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ARTICLES RELATED TO Cl

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history

Salt's preservative ability was a foundation of civilization. It eliminated dependency on the seasonal availability of food and allowed travel over long distances. By the Middle Ages, caravans consisting of as many as forty thousand camels traversed four hundred miles of the Sahara bearing salt, sometimes trading it for slaves. Until the 1900s, salt was one of the prime movers of national economies and wars. Salt has played a prominent role in determining the power and location of the world's great cities. Timbuktu was once a huge sal ...

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Sodium chloride, Sodium chloride - Crystal structure, Sodium chloride - Biological importance, Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history, Sodium chloride - In religion, Sodium chloride - Production and use, Sodium chloride - Flavor enhancer, Sodium chloride - Biological uses, Sodium chloride - De-icing, Sodium chloride - Additives, Sodium chloride - Etymology, Sodium chloride - Other facts

Read more here: » Sodium chloride: Encyclopedia II - Sodium chloride - Salt throughout history

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Thionyl chloride - Reactions

Thionyl chloride is used both on a laboratory and an industrial scale. It reacts with water to release hydrogen chloride (HCl) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), and it is not found in nature. H2O + O=SCl2 → SO2 + 2 HCl Thionyl chloride reacts with carboxylic acids to produce acyl chlorides, R-CO-OH + O=SCl2 → R-CO-Cl + SO2 + HCl and with alcohols to produce alkyl chlorides via a SNi reaction mode. R-OH + O=SCl ...

See also:

Thionyl chloride, Thionyl chloride - Reactions, Thionyl chloride - Uses, Thionyl chloride - Synthesis of Thionyl Chloride

Read more here: » Thionyl chloride: Encyclopedia II - Thionyl chloride - Reactions

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Notable characteristics

Titanium is well known for its excellent corrosion resistance (almost as resistant as platinum), being able to withstand attack by acids, moist chlorine gas, and by common salt solutions. Pure titanium is not soluble in water but is soluble in concentrated acids. A metallic element, it is also well-known for its high strength-to-weight ratio. It is a light, strong metal with low density (60% as dense as steel) that, when pure, is quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free environment), easy to work, lustrous, and metallic-white in colour. T ...

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Titanium, Titanium - Notable characteristics, Titanium - Applications, Titanium - History, Titanium - Occurrence and production, Titanium - Compounds, Titanium - Isotopes, Titanium - Precautions

Read more here: » Titanium: Encyclopedia II - Titanium - Notable characteristics

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Silver - Notable characteristics

Silver is a very ductile and malleable (slightly harder than gold) univalent coinage metal with a brilliant white metallic luster that can take a high degree of polish. It has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals, even higher than copper, but its greater cost has prevented it from being widely used in place of copper for electrical purposes. Pure silver also has the highest thermal conductivity, whitest colour, the highest optical reflectivity (although it is a poor reflector of ultraviolet), and the lowest contact resist ...

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Silver, Silver - Notable characteristics, Silver - Applications, Silver - History, Silver - Occurrence, Silver - Isotopes, Silver - Precautions and health effects

Read more here: » Silver: Encyclopedia II - Silver - Notable characteristics

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Curium - Notable characteristics

The isotope curium-248 has been synthesized only in milligram quantities, but curium-242 and curium-244 are made in multigram amounts, which allows for the determination of some of the element's properties. Curium-244 can be made in quantity by subjecting plutonium to neutron bombardment. Very small amounts of curium may exist in uranium ore as a daughter product of natural decay. There are few commercial applications for curium but it may one day be useful in radioisotope thermoelectric generators. Curium bio-accumulates in bone tissue where its radiation destroys b ...

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Curium, Curium - Notable characteristics, Curium - History, Curium - Isotopes, Curium - Nuclear fuel cycle

Read more here: » Curium: Encyclopedia II - Curium - Notable characteristics

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Lorazepam - Dosage

Daily doses vary greatly from 0.5 mg bedtime for insomnia and 2.5 mg every 6 hours and more in the acute treatment of mania, before the firstline drugs (lithium, valproic acid) control the situation. Catatonia with inability to speak is very responsive and sometimes controlled with a single dose of 2 mg oral or slow i.v. injection. Catatonia may reoccur and treatment for some days may be necessary. Sometimes haloperidol is given concomitantly. The control of status epilepticus requires slow i.v. injections of 2 to 4 (or even 8) mg. Patients should be closely monitored for respiratory ...

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Lorazepam, Lorazepam - Indications, Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics, Lorazepam - Dosage, Lorazepam - Disadvantages, Lorazepam - Abuse, Lorazepam - Legal issues

Read more here: » Lorazepam: Encyclopedia II - Lorazepam - Dosage

Cl: Encyclopedia II - GoldIII chloride - Uses

Gold(III) chloride is one of the most common gold compounds and it is therefore used as the starting point for the synthesis of many other gold compounds, for example the water-soluble cyanide complex KAu(CN)4: AuCl3 + 4 KCN → KAu(CN)4 + 3 KCl Gold(III) salts, especially NaAuCl4 (made from AuCl3 + NaCl), provide a non-toxic alternative to mercury(II) salts as catalysts for alkyne reactions. One important reaction of this sort is the hydration of terminal alkynes to produce methyl ke ...

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GoldIII chloride, GoldIII chloride - Structure, GoldIII chloride - Chemical properties, GoldIII chloride - Preparation, GoldIII chloride - Uses, GoldIII chloride - Precautions, GoldIII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

Read more here: » GoldIII chloride: Encyclopedia II - GoldIII chloride - Uses

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Loop diuretic - Mechanism of action

Loop diuretics act on the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption. Because magnesium and calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending loop is dependent on sodium and chloride concentrations, loop diuretics also inhibit their reabsorption. This raises the osmotic pressure inside the loop, driving more water into the filtrate causing increased urine volume. Loop diuretics also cause vasodilation of the veins and of the kidney's blood vessel ...

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Loop diuretic, Loop diuretic - Mechanism of action, Loop diuretic - Clinical use, Loop diuretic - Loop diuretic resistance, Loop diuretic - Adverse effects, Loop diuretic - Examples of loop diuretics

Read more here: » Loop diuretic: Encyclopedia II - Loop diuretic - Mechanism of action

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Zopiclone - Adverse Reactions

The side-effect most commonly seen in clinical trials is taste alteration (bitter, metallic taste). Zopiclone - More Common Reactions:. Gastrointestinal: bitter metallic taste, dry mouth. Nervous System: drowsiness, headaches, fatigue. Zopiclone - Less Common Reactions:. Gastrointestinal: heartburn, constipation, diarrhoea, nausea, coated tongue, bad breath, anorexia or increased appetite, vomiting, epigastric pains, dyspepsia. C ...

See also:

Zopiclone, Zopiclone - Adverse Reactions, Zopiclone - More Common Reactions:, Zopiclone - Less Common Reactions:, Zopiclone - External link

Read more here: » Zopiclone: Encyclopedia II - Zopiclone - Adverse Reactions

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Radiometric dating - Fundamentals of radiometric dating

All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements, each with its own atomic number, indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Additionally, elements may exist in different isotopes, with each isotope of an element differing only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are inherently unstable. That is, at some random point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will be transformed into a different nuclide by the process known as radioactive decay. This transformation is accomplished by the emission ...

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Radiometric dating, Radiometric dating - Types of radiometric dating, Radiometric dating - Fundamentals of radiometric dating, Radiometric dating - Limitation of techniques, Radiometric dating - Modern dating techniques, Radiometric dating - Short-range dating techniques, Radiometric dating - Dating with shortlived extinct radionuclides, Radiometric dating - Notes

Read more here: » Radiometric dating: Encyclopedia II - Radiometric dating - Fundamentals of radiometric dating

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Yttrium - Applications

Yttrium(III) oxide is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make YVO4 europium and Y2O3 europium phosphors that give the red color in color television picture tubes. Other uses; Yttrium oxide is also used to make yttrium-iron garnets which are very effective microwave filters. Yttrium iron, aluminium, and gadolinium garnets (e.g. Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12) have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron ...

See also:

Yttrium, Yttrium - Notable Characteristics, Yttrium - Applications, Yttrium - History, Yttrium - Occurrence, Yttrium - Isotopes, Yttrium - Precautions

Read more here: » Yttrium: Encyclopedia II - Yttrium - Applications

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Phosphorus trichloride - Chemical properties

In phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), the phosphorus is in the +3 oxidation state and the chlorines are in the -1 oxidation state. PCl3 reacts rapidly and exothermically with water to form phosphorous acid, H3PO3 and HCl. A large number of similar substitution reactions are known, the most important of which is the formation of phosphite esters by reaction with alcohols or phenols. For example, with phenol, triphenyl phosphite is formed: ...

See also:

Phosphorus trichloride, Phosphorus trichloride - Physical properties, Phosphorus trichloride - Chemical properties, Phosphorus trichloride - Preparation, Phosphorus trichloride - Uses, Phosphorus trichloride - Precautions, Phosphorus trichloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

Read more here: » Phosphorus trichloride: Encyclopedia II - Phosphorus trichloride - Chemical properties

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Chloride - Examples

Chloride ion is banging See the Chlorides category for a larger list. ...

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Chloride, Chloride - Examples

Read more here: » Chloride: Encyclopedia II - Chloride - Examples

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation

The main principle of fluorescent tube operation is based around inelastic scattering of electrons. An incident electron (emitted from the coils of wire forming the cathode electrode) collides with an atom in the gas (such as mercury, argon or krypton) used as the ultraviolet emitter. This causes an electron in the atom to temporarily jump up to a higher energy level to absorb some, or all, of the kinetic energy delivered by the colliding electron. This is why the collision is called 'inelastic' as some of the energy is absorbed. This higher ...

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Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - History, Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Mechanism of light production, Fluorescent lamp - Electrical aspects of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Method of 'starting' a fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light, Fluorescent lamp - Usage, Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Disadvantages, Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations, Fluorescent lamp - Other fluorescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Fluorescent fun

Read more here: » Fluorescent lamp: Encyclopedia II - Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Lutetium - Notable characteristics and applications

Lutetium is a silvery white corrosion-resistant trivalent metal that is relatively stable in air and is the heaviest and hardest of the rare earth elements. Lutetium has the highest spin quantum number of the elements, at 7. This element is very expensive to obtain in useful quantities and therefore it has very few commercial uses. However, stable lutetium can be used as catalysts in petroleum cracking in refineries and can also b ...

See also:

Lutetium, Lutetium - Notable characteristics and applications, Lutetium - History, Lutetium - Occurrence, Lutetium - Isotopes, Lutetium - Compounds, Lutetium - Precautions

Read more here: » Lutetium: Encyclopedia II - Lutetium - Notable characteristics and applications

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Methylmercury - Biological impact

Ingested methylmercury is readily and completely absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. It is mostly found complexed with free cysteine and with proteins and peptides containing that amino acid. The methylmercuric-cysteinyl complex is recognized by amino acid transporting proteins in the body as methionine, another essential amino acid.(Kerper, Ballatori & Clarkson 1992, pp. R761–R765) Because of this mimicry, it is transported freely throughout the body including across the blood-brain barrier and across the placenta, where it is absorbed by the developing fetus. Because of this mimicry and its strong binding t ...

See also:

Methylmercury, Methylmercury - Sources of methylmercury, Methylmercury - Environmental sources, Methylmercury - Dietary sources, Methylmercury - Biological impact

Read more here: » Methylmercury: Encyclopedia II - Methylmercury - Biological impact

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Rhodamine - Rhodamine B

Molecular Formula: C28H31N2O3Cl Molecular Weight: 479.02 grams/mole CAS Number: 81-88-9 Rhodamine B is used in biology as a staining fluorescent dye, sometimes in combination with auramine O, as the auramine-rhodamine stain to demonstrate acid-fast organisms, notably Mycobacterium. Rhodamine B is tunable around 610 nm when used as a laser dye. Rhodamine B is also called Rhodamine 610, B ...

See also:

Rhodamine, Rhodamine - Rhodamine B, Rhodamine - Rhodamine 6G

Read more here: » Rhodamine: Encyclopedia II - Rhodamine - Rhodamine B

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Electrical conduction - Solids including insulating solids

In crystalline solids, atoms interact with their neighbors, and the energy levels of the electrons in isolated atoms turn into bands. Whether a material conducts or not is determined by its band structure. Electrons, being fermions, follow the Pauli exclusion principle, meaning that two electrons cannot occupy the same state. Thus electrons in a solid fill up the energy bands up to a certain level, called the Fermi energy. Bands which are completely full of electrons cannot conduct electricity, because there is no state of nearby ener ...

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Electrical conduction, Electrical conduction - Solids including insulating solids, Electrical conduction - Metals, Electrical conduction - Semiconductors, Electrical conduction - Superconductors, Electrical conduction - Electrolytes, Electrical conduction - Gases and plasmas, Electrical conduction - Vacuum

Read more here: » Electrical conduction: Encyclopedia II - Electrical conduction - Solids including insulating solids

Cl: Encyclopedia II - TinII chloride - Chemical properties

Tin(II) chloride can dissolve in less than its own mass of water without apparent decomposition, but as the solution is diluted hydrolysis occurs to form an insoluble basic salt: Therefore if clear solutions of tin(II) chloride are to be used, hydrochloric acid must be added in order to maintain the Wiktionary:equilibrium towards the left-hand side (using Le Chatelier's principle). Solutions of SnCl2 are also unstable towards oxidation by the air: 6 SnCl2(aq) + O2(g) + 2 Water (molecul ...

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TinII chloride, TinII chloride - Structure, TinII chloride - Chemical properties, TinII chloride - Preparation, TinII chloride - Uses, TinII chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers, TinII chloride - General References

Read more here: » TinII chloride: Encyclopedia II - TinII chloride - Chemical properties

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Notable characteristics

Gold is a metallic element with a characteristic yellow color, but can also be black or ruby when finely divided, while colloidal solutions are intensely colored and often purple. These colors are the result of gold's plasmon frequency lying in the visible range, which causes red and yellow light to be reflected, and blue light to be absorbed. Only silver colloids exhibit the same interactions with light, albeit at a shorter fr ...

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Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism

Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Notable characteristics

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Ligand - Ligand Arrangements

The ligand geometries are named and described as if the central atom were in the middle of a polyhedron, and the corners of that shape were the locations of the ligands. For example, a complex with four regularly-distributed ligands would be described as tetrahedral, whereas one with six would be octahedral. The polyhedra need not be regular: There are other possible geometries, such as square pyramidal (four ligands equally distributed in ...

See also:

Ligand, Ligand - Ligand Arrangements, Ligand - Polydentate/Chelating Ligands, Ligand - Ambidentate Ligands, Ligand - Common Ligands

Read more here: » Ligand: Encyclopedia II - Ligand - Ligand Arrangements

Cl: Encyclopedia II - Carboxylic acid - Acidity electron distribution and resonance

Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature. Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids that partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOO- anions in aqueous solution. The carboxylate anion R-COO- is usually named with the suffix -ate, so acetic acid, for example, becomes acetate ion. Only about 0.02% of all acetic acid molecules are dissociated at room temperature in solution. The two electronegative oxygen atoms tend to pull the electron away from the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group, and the remai ...

See also:

Carboxylic acid, Carboxylic acid - Acidity electron distribution and resonance, Carboxylic acid - Synthesis, Carboxylic acid - Reactions, Carboxylic acid - Examples

Read more here: » Carboxylic acid: Encyclopedia II - Carboxylic acid - Acidity electron distribution and resonance

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