Pierre Boulanger's early 1930s design brief - said by some to be astonishingly radical for the time - was for a low-priced, rugged "umbrella on four wheels" that would enable two peasants to drive 100 kg of farm goods to market at 60 km/h, in clogs and across muddy unpaved roads if necessary. It would use no more than 3 litres of gasoline to travel 100 km. Most famously, it would be able to drive across a ploughed field without breaking the eggs it was carrying. Boulanger later also had the roof raised to ...

See also:

Citroën 2CV, Citroën 2CV - History, Citroën 2CV - Construction, Citroën 2CV - Engines, Citroën 2CV - 2CV in movies, Citroën 2CV - Nicknames, Citroën 2CV - The end of the 2CV, Citroën 2CV - Rebirth?, Citroën 2CV - Models, Citroën 2CV - Sedan, Citroën 2CV - Utility, Citroën 2CV - Coupé Bijou, Citroën 2CV - Four wheel drive

Read more here: » Citroën 2CV: Encyclopedia II - Citroën 2CV - History

Including:

Car handling - Factors that affect a car's handling
Car handling - Driver Car handling - Weather Car handling - Road condition Car handling - Weight distribution Car handling - Suspension Car handling - Tyres and wheels Car handling - Track and wheelbase Car handling - Unsprung weight Car handling - Aerodynamics Car handling - Delivery of power to the wheels and brakes Car handling - Yaw and pitch angular inertia polar moment Car handling - Roll angular inertia Car handling - Position and support for the driver Car handling - Steering Car handling - Suspension travel Car handling - Electronic stability control Car handling - Alignment of the wheels Car handling - Rigidity of the frame
Car handling - Common handling problems Car handling - Compromises Car handling - Aftermarket modifications and adjustments to affect handling Car handling - Cars with unusual handling problems

Read more here: » Car handling: Encyclopedia - Car handling

The VW Type 1, which was called the Beetle or Bug or Käfer (in German), is a small family car, the best known car of Volkswagen, one of the best known cars from Germany, and one of the most recognisable and distinctive cars in the world. Thanks to its distinctive shape and sound, and its reliability, it now enjoys a "cult" status. The Beetle was in production from 1938 until 2003, interrupted only by the ...

Including:

Volkswagen Beetle - History Volkswagen Beetle - Pop culture Volkswagen Beetle - New Beetle Volkswagen Beetle - Phase-out of the original Beetle Volkswagen Beetle - External link

Read more here: » Volkswagen Beetle: Encyclopedia - Volkswagen Beetle

The drag coefficient (Cd or Cx) is a number that describes a characteristic amount of aerodynamic drag caused by fluid flow, used in the drag equation. Two objects of the same frontal area moving at the same speed through a fluid will experience a drag force proportional to their Cd numbers. Coefficients for rough unstreamlined objects can be 1 or more, for smooth object much less. A Cd equal to 1 would be obtained in a case where all of the fluid approaching the ...

Including:

Drag coefficient - Cd in automobiles
Drag coefficient - CdA Drag coefficient - Drag in sports and racing cars Drag coefficient - Typical values and examples

Read more here: » Drag coefficient: Encyclopedia - Drag coefficient

Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. Some are still in production, while others are of historical interest only. These styles are largely (though not completely) independent of a car's classification in terms of price, size and intended broad market; the same car model might be available in multiple body styles. Car body style - Styles in current use. Cabrio coach or Semi-convertible  Style of automobile roof. A car that has a retractable textile cover ...

Including:

Car body style - Styles in current use
Car body style - Non-English terms Car body style - Alternative names
Car body style - Historical body styles

Read more here: » Car body style: Encyclopedia - Car body style

Volkswagen, [literally: "people's car"] (also known as VW) is an automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Germany. It forms the core of Volkswagen AG (VAG), one of the world's four largest car producers. Volkswagen - Origins in 1930s Germany. Though the origins of the company date back to the 1930s, the design for the car that would become known as the Beetle / "Käfer" date back even further, as a pet project by car designer Ferdinand Porsche (1875–1951). Adolf Hitler's desire that almost anybo ...

Including:

Volkswagen - Origins in 1930s Germany Volkswagen - 1945: British Army and Ivan Hirst unclear future Volkswagen - 1948–1974: Icon for German regeneration Volkswagen - 1974: From Beetle to Golf Volkswagen - From 1970s to present Volkswagen - Cult status of the Beetle Volkswagen - Relationship with Porsche Volkswagen - Corporate structure

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While Volkswagen's range of cars soon became similar to that of other large European car-makers, the Golf has been the mainstay of the Volkswagen lineup since its introduction, and the mechanical basis for several other cars of the company. There have been five generations of the Volkswagen Golf, the first of which was produced from the summer of 1974 until the end of 1983. Its chassis also spawned the Scirocco coupe and Jetta sedan. The second generation Golf hatchback/Jetta sedan ran from late 1983 to late 1991. In 1991, Volkswagen launche ...

See also:

Volkswagen, Volkswagen - Origins in 1930s Germany, Volkswagen - 1945: British Army and Ivan Hirst unclear future, Volkswagen - 1948–1974: Icon for German regeneration, Volkswagen - 1974: From Beetle to Golf, Volkswagen - From 1970s to present, Volkswagen - Cult status of the Beetle, Volkswagen - Relationship with Porsche, Volkswagen - Corporate structure

Read more here: » Volkswagen: Encyclopedia II - Volkswagen - From 1970s to present

In 1933 legendary motorcycle racer "Cannonball" Baker crossed the United States coast-to-coast in approximately 54 hours. In the 1970s Car & Driver Founder & Editor Brock Yates started the Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash in his honor. The second race was won by Yates and Dan Gurney, former Formula One and Le Mans driver, in a Ferrari Daytona. They needed about 35 hours from New York to L.A. These events inspired the 1976 movies The Gumball Rally and Cannonball, as well as sequels such as ...

See also:

Gumball 3000, Gumball 3000 - History, Gumball 3000 - Races, Gumball 3000 - 1999, Gumball 3000 - 2000, Gumball 3000 - 2001, Gumball 3000 - 2002, Gumball 3000 - 2003, Gumball 3000 - 2004, Gumball 3000 - 2005

Read more here: » Gumball 3000: Encyclopedia II - Gumball 3000 - History

The plant was set up as a collaboration between Italy and the Soviet Union and built on the banks of the Volga river. A new part of town Togliatti, named after an Italian communist, was built around the factory. The Lada was envisaged as a "people's car" like the Citroën 2CV or the VW Beetle. The lightweight Italian Fiat 124 was adapted into something intended to survive treacherous Russian driving conditions. Among many changes, aluminium brake drums were added to the rear, and the original Fiat engine was dropped in favour of a new ...

See also:

AvtoVAZ, AvtoVAZ - Origins, AvtoVAZ - Non-Fiat models, AvtoVAZ - Market share, AvtoVAZ - Recent developments, AvtoVAZ - The object of jokes, AvtoVAZ - Models, AvtoVAZ - Classic Zhiguli, AvtoVAZ - Original

Read more here: » AvtoVAZ: Encyclopedia II - AvtoVAZ - Origins

Aircooling - Vehicles. Air is mainly used for cooling internal combustion engines (ICE), particularly those powering aircraft, because it is a readily available fluid and is often at a suitable temperature to be used efficiently. While many such ICE are called "liquid cooled" the cooling liquid is usually cooled by air passing through a radiator or heat exchanger. Examples of direct aircooling in automobiles are the flat or boxer engines such as in the pre-1996 model Porsche 911, the VW Beetle, the Citroën 2CV and the 247 BMW. ...

See also:

Aircooling, Aircooling - Examples, Aircooling - Vehicles, Aircooling - Turbines, Aircooling - Electronics, Aircooling - Industries, Aircooling - Exceptions

Read more here: » Aircooling: Encyclopedia II - Aircooling - Examples

Car body style - Non-English terms. Some non-English language terms are familiar from their use on imported vehicles in English-speaking nations even though the terms have not been adopted into English. Barchetta  Italian term for a roadster. The name means, roughly, "small boat". Berlina  Italian term for a sedan. Berline  French term for a sedan. Berlinetta  Italian term for a sports coupe ...

See also:

Car body style, Car body style - Styles in current use, Car body style - Non-English terms, Car body style - Alternative names, Car body style - Historical body styles

Read more here: » Car body style: Encyclopedia II - Car body style - Styles in current use

Designed as project ADO15 (Austin Drawing Office), the first models were marketed with the names Austin Seven (often written as SE7EN) and Morris Mini-Minor (Latin "Small-Smaller") in England. Until 1962, they appeared as the Austin 850 and Morris 850 in North America and France. The production model differed from the original prototype (affectionately named "The Orange Box" because of its colour) due to the addition of front and rear subframes to take the suspension loads and by the engine being mounted with the carburettor at the back, rat ...

See also:

Mini, Mini - The Mk I Mini - 1959 to 1967, Mini - Varients, Mini - The Mini Cooper and Cooper S, Mini - The Mk II Mini - 1967 to 1970, Mini - The Mini Clubman 1970 to 1980, Mini - The Mk III Mini - 1971 to 2000, Mini - Unproduced prototypes, Mini - Awards, Mini - Minis in the United States, Mini - The new MINI, Mini - Sources

Read more here: » Mini: Encyclopedia II - Mini - The Mk I Mini - 1959 to 1967

The origins of the car date back to 1930s Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler wanted private motorized transport to be widely available and commissioned engineer Ferdinand Porsche to produce such a vehicle. Some claim that this was based on a sketch that Hitler drew in 1932, a year before he came to power. Hitler decreed that this car should be capable of transporting two adults and three children at a speed of 100 km/h (62 mph), and that it should cost no more than a motorcycle and sidecar to buy. A savings scheme was also launched that would enable ...

See also:

Volkswagen Beetle, Volkswagen Beetle - History, Volkswagen Beetle - Pop culture, Volkswagen Beetle - New Beetle, Volkswagen Beetle - Phase-out of the original Beetle, Volkswagen Beetle - External link

Read more here: » Volkswagen Beetle: Encyclopedia II - Volkswagen Beetle - History

Designed as project ADO15 (Austin Drawing Office), the first models were marketed with the names Austin Seven (often written as SE7EN) and Morris Mini-Minor (Latin "Small-Smaller") in England. Until 1962, they appeared as the Austin 850 and Morris 850 in North America and France. The production model differed from the original prototype (affectionately named "The Orange Box" because of its colour) due to the addition of front and rear subframes to take the suspension loads and by the engine being mounted with the carburettor at the back, rat ...

See also:

Mini, Mini - The Mk I Mini - 1959 to 1967, Mini - The Mini Cooper and Cooper S, Mini - The Mk II Mini - 1967 to 1970, Mini - The Mini Clubman, Mini - The Mk III Mini - 1971 to 2000, Mini - Unproduced prototypes, Mini - Awards, Mini - Minis in the United States, Mini - The new MINI, Mini - Sources

Read more here: » Mini: Encyclopedia II - Mini - The Mk I Mini - 1959 to 1967

The power of an engine may be measured or estimated at several points in the transmission of the power from its generation to its application. A number of names are used for the power developed at various stages in this process: Horsepower - Indicated horsepower ihp. Indicated horsepower is the theoretical power of a reciprocating engine assuming that it is completely efficient in converting the energy contained in the expanding gases in the cylinders. It is calculated from the pressures developed i ...

See also:

Horsepower, Horsepower - Horsepower hp, Horsepower - Engine horsepower, Horsepower - Indicated horsepower ihp, Horsepower - Brake horsepower bhp, Horsepower - Drawbar horsepower dbhp, Horsepower - Shaft horsepower shp, Horsepower - Effective horsepower ehp, Horsepower - Summary for a ship, Horsepower - RAC horsepower taxable horsepower, Horsepower - Metric horsepower, Horsepower - PS, Horsepower - pk, Horsepower - CV, Horsepower - ch, Horsepower - Boiler horsepower, Horsepower - Electrical horsepower, Horsepower - Relationship with torque, Horsepower - History of the term horsepower, Horsepower - Conversion of historical definition to watts

Read more here: » Horsepower: Encyclopedia II - Horsepower - Engine horsepower

For Your Eyes Only, marked a change of pace for Ian Fleming, who previously had written only full-length novels featuring his character, James Bond. In the late 1950s CBS made an offer to Fleming to write 32 episodes over a two year period for a telvision show based on the James Bond character. This deal came about after the success of the 1954 television episode adaptation of Casino Royale on the CBS television series Climax!. Fleming agreed to the deal and began to write three outlines for the series; however, CBS late ...

See also:

For Your Eyes Only, For Your Eyes Only - The short story collection, For Your Eyes Only - Plot summaries, For Your Eyes Only - Comic strip adaptations, For Your Eyes Only - The film, For Your Eyes Only - Plot summary, For Your Eyes Only - Cast & characters, For Your Eyes Only - Crew, For Your Eyes Only - Soundtrack, For Your Eyes Only - Locations, For Your Eyes Only - Vehicles & gadgets, For Your Eyes Only - Trivia, For Your Eyes Only - Comic book adaptation

Read more here: » For Your Eyes Only: Encyclopedia II - For Your Eyes Only - The short story collection

The drag coefficient is a common metric in automobile design, where designers strive to achieve a low coefficient. Minimizing drag is done to improve fuel efficiency at highway speeds, where aerodynamic effects represent a substantial fraction of the energy needed to keep the car moving. Indeed, aerodynamic drag increases with the square of speed. Aerodynamics are also of increasing concern to truck designers, where a ...

See also:

Drag coefficient, Drag coefficient - Cd in automobiles, Drag coefficient - CdA, Drag coefficient - Drag in sports and racing cars, Drag coefficient - Typical values and examples

Read more here: » Drag coefficient: Encyclopedia II - Drag coefficient - C_d in automobiles

Car handling - Driver. Handling is a property of the car, but different characteristics will work well with different drivers. Car handling - Weather. Weather affects handling by making the road slippery. Different tyres do best in different weather. Deep water is an exception to the rule that wider tyres improve road holding. (See aquaplaning under tyres ...

See also:

Car handling, Car handling - Factors that affect a car's handling, Car handling - Driver, Car handling - Weather, Car handling - Road condition, Car handling - Weight distribution, Car handling - Suspension, Car handling - Tyres and wheels, Car handling - Track and wheelbase, Car handling - Unsprung weight, Car handling - Aerodynamics, Car handling - Delivery of power to the wheels and brakes, Car handling - Yaw and pitch angular inertia polar moment, Car handling - Roll angular inertia, Car handling - Position and support for the driver, Car handling - Steering, Car handling - Suspension travel, Car handling - Electronic stability control, Car handling - Alignment of the wheels, Car handling - Rigidity of the frame, Car handling - Common handling problems, Car handling - Compromises, Car handling - Aftermarket modifications and adjustments to affect handling, Car handling - Cars with unusual handling problems

Read more here: » Car handling: Encyclopedia II - Car handling - Factors that affect a car's handling

Microcar - Austria. Felber Autoroller Möve Libelle Microcar - Brazil. Dacon Obvio! Romi Isetta Microcar - France. Aixam Ardex Bugatti supercharged 375 cc (half the size of a Bébé). Canceled when Ettore Bugatti died. Early small engined Citroën 2CVs, in spite of passenger space and comfort. Citroën Prototype C Ligier BeUp ...

See also:

Microcar, Microcar - Reasons for microcars, Microcar - Microcars by countries, Microcar - Austria, Microcar - Brazil, Microcar - France, Microcar - Germany, Microcar - Hungary, Microcar - Italy, Microcar - India, Microcar - Japan, Microcar - Spain, Microcar - United Kingdom, Microcar - United States, Microcar - USSR, Microcar - Electric microcars

Read more here: » Microcar: Encyclopedia II - Microcar - Microcars by countries

The commune of Levallois-Perret was created in 1867 by cutting down the divisions of Neuilly-sur-Seine and Clichy. It owes its name to the founder Jean-Jacques Perret and a promoter Nicolas-Eugène Levallois who created the allotments at the origin of the future village in 1822 and 1845. Levallois-Perret became an important center of the early French automotive industry with the implantation of companies such as Clément-Bayard, Delage or the coachbuilder Chapron. Citroën purchased the Clément-Bayard factory and the famous Citroën 2CV was p ...

See also:

Levallois-Perret, Levallois-Perret - Nearest communes, Levallois-Perret - History, Levallois-Perret - Administration, Levallois-Perret - Miscelleneous, Levallois-Perret - Births

Read more here: » Levallois-Perret: Encyclopedia II - Levallois-Perret - History