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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Cl | | | |  Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - EtymologySalt has also had influence on the English language. Many of its effects can still be seen today. Words and expressions related to salt mostly come from the Roman and Greek civilizations when salt was still a valuable commodity.
Roman soldiers were given a particular allowance to purchase salt (Latin: sal), salarium argentum, from which we take our English word salary. The Romans also preferred salting of their greens, which led to the Latin word for salt being integrated in the word salad (in Vulgar L ...
See also:Sodium chloride, Sodium chloride - Crystal structure, Sodium chloride - Biological importance, Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history, Sodium chloride - In religion, Sodium chloride - Production and use, Sodium chloride - Flavor enhancer, Sodium chloride - Biological uses, Sodium chloride - De-icing, Sodium chloride - Additives, Sodium chloride - Etymology, Sodium chloride - Other facts Read more here: » Sodium chloride: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - Etymology |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Poisoning in children
Poison - Background.
Poisoning is the fourth most common cause of accidents in children. Children less than 5 years of age and adolescent are prone to poisoning. Accidental ingestions are most common in children less than 5 years old. Adolescent ingestions are more typically a result of suicidal attempts or experimentation with illicit drugs. 90% of all poisonings occur at home, the most common site being the kitchen and the bathroom. Accidental poisonings occur most frequently when routines are disrupted, for ex ...
See also:Poison, Poison - Biological poisoning, Poison - Poisoning in children, Poison - Background, Poison - Management, Poison - Types of poisons, Poison - T36-T50 Poisoning by drugs medicaments and biological substances, Poison - T51-T65 Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source, Poison - Related categories, Poison - Poisoning in history and art Read more here: » Poison: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Poisoning in children |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - Production and use Nowadays, salt is produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from other sources, such as brine wells and salt lakes, and by mining rock salt, called halite.
While most people are familiar with the many uses of salt in cooking, they might be unaware that salt is used in a plethora of applications, from manufacturing pulp and paper to setting dyes in textiles and fabric, to producing soaps and detergents. In most of Canada and the northern USA, large quantities of rock salt are used to help clear highways of ice during winter, although "Road Salt" loses its melting ability a ...
See also:Sodium chloride, Sodium chloride - Crystal structure, Sodium chloride - Biological importance, Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history, Sodium chloride - In religion, Sodium chloride - Production and use, Sodium chloride - Flavor enhancer, Sodium chloride - Biological uses, Sodium chloride - De-icing, Sodium chloride - Additives, Sodium chloride - Etymology, Sodium chloride - Other facts Read more here: » Sodium chloride: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - Production and use |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - In religion There are thirty-two references to salt in the Bible, the most familiar probably being the story of Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she disobeyed the angels and looked back at the wicked city of Sodom (Genesis 19:26). Jesus also referred to his followers as the "salt of the earth" (Matthew 5:13), a reference to salt's great value in the ancient world. Most of the time when talking about salt, the Bible is speaking of wisdom or age and wisdom combined.
In the native Japanese religion shinto, salt is seen as "pure" and can ...
See also:Sodium chloride, Sodium chloride - Crystal structure, Sodium chloride - Biological importance, Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history, Sodium chloride - In religion, Sodium chloride - Production and use, Sodium chloride - Flavor enhancer, Sodium chloride - Biological uses, Sodium chloride - De-icing, Sodium chloride - Additives, Sodium chloride - Etymology, Sodium chloride - Other facts Read more here: » Sodium chloride: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - In religion |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - In religion There are thirty-two references to salt in the Bible, the most familiar probably being the story of Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she disobeyed the angels and looked back at the wicked city of Sodom (Genesis 19:26). Jesus also referred to his followers as the "salt of the earth" (Matthew 5:13), a reference to salt's great value in the ancient world. Most of the time when talking about salt, the Bible is speaking of wisdom or age and wisdom combined.
In the native Japanese religion shinto, salt is seen as "pure" and can ...
See also:Sodium chloride, Sodium chloride - Crystal structure, Sodium chloride - Biological importance, Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history, Sodium chloride - In religion, Sodium chloride - Production and use, Sodium chloride - Flavor enhancer, Sodium chloride - Biological uses, Sodium chloride - De-icing, Sodium chloride - Additives, Sodium chloride - Headline text, Sodium chloride - Other facts Read more here: » Sodium chloride: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - In religion |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sodium - Applications Sodium in its metallic form is an essential component in the making of esters and in the manufacture of organic compounds. This alkali metal is also a component of sodium chloride (NaCl) which is vital to life. Other uses:
In certain alloys to improve their structure.
In soap, in combination with fatty acids.
To descale metal (make its surface smooth).
To purify molten metals.
In sodium vapor lamps, an efficient means of producing light from electricity.
As a heat transfer fluid in some types of nuclear reactors and inside the hollow valves of high-performa ...
See also:Sodium, Sodium - Notable characteristics, Sodium - Applications, Sodium - History, Sodium - Occurrence, Sodium - Compounds, Sodium - Isotopes, Sodium - Precautions, Sodium - Physiology and sodium ions Read more here: » Sodium: Encyclopedia II - Sodium - Applications |
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| | | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations Note: the information in this section might be inapplicable outside of North America.
Bulbs are typically identified by a code such as F##T##, where F is for fluorescent, the first number indicates the power in watts (or strangely, length in inches in very long bulbs), the T indicates that the shape of the lamp is tubular, and the last number is diameter in eighths of an inch. Typical diameters are T12 (1½" or 38 mm) for residential bulbs with old magnetic ballasts, T8 (1 in or 25 mm) for commercial energy-saving bulbs with el ...
See also:Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - History, Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Mechanism of light production, Fluorescent lamp - Electrical aspects of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Method of 'starting' a fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light, Fluorescent lamp - Usage, Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Disadvantages, Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations, Fluorescent lamp - Other fluorescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Fluorescent fun Read more here: » Fluorescent lamp: Encyclopedia II - Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Gold - History Gold ( Sanskrit jval, Greek χρυσóς [khrisós], Latin aurum for "shining dawn", Anglo-Saxon gold, Chinese 金 [jīn],Japanese 金 [kin] ) has been known and highly valued since prehistoric times. It may have been the first metal used by humans and was valued for ornamentation and rituals. Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which king Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was as "common as dust" in Egypt. Egypt and Nubia had the resources to make them major gold-producing are ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - History |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps Fluorescent lamps are much more efficient than incandescent light bulbs of an equivalent brightness. This is because more of the consumed energy is converted to usable light and less is converted to heat, (allowing fluorescent lamps to run cooler). An incandescent lamp may convert only 10% of its power input to visible light. A fluorescent lamp producing as much useful visible light energy may require only 1/3 to 1/4 as much electricity input. Typically a fluorescent lamp will l ...
See also:Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - History, Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Mechanism of light production, Fluorescent lamp - Electrical aspects of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Method of 'starting' a fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light, Fluorescent lamp - Usage, Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Disadvantages, Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations, Fluorescent lamp - Other fluorescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Fluorescent fun Read more here: » Fluorescent lamp: Encyclopedia II - Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - Production and use Nowadays, salt is produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from other sources, such as brine wells and salt lakes, and by mining rock salt, called halite.
While most people are familiar with the many uses of salt in cooking, they might be unaware that salt is used in a plethora of applications, from manufacturing pulp and paper to setting dyes in textiles and fabric, to producing soaps and detergents. In most of Canada and the northern USA, large quantities of rock salt are used to help clear highways of ice during winter, although "Road Salt" loses its melting ability a ...
See also:Sodium chloride, Sodium chloride - Crystal structure, Sodium chloride - Biological importance, Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history, Sodium chloride - In religion, Sodium chloride - Production and use, Sodium chloride - Flavor enhancer, Sodium chloride - Biological uses, Sodium chloride - De-icing, Sodium chloride - Additives, Sodium chloride - Other facts Read more here: » Sodium chloride: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - Production and use |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - In religion There are thirty-two references to salt in the Bible, the most familiar probably being the story of Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she disobeyed the angels and looked back at the wicked city of Sodom (Genesis 19:26). Jesus also referred to his followers as the "salt of the earth" (Matthew 5:13), a reference to salt's great value in the ancient world. Most of the time when talking about salt, the Bible is speaking of wisdom or age and wisdom combined.
In the native Japanese religion shinto, salt is seen as "pure" and can be used to purify (bless) l ...
See also:Sodium chloride, Sodium chloride - Crystal structure, Sodium chloride - Biological importance, Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history, Sodium chloride - In religion, Sodium chloride - Production and use, Sodium chloride - Flavor enhancer, Sodium chloride - Biological uses, Sodium chloride - De-icing, Sodium chloride - Additives, Sodium chloride - Other facts Read more here: » Sodium chloride: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - In religion |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Safety Hydrochloric acid in high concentrations forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, potentially damaging respiratory organs, eyes, skin and intestines. Upon mixing hydrochloric acid with common oxidizing chemicals, such as bleach (NaClO) or permanganate (KMnO4), the toxic gas chlorine is produced. To minimize the risks while working with hydrochloric acid, appropriate precautions should be taken. For example, never add water to the acid, as the water will boil; add acid to the water instead. See references for details.
D ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety Read more here: » Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Safety |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms
Hydrochloric acid - Physiology.
Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex process and at a large energetic burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). These cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. They are part of the epithelial fundic glands (also known as oxyntic glands) in the stomach. ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety Read more here: » Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Gold and the money supply In January 1959 US M3 money supply was $288.8 billion, and the official gold holdings of the United States was then 17,335.1 tonnes, or about 557 million ounces (there are 32,150.7 troy ounces in a tonne). That means that in 1959, there were $518 in circulation for every ounce of gold reserves held by the USA. Although the theoretical price should then have been $518 per ounce, the actual price, as fi ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Gold and the money supply |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Applications Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes. The application often determines the required product quality.
Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers.
An important application of high-quality hydrochloric acid is the regeneration of ion exchange resins. Cation exchange is widely used to remove ions such as Na+ and Ca2+ from aqueous solutions, producing demineralized water.
Na+ is replaced by H3O+
Ca2+ is replaced ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety Read more here: » Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Applications |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Production
Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis.
The large scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial scale chemical production. In the chlor-alkali industry, salt solution is electrolyzed producing chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen. The pure chlorine gas can be re-combined with the hydrogen gas, forming chemically pure HCl gas. As the reaction is exothermic, the installation is called an HCl oven.
Cl2 + H2 → 2HCl
The resulting pure hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in demineralized water, ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety Read more here: » Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Production |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Symbolism Gold has been associated with the extremities of utmost evil and great sanctity throughout history. The Golden Calf is a widely-recognised symbol of idolatry and revolt against God. In Communist propaganda, the golden pocket watch and its fastening golden chain were the characteristic accessories of the class enemy, the bourgeois and the industrial tycoons. American Indians of the Sioux tribe called it "The yellow meta ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Symbolism |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Production Economic gold extraction can be achieved from ore grades as little as 0.5 g/1000 kg (0.5 ppm) on average in large easily mined deposits, typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 g/1000 kg (1-5 ppm), ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 g/1000 kg (3 ppm) on average. Ore grades of 30 g/1000 kg (30 ppm) are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, therefore in most gold mines you will not see any gold. It is claimed, that all the gold that has been mined throughout the hi ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Production |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Occurrence Due to its relative chemical inertness gold is usually found as the native metal or alloy. Occasionally large accumulations of native gold (also known as nuggets) occur but usually gold occurs as minute grains. These grains occur between mineral grain boundaries or as inclusions within minerals. Common gold associations are quartz often as veins and sulfide minerals. The most common sulfide associations are pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, stibnite and pyrrhotite. Rarer mineral associations are petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, mut ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Occurrence |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - Biological importance Sodium chloride is essential to life on Earth. Most biological tissues and body fluids contain a varying amount of salt. The concentration of sodium ions in the blood is directly related to the regulation of safe body-fluid levels. Propagation of nerve impulses by signal transduction is regulated by sodium ions. (Potassium, a metal closely related to Sodium, is also a major component in the same bodily systems).
0.9% sodium chloride in water is called a physiological solution because it is isotonic with blood plasma. It is know ...
See also:Sodium chloride, Sodium chloride - Crystal structure, Sodium chloride - Biological importance, Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history, Sodium chloride - In religion, Sodium chloride - Production and use, Sodium chloride - Flavor enhancer, Sodium chloride - Biological uses, Sodium chloride - De-icing, Sodium chloride - Additives, Sodium chloride - Other facts Read more here: » Sodium chloride: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - Biological importance |
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| | | | | Cl: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - History Titanium (Latin Titans, Earth or the first sons of Gaia) was discovered in England by Reverend William Gregor in 1791. He recognised the presence of a new element in ilmenite, and named it menachite. At around the same time, Franz Joseph Muller also produced a similar substance, but could not identify it. The element was independently rediscovered several years later by German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in rutile ore. Klaproth confirmed it as a new element and in 1795 he named it for the Latin word for Earth (also the name ...
See also:Titanium, Titanium - Notable characteristics, Titanium - Applications, Titanium - History, Titanium - Occurrence and production, Titanium - Compounds, Titanium - Isotopes, Titanium - Precautions Read more here: » Titanium: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - History |
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