successive main products have been studied and were called radium emanation or exradio (this is radon), radium A (polonium), radium B (lead), radium C (bismuth), etc. (The radon is a heavy gas, the later products are solids.) These products are themselves radioactive elements, each with an atomic weight a little lower than its predecessor.
Radium loses about 1% of its activity in 25 years, being transformed into elements of lower atomic weight with lead ...
See also:Radium, Radium - Notable characteristics, Radium - Applications, Radium - History, Radium - Occurrence, Radium - Compounds, Radium - Isotopes, Radium - Radioactivity, Radium - Precautions Read more here: » Radium: Encyclopedia II - Radium - Radioactivity |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Biological poisoning Contact or absorption of poisons can cause rapid death or impairment. Agents that act on the nervous system can paralyze in seconds or less, and include both biologically derived neurotoxins and so-called nerve gases, which may be synthesized for warfare or industry. Inhaled or ingested cyanide as used as method of execution on US gas chambers almost instantly starves the body of energy by poisoning mitochondria and the synthesis of ATP. Intravenous injection of an unnaturally high concentration of potassium chloride, such as in the executio ...
See also:Poison, Poison - Biological poisoning, Poison - Poisoning in children, Poison - Background, Poison - Management, Poison - Types of poisons, Poison - T36-T50 Poisoning by drugs medicaments and biological substances, Poison - T51-T65 Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source, Poison - Related categories, Poison - Poisoning in history and art Read more here: » Poison: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Biological poisoning |
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| | | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - 12-Dichloroethane - Production 1,2-dichloroethane is primarily produced by iron(III) chloride catalysed reaction of ethene (ethylene) and chlorine.
H2C=CH2 + Cl2 → Cl-CH2-CH2-Cl
In subsequent reactions, notably to chloroethene (vinyl chloride), hydrogen chloride is formed and re-used in a copper(II) chloride catalysed reaction, to also produce 1,2-dichloroethane from ethene and oxygen.
H2C=CH2 + 2 HCl + ½ O2 → Cl-CH2 ...
See also:12-Dichloroethane, 12-Dichloroethane - History, 12-Dichloroethane - Chemistry, 12-Dichloroethane - Production, 12-Dichloroethane - Uses, 12-Dichloroethane - Vinyl chloride monomer VCM production, 12-Dichloroethane - Other uses, 12-Dichloroethane - Safety Read more here: » 12-Dichloroethane: Encyclopedia II - 12-Dichloroethane - Production |
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| | | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Carboxylic acid - Nomenclature and examples The carboxylate anion R-COO– is usually named with the suffix -ate, so acetic acid, for example, becomes acetate ion. In IUPAC nomenclature, carboxylic acids have an -oic acid suffix (e.g. octadecanoic acid). In common nomenclature, the suffix is usually -ic (e.g. stearic acid).
Some representative carboxylic acids include:
Formic acid – HCOOH, found in insect stings (formic refers to ants)
Acrylic acid - CH2=CHCOOH, used in polymer synthesis
Lactic a ...
See also:Carboxylic acid, Carboxylic acid - Acidity electron distribution and resonance, Carboxylic acid - Synthesis, Carboxylic acid - Reactions, Carboxylic acid - Nomenclature and examples Read more here: » Carboxylic acid: Encyclopedia II - Carboxylic acid - Nomenclature and examples |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Lutetium - Occurrence Found with almost all other rare-earth metals but never by itself, lutetium is very difficult to separate from other elements and is the least abundant of all naturally occurring elements. Consequently, it is also one of the most expensive metals, costing about six times as much per gram as gold.
The principal commercially viable ore of lutetium is the rare earth phosphate mineral monazite: (Ce, La, etc.)PO4 which contains 0.003% of the element. Pure lutetium metal has only relatively recently been isolated and is very diff ...
See also:Lutetium, Lutetium - Notable characteristics and applications, Lutetium - History, Lutetium - Occurrence, Lutetium - Isotopes, Lutetium - Compounds, Lutetium - Precautions Read more here: » Lutetium: Encyclopedia II - Lutetium - Occurrence |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Lutetium - Isotopes Naturally occurring lutetium is composed of 1 stable isotope Lu-175 (97.41% natural abundance). 33 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Lu-176 with a half-life of 3.78 × 1010 years (2.59% natural abundance), Lu-174 with a half-life of 3.31 years, and Lu-173 with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than a half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being Lu-177m (t½ 160.4 days), Lu-174m (t½ 142 days) and L ...
See also:Lutetium, Lutetium - Notable characteristics and applications, Lutetium - History, Lutetium - Occurrence, Lutetium - Isotopes, Lutetium - Compounds, Lutetium - Precautions Read more here: » Lutetium: Encyclopedia II - Lutetium - Isotopes |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Mass spectrometry - How it works in layman terms Different molecules have different masses, and this fact is used in a mass spectrometer to determine what molecules are present in a sample. For example, table salt (NaCl), is vaporized (turned into gas) and broken down (ionized) into electrically charged particles, called ions, in the first part of the mass spectrometer. The sodium ions and chloride ions have specific molecular weights. They also have a charge, which means that they will be moved under the influence of an electric field. These ions are then sent into an ion acceleration cha ...
See also:Mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - How it works in layman terms, Mass spectrometry - Instrumentation, Mass spectrometry - Ion source, Mass spectrometry - Mass analyzer, Mass spectrometry - Detector, Mass spectrometry - Hyphenated MS, Mass spectrometry - Gas chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - Liquid chromatography/MS, Mass spectrometry - IMS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Tandem MS MS/MS, Mass spectrometry - Applications, Mass spectrometry - Isotope ratio MS, Mass spectrometry - Trace Gas Analysis, Mass spectrometry - Pharmacokinetics, Mass spectrometry - Mass spectrometry of proteins, Mass spectrometry - Protein and peptide fractionation coupled with mass spectrometry, Mass spectrometry - Protein identification, Mass spectrometry - History Read more here: » Mass spectrometry: Encyclopedia II - Mass spectrometry - How it works in layman terms |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a monoprotic acid, which can dissociate (i.e., ionize) only once to give up one H+ ion (a single proton). In aqueous hydrochloric acid, the H+ joins a water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H3O+:
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-
The other ion formed is Cl- or chloride ion. Hydrochloric acid can therefore be used to prepare salts called chlorides, such as sodium chloride. Hydrochloric acid is considered a strong acid, sinc ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety Read more here: » Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics Lorazepam is rapidly and nearly completely absorbed after any mode of application (oral, sublingual, i.m., i.v.). After i.v.-injection onset of action is within minutes and may be delayed to 30-45 minutes after oral/sublingual dose and up to 1 hour after i.m. use.
The duration of action depends on the dose and is normally 6 to 12 hours. The half-life of lorazepam in patients with normal liver function is 11 to 18 hours. Therefore, 2-4 daily doses are often needed.
A dose equivalent to 5 mg of diazepam is 500 micrograms (0.5 mg) of lorazepam. [1]. Other experts estim ...
See also:Lorazepam, Lorazepam - Indications, Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics, Lorazepam - Dosage, Lorazepam - Disadvantages, Lorazepam - Abuse, Lorazepam - Legal issues Read more here: » Lorazepam: Encyclopedia II - Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Safety Hydrochloric acid in high concentrations forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, potentially damaging respiratory organs, eyes, skin and intestines. Upon mixing hydrochloric acid with common oxidizing chemicals, such as bleach (NaClO) or permanganate (KMnO4), the toxic gas chlorine is produced. To minimize the risks while working with hydrochloric acid, appropriate precautions should be taken. For example, never add water to the acid, as the water will boil; add acid to the water instead. See references for details.
D ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Physical properties, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety, Hydrochloric acid - Related chemical substances, Hydrochloric acid - Related topics Read more here: » Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Safety |
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| | | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Production
Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis.
The large scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial scale chemical production. In the chlor-alkali industry, salt solution is electrolyzed producing chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen. The pure chlorine gas can be re-combined with the hydrogen gas, forming chemically pure HCl gas. As the reaction is exothermic, the installation is called a HCl oven.
Cl2 + H2 → 2HCl
The resulting pure hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in demineralized water, ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Physical properties, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety, Hydrochloric acid - Related chemical substances, Hydrochloric acid - Related topics Read more here: » Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Production |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Symbolism Gold has been associated with the extremities of utmost evil and great sanctity throughout history. The Golden Calf is a widely-recognised symbol of idolatry and revolt against God. In Communist propaganda, the golden pocket watch and its fastening golden chain were the characteristic accessories of the class enemy, the bourgeois and the industrial tycoons. American Indians of the Sioux tribe called it "The yellow met ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Symbolism |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a monoprotic acid, which can dissociate (i.e., ionize) only once to give up one H+ ion (a single proton). In aqueous hydrochloric acid, the H+ joins a water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H3O+:
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-
The other ion formed is Cl- or chloride ion. Hydrochloric acid can therefore be used to prepare salts called chlorides, such as sodium chloride. Hydrochloric acid is considered a strong acid, sinc ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Physical properties, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety, Hydrochloric acid - Related chemical substances, Hydrochloric acid - Related topics Read more here: » Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Loop diuretic - Clinical use Loop diuretics are principally used in the following indications (Rossi, 2004):
edema associated with heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, renal impairment, nephrotic syndrome
hypertension
adjunct in cerebral/pulmonary edema where rapid diuresis is required (IV injection)
They are also sometimes used in the management of severe hypercalcemia in combination with adequate rehydration (Rossi, 2004).
...
See also:Loop diuretic, Loop diuretic - Mechanism of action, Loop diuretic - Clinical use, Loop diuretic - Loop diuretic resistance, Loop diuretic - Adverse effects, Loop diuretic - Examples of loop diuretics Read more here: » Loop diuretic: Encyclopedia II - Loop diuretic - Clinical use |
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