The earliest known civilizations (as defined in the traditional sense) arose in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq, the Nile valley of Egypt, the Indus Valley region of modern-day Pakistan, and the Huang He (Yellow River) valley of China, while smaller civilizations arose in Elam in modern-day Iran, and on the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea. The inhabitants of these areas built cities, created writing systems, learned to make pottery and use metals, domesticated animals, and created complex social structures with class systems. ...

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Civilization, Civilization - Senses of the word, Civilization - 1: Literal and technical definitions, Civilization - 2: Broader sense, Civilization - 3: Human society as a whole, Civilization - 4: A standard of behavior, Civilization - 5: Superior vs. less complex societies, Civilization - What characterizes civilization, Civilization - Civilization as a cultural identity, Civilization - Civilizations as complex systems, Civilization - The future of civilizations, Civilization - The Fall of Civilizations, Civilization - Negative views of civilization, Civilization - Problems with the term civilization, Civilization - Early civilizations, Civilization - Mesopotamia, Civilization - Egypt, Civilization - India, Civilization - China

Read more here: » Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Civilization - Early civilizations

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Civilization, Civilization - Senses of the word, Civilization - 1: Literal and technical definitions, Civilization - 2: Broader sense, Civilization - 3: Human society as a whole, Civilization - 4: A standard of behavior, Civilization - 5: Superior vs. less complex societies, Civilization - What characterizes civilization, Civilization - Civilization as a cultural identity, Civilization - Civilizations as complex systems, Civilization - The future of civilizations, Civilization - The Fall of Civilisations, Civilization - Negative views of civilization, Civilization - Problems with the term civilization, Civilization - Early civilizations, Civilization - Mesopotamia, Civilization - Egypt, Civilization - India, Civilization - China

Read more here: » Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Civilization - Early civilizations

The earliest known civilizations (as defined in the traditional sense) arose in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the Nile valley of Egypt, the Indus Valley region of modern-day Pakistan, the Huang He (Yellow River) valley of China, and on the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea. The inhabitants of these areas built cities, created writing systems, learned to make pottery and use metals, domesticated animals, and created complex social structures with class systems. ...

See also:

Civilization, Civilization - Senses of the word, Civilization - 1: Literal and technical definitions, Civilization - 2: Broader sense, Civilization - 3: Human society as a whole, Civilization - 4: A standard of behavior, Civilization - 5: Superior vs. less complex societies, Civilization - What characterizes civilization, Civilization - Civilization as a cultural identity, Civilization - Civilizations as complex systems, Civilization - The future of civilizations, Civilization - Negative views of civilization, Civilization - Problems with the term civilization, Civilization - Early civilizations, Civilization - Mesopotamia, Civilization - Egypt, Civilization - India, Civilization - China

Read more here: » Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Civilization - Early civilizations

The word civilization (or civilisation) has a variety of meanings related to human society. The term comes from the Latin civis, meaning "citizen" or "townsman". Civilization - Senses of the word. Civilization - 1: Literal and technical definitions. By the most minimal, literal definition, a civilization is a complex society. Technically, anthropologists distinguish civilizations in which many of the people live in cities and get their food from agriculture, ...

Including:

• Civilization - Senses of the word
• Civilization - 1: Literal and technical definitions
• Civilization - 2: Broader sense
• Civilization - 3: Human society as a whole
• Civilization - 4: A standard of behavior
• Civilization - 5: Superior vs. less complex societies
• Civilization - What characterizes civilization
• Civilization - Civilization as a cultural identity
• Civilization - Civilizations as complex systems
• Civilization - The future of civilizations
• Civilization - Negative views of civilization
• Civilization - Problems with the term civilization
• Civilization - Early civilizations
• Civilization - Mesopotamia
• Civilization - Egypt
• Civilization - India
• Civilization - China

Read more here: » Civilization: Encyclopedia - Civilization

Ambrose Powell Hill (November 9, 1825 – April 2, 1865), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He gained early fame as the commander of "Hill's Light Division," becoming one of Stonewall Jackson's ablest subordinates. He later commanded a corps under Robert E. Lee in the Army of Northern Virginia before his death in battle just prior to the end of the war. A. P. Hill - Early life. A. P. Hill, known to his soldiers as Little Powell, was born in Culpeper, Virginia, and graduated from th ...

Including:

• A. P. Hill - Early life
• A. P. Hill - Civil War
• A. P. Hill - Legacy

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William Selby Harney (22 August 1800 - 9 May 1889) was a cavalry officer in the U.S. Army during the Mexican-American War and the Indian Wars. William S. Harney - Early Military Career. Harney started his military career in 1818 as a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Infantry. He forced the pirate Jean Lafitte to move his operations to the coast of Spain. He served with distinction during the Seminole Wars and the Blackhawk War. During the Mexican-American War he was appointed colonel and commanded t ...

Including:

• William S. Harney - Early Military Career
• William S. Harney - Civil War
• William S. Harney - Peace Negotiator
• William S. Harney - Sources

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David Glasgow Farragut (July 5, 1801 – August 14, 1870) was the commander-in-chief of the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War. He was both the first vice admiral and full admiral of the Navy. He is remembered in popular culture for his famous order at the Battle of Mobile Bay, "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!" David Farragut - Early life and naval career. Farragut was born to Jordi and Elizabeth Farragut at Campbell's Station, near Knoxville, Tennessee, where his father was serving as a cavalry ...

Including:

• David Farragut - Early life and naval career
• David Farragut - Civil War
• David Farragut - European Squadron and death
• David Farragut - In memoriam
• David Farragut - Command history

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Benjamin McCulloch (November 11, 1811–March 7, 1862) was a soldier in the Texas Revolution, Texas Ranger, U.S. marshal, and brigadier general in the army of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. Benjamin McCulloch - Early life. He was born 11 November 1811 in Rutherford County, Tennessee, one of twelve children and the fourth son of Alexander McCulloch and Frances Fisher LeNoir. His father, a Yale University graduate, was an officer on Brig. Gen. John Coffee's staff during the Creek War of ...

Including:

• Benjamin McCulloch - Early life
• Benjamin McCulloch - Texas career
• Benjamin McCulloch - War with Mexico
• Benjamin McCulloch - Civil War
• Benjamin McCulloch - Sources & additional reading

Read more here: » Benjamin McCulloch: Encyclopedia - Benjamin McCulloch

Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. The history of Hinduism begins around 7,000 years ago and continues till the dawn of the Gupta Empire in India, and the organized, written records and preservation of important historical documents. Hinduism was synthesized in these misty centuries, from the ancient Indo-Iranian Vedic religion, the religious and philosophical practices of the peoples of the Indus Valley Civil ...

Including:

• History of Early Hinduism - Analyzing the History
• History of Early Hinduism - At the birth of Hinduism
• History of Early Hinduism - The Aryans of India and Iran
• History of Early Hinduism - The Indus Valley Civilization
• History of Early Hinduism - Influences of the Indus Valley and Dravidian People
• History of Early Hinduism - The Indigenous Peoples within India
• History of Early Hinduism - Composition of the Vedas
• History of Early Hinduism - From the Ancient Vedic Religion
• History of Early Hinduism - Influences from the Indus Valley
• History of Early Hinduism - The Classical Age: Ramayana and Mahabharata

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Albert Sidney Johnston (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) was a career U.S. Army officer and a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Considered by some to be the finest general in the Confederacy, he was killed early in the war at the Battle of Shiloh. Albert Sidney Johnston - Early life. Johnston was born in Washington, Kentucky, the youngest son of Dr. John and Abigail Harris Johnston. His father was a native of Salisbury, Connecticut. Although Albert Johnston was born in Kentucky, he lived ...

Including:

• Albert Sidney Johnston - Early life
• Albert Sidney Johnston - Texas Army
• Albert Sidney Johnston - U.S. Army
• Albert Sidney Johnston - Civil War
• Albert Sidney Johnston - Shiloh
• Albert Sidney Johnston - Epitaph

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Winfield Scott Hancock (February 14, 1824 – February 9, 1886) was a career U.S. Army officer who served with distinction as a general in the American Civil War and ran unsuccessfully for President of the United States in 1880. He was known to army colleagues as "Hancock the Superb". Winfield Scott Hancock - Early life and career. Hancock was born in Montgomery Square, Pennsylvania, one of twin brothers, and named after the famous general Winfield Scott. Hancock would serve under Scott and become a general ...

Including:

• Winfield Scott Hancock - Early life and career
• Winfield Scott Hancock - Civil War
• Winfield Scott Hancock - Gettysburg
• Winfield Scott Hancock - Virginia and the end of the war
• Winfield Scott Hancock - Politics

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Braxton Bragg (March 22, 1817 – September 27, 1876) was a career U.S. Army officer and a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Braxton Bragg - Early life and military career. Bragg was born in Warrenton, North Carolina, the brother of future Confederate Attorney General Thomas Bragg and the future brother-in-law of Union general Don Carlos Buell. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1837 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery. Br ...

Including:

• Braxton Bragg - Early life and military career
• Braxton Bragg - Civil War
• Braxton Bragg - Shiloh and Corinth
• Braxton Bragg - Kentucky
• Braxton Bragg - Tennessee
• Braxton Bragg - Final days
• Braxton Bragg - Postbellum
• Braxton Bragg - In memoriam

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Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was a railroad executive, an industrialist, and a politician from Rhode Island, serving as governor and a U.S. Senator. As a Union Army general in the American Civil War, he was defeated in the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg, Ambrose Burnside - Early life and career. Burnside was born in Liberty, Indiana. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1847 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Artillery. He accompanied Br ...

Including:

• Ambrose Burnside - Early life and career
• Ambrose Burnside - Civil War
• Ambrose Burnside - Antietam
• Ambrose Burnside - Fredericksburg
• Ambrose Burnside - Tennessee and the Overland Campaign
• Ambrose Burnside - The Crater
• Ambrose Burnside - Post-bellum career
• Ambrose Burnside - Assessment

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Winfield Scott (June 13, 1786 – May 29, 1866) was a United States Army lieutenant general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. He served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history and most historians rate him the ablest American commander of his time. Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that ...

Including:

• Winfield Scott - Early life
• Winfield Scott - War of 1812
• Winfield Scott - Nullification and the Trail of Tears
• Winfield Scott - Mexican War
• Winfield Scott - Politics
• Winfield Scott - Civil War
• Winfield Scott - Final days

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One of the earliest accounts of life under the Khmer Rouge was written in 1973 by a school administrator, Ith Sarin, who had joined the movement after becoming disillusioned with Lon Nol and the Khmer Republic, then rose to the status of candidate member of the KCP, but left the party and returned to Phnom Penh after nine months in the underground. His work, Regrets for the Khmer Soul (in Khmer, Sranaoh Pralung Khmer), it revealed the secrecy with which the Khmer Rouge concealed the existence of the communist party, which they referre ...

See also:

Cambodian Civil War, Cambodian Civil War - Insurrection and War 1967-75, Cambodian Civil War - The March 1970 Coup d'Etat, Cambodian Civil War - The Widening War, Cambodian Civil War - Early Khmer Rouge Atrocities, Cambodian Civil War - The Fall of Phnom Penh, Cambodian Civil War - Reference

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John was born in Knaresborough, about 15 miles north of Leeds, Yorkshire on August 15th, 1717 into a poor family, the son of a horse breeder. At the age of six, he lost his sight to a smallpox infection. The child was given fiddle lessons as a way of making provision for him to earn a living later in life. He became an accomplished fiddler and made this his livelihood in the early years of his life. He had an affinity for horses and added to his living with some horse trading. He took up swimming and diving, fighting cocks, playing cards, riding, and even hunting. He knew his l ...

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John Metcalf civil engineer, John Metcalf civil engineer - Early life, John Metcalf civil engineer - Carrier, John Metcalf civil engineer - Road Builder, John Metcalf civil engineer - Later life

Read more here: » John Metcalf civil engineer: Encyclopedia II - John Metcalf civil engineer - Early life

Early was a Whig and strongly opposed secession at the April, 1860, Virginia convention for that purpose. However, he was soon aroused by the aggressive movements of the Federal government (President Abraham Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion) and accepted a commission as a brigadier general in the Virginia Militia. He was sent to Lynchburg, Virginia to raise three regiments and then commanded one of them, the 24th Virginia Infa ...

See also:

Jubal Anderson Early, Jubal Anderson Early - Early years, Jubal Anderson Early - Civil War, Jubal Anderson Early - Serving under Stonewall Jackson, Jubal Anderson Early - Gettysburg and the Overland Campaign, Jubal Anderson Early - The Valley 1864, Jubal Anderson Early - After the War

Read more here: » Jubal Anderson Early: Encyclopedia II - Jubal Anderson Early - Civil War

Ames was born in Rockland, Maine, son of a sea captain named Jesse Ames. He worked briefly as a merchant seaman on his father's ship and then graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1861, just days after Fort Sumter. He ranked fifth in his class of 45 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Artillery. His promotion to first lieutenant came just six days later. In the First Battle of Bull Run that July he was badly wounded in the right thigh, but refused to leave his guns. He received a brevet promotion to major and, in 1 ...

See also:

Adelbert Ames, Adelbert Ames - Early life and Civil War, Adelbert Ames - Mississippi politics, Adelbert Ames - Later life

Read more here: » Adelbert Ames: Encyclopedia II - Adelbert Ames - Early life and Civil War

He joined CORE’s Harlem chapter in 1963. In 1964, he was elected Chairman of the chapter’s education committee and became a forceful advocate of community-controlled education and black empowerment. He led CORE’s fight for an independent Police Review Board to address cases of police brutality. In 1965, he was elected Chairman of Harlem CORE, after which he mounted a vigorous campaign for establishment of an independent Board of Education for Harlem. A proposition to this end was presented ...

See also:

Roy Innis, Roy Innis - Early Life, Roy Innis - Early Civil Rights Years, Roy Innis - Black Nationalism and Beginning the Bridge to Africa, Roy Innis - The Crusade Against Crime

Read more here: » Roy Innis: Encyclopedia II - Roy Innis - Early Civil Rights Years

Its first line extended only barely south of Louisville, Kentucky, and in fact it took until 1859 to span the 180-odd miles to its second namesake city of Nashville. There were about 250 miles of track in the system by the outbreak of the Civil War, and its strategic location, spanning the Union/Confederate lines, made it of great interest to both governments. In the event, different parts of the network were pressed into service by both armies at various times, and considerable damage from wear, battle, and sabotage occurred. However ...

See also:

Louisville and Nashville Railroad, Louisville and Nashville Railroad - Early history and Civil War, Louisville and Nashville Railroad - Coal and capital in the Gilded Age, Louisville and Nashville Railroad - The twentieth century

Read more here: » Louisville and Nashville Railroad: Encyclopedia II - Louisville and Nashville Railroad - Early history and Civil War