When the Northern League decided to push for secession of richer Northern Italy from the rest of the country, the League's leader Umberto Bossi gave the region the name Padania. The new "country" had a flag, a national anthem, a "parliament" in Mantua, and held elections (recognized by no one except the Northern League). La Padania is also the name of the Northern League's party newspaper. While the boundaries of Padania, in this political meaning, are subject to some disagreement, the term, as used by the Northern Leagu ...

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Padania, Padania - Territory, Padania - Political Implications, Padania - Previous Existence of the Name, Padania - Languages, Padania - National Anthem, Padania - Popular Support for Independence, Padania - Reference

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The Cisalpine Republic (Italian: Repubblica Cisalpina) was a French client republic in Northern Italy that lasted from 1797 to 1802. After the Battle of Lodi, in May 1796, the French general Napoleon Bonaparte proceeded to organize two states—one on the south of the Po River, the Cispadane Republic, and one on the north, the Transpadane Republic. These two along with the province of Novara were merged into the Cisalpine Republic on June 29, 1797, with capital Milan. Austria acknowledged the new entity in the Tre ...

Including:

• Cisalpine Republic - Extension
• Cisalpine Republic - Relationships with Switzerland
• Cisalpine Republic - Institutional form
• Cisalpine Republic - The treaty of Alliance
• Cisalpine Republic - The second Republic
• Cisalpine Republic - Dates of Directories

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The dominant language in the area is standard Italian. French, Franco-provençal, Occitan, German, Friulian, Ladin and Slovenian are spoken close to the borders of Italy and officially recognised by the State as minority languages. The various vernaculars or local languages, generically indicated as "dialetto" (dialect) by their speakers, are not in common use except for closed contexts (families, acquaintances that s ...

See also:

Padania, Padania - Territory, Padania - Political Implications, Padania - Previous Existence of the Name, Padania - Languages, Padania - National Anthem, Padania - Popular Support for Independence, Padania - Reference

Read more here: » Padania: Encyclopedia II - Padania - Languages

All later generations of the Italian branch descend from Fulco d'Este. From 1171 on, his descendants were titled Margraves of Este. Obizzo I (d. 1193), the first margrave, battled against Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. His nephew Azzo d'Este VI (1170-1212) became podesta of Mantova and Verona. Ferrara was acquired by his son Azzo VII (1205-1264). Obizzo II (d. 1293) was proclaimed Lord of Ferrara in 1264, Lord of Modena 1288 and Lord of Reggio 1289. Ferrara being a papal fief, the Este famil ...

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Este, Este - Origins, Este - Younger branch, Este - External link

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All later generations of the Italian branch descend from Fulco d'Este. From 1171 on, his descendants were titled Margraves of Este. Obizzo I (d. 1193), the first margrave, battled against Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. His nephew Azzo d'Este VI (1170-1212) became podestà of Mantova and Verona. In 1146 with the last of the Adelardi Ferrara passed as the dowry of his niece the Marchesella, to Azzo VI d'Este. Azzo VII Novello was nominated podestà for his lifetime in 1242. The lordship of Ferrara was made hereditary by Obizzo I ...

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Este, Este - Origins, Este - Younger branch, Este - External link

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Papal conclave 1800 - Pope Pius VI. Pius VI's reign had been marked by tension between his authority and that of the European monarchs and other institutions; secular and ecclesiastical. This was largely due to his moderate liberal and reforming pretences. At the beginning of his service he promised to continue the work of his predecessor, Pope Clement IV, in whose 1773 publication Dominus ac redemptor, the dissolution of the Society of Jesus was announced. Other pro-Jesuit powers remained in his support t ...

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Papal conclave 1800, Papal conclave 1800 - Historical context, Papal conclave 1800 - Pope Pius VI, Papal conclave 1800 - The State of the See, Papal conclave 1800 - The Conclave, Papal conclave 1800 - A new pope, Papal conclave 1800 - Unique Conclave, Papal conclave 1800 - List of participants, Papal conclave 1800 - List of absentees

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Modena - Ancient times. The territory around Modena (Roman Mutina, Etruscan Muoina) was inhabited by the Villanovans in the Iron Age, and later by Ligurian tribes, Etruscans, and the Gaulish Boii (the settlment itself being Etruscan). Although the exact date of its foundation is unknown, it is known that it was already in existence in the 3rd century BC, for in 218 BC, during Hannibal's invasion of Italy, the Boii revolted and laid siege to the city. Livy described it as a fortified citadel where Ro ...

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Modena, Modena - History, Modena - Ancient times, Modena - Middle Ages, Modena - The Este in the duchy of Modena

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The institutions of the new republic were much similar to those of France. The territory was divided in departments, which elected the judges of peace, the magistrates and the electors, one every 200 people having right of vote. The latter elected two councils: the Seniori ("Elders") and the Giuniori ("Youngers"). The first was composed by forty to sixt members, and approved the laws and variations to the Constitutional Chart. The second had from eighty to one hundred twenty members, and proposed the laws. ...

See also:

Cisalpine Republic, Cisalpine Republic - Extension, Cisalpine Republic - Relationships with Switzerland, Cisalpine Republic - Institutional form, Cisalpine Republic - The treaty of Alliance, Cisalpine Republic - The second Republic, Cisalpine Republic - Dates of Directories

Read more here: » Cisalpine Republic: Encyclopedia II - Cisalpine Republic - Institutional form

The institutions of the new republic were much similar to those of France. The territory was divided in departments, which elected the judges of peace, the magistrates and the electors, one every 200 people having right of vote. The latter elected two councils: the Seniori ("Elders") and the Giuniori ("Youngers"). The first was composed by forty to sixty members, and approved the laws and variations to the Constitutional Chart. The second had from eighty to one hundred twenty members, and proposed the laws. ...

See also:

Cisalpine Republic, Cisalpine Republic - Extension, Cisalpine Republic - Relationships with Switzerland, Cisalpine Republic - Institutional form, Cisalpine Republic - The treaty of Alliance, Cisalpine Republic - The second Republic, Cisalpine Republic - Dates of Directories

Read more here: » Cisalpine Republic: Encyclopedia II - Cisalpine Republic - Institutional form

Reggio Emilia - Ancient and early Middle Ages Reggio. Though not Roman in origin, Reggio began as an historical site with the construction by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus of the Via Aemilia, leading from Piacenza to Rimini (187 BC). Reggio became a justice's administration centre, with a forum called at first Lepidi, then Lepidum Regium, end in the end simply Regium, whence the city's current name. During Roman age Regium is cited only by Festus and Cicero, as one of the military stations on the Via Aemilia. It was a flourishing city anyway, a Municipium with statutes, ...

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Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia - History, Reggio Emilia - Ancient and early Middle Ages Reggio, Reggio Emilia - Reggio as a commune, Reggio Emilia - The Duchy of Reggio, Reggio Emilia - The Napoleonic age and the Restoration, Reggio Emilia - Contemporary years, Reggio Emilia - Main sights

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The origins of the family, probably of Frankish nobility, date back to the time of Charlemagne in the early 9th century when they settled in Lombardy. The first known member of the house was Margrave Adalbert I, known only as father of Otbert I, Count Palatine of Italy, who died around 975. Otbert's great-grandson Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan, (996-1097) built a castle at Este, near Padua, and named himself after it. He had three sons from two marriages, two of whom became the ancestors of the two branches of the family: We ...

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Este, Este - Origins, Este - Younger branch, Este - External link

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With the loss of the Vatican and the pope's other temporal power, the cardinals were left in a remarkable position. They were forced to hold the conclave in Venice, making the conclave the last to-date to be held outside Rome. This followed an ordinance issued by Pius VII of 1798 in which was stated that the conclave, in such a situation, would be held in the city with the greatest number of Cardinals among the population. The Benedictine monastery of San Giorgio was the chosen location of the conclave within Venice. The city, along with other northern Italian land, was at the time held by Austria, whose ...

See also:

Papal conclave 1800, Papal conclave 1800 - Historical context, Papal conclave 1800 - Pope Pius VI, Papal conclave 1800 - The State of the See, Papal conclave 1800 - The Conclave, Papal conclave 1800 - A new pope, Papal conclave 1800 - Unique Conclave, Papal conclave 1800 - List of participants, Papal conclave 1800 - List of absentees

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Formally, the Cisalpine Republic was an independent state allied with France, but the treaty of alliance stated the effective subalternity of the new republic to its ally. The French in fact had the control of the local police, and left an army consisting of 25,000 Frenchmen, paid by the republic. The Cisalpines had also to form another army of 35,000 men to take part in the French campaigns. On March 4, 1798, the Directory presented the treaty to the Giuniori for ratification. The council did not agree with terms, and took its time b ...

See also:

Cisalpine Republic, Cisalpine Republic - Extension, Cisalpine Republic - Relationships with Switzerland, Cisalpine Republic - Institutional form, Cisalpine Republic - The treaty of Alliance, Cisalpine Republic - The second Republic, Cisalpine Republic - Dates of Directories

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The Republic dissolved after the defeats of France against the Second Coalition in the August of 1799. The republic was occupied by Austrian forces, who went away only after June 2, 1800, as Napoleon won the Battle of Marengo. It was reformed after the Treaty of Lunéville of February 9, 1801. The territory was extended to the former Austrian-lands of the Veneto and the Legazioni Pontifice of the today's Marche. In January 1802, the Cisalpine Republic changed its name to Italian Repu ...

See also:

Cisalpine Republic, Cisalpine Republic - Extension, Cisalpine Republic - Relationships with Switzerland, Cisalpine Republic - Institutional form, Cisalpine Republic - The treaty of Alliance, Cisalpine Republic - The second Republic, Cisalpine Republic - Dates of Directories

Read more here: » Cisalpine Republic: Encyclopedia II - Cisalpine Republic - The second Republic

The Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 saw the regaining of northern Italy by the French from the Austrians. Following this promotion, Bonaparte decided to recognise the new Pope and restored the Papal states to those borders set out at Tolentino. The new Pope headed for Rome which he entered to the pleasure of the population on 3 July. Fearing further invasion he decreed the state should remain neutral between Napoléonic Italy in the north and Bourbonic Naples. In 1803 the reinstatement of the Papal states was made official by the Tr ...

See also:

Papal conclave 1800, Papal conclave 1800 - Historical context, Papal conclave 1800 - Pope Pius VI, Papal conclave 1800 - The State of the See, Papal conclave 1800 - The Conclave, Papal conclave 1800 - A new pope, Papal conclave 1800 - Unique Conclave, Papal conclave 1800 - List of participants, Papal conclave 1800 - List of absentees

Read more here: » Papal conclave 1800: Encyclopedia II - Papal conclave 1800 - A new pope

The conclave of 1800 had several unique features and occurrences which render it quite estranged from not only many of its predecessor conclaves, but also all those successive gatherings to date. Foremost, it is the last to be held outside Rome, in this case Venice. In fact, all conclaves since the Western Schism (1378) have been held in Rome with this as a sole exception. As may be seen in the graph on the left, the conclave was conducted with the lowest number of cardinals present since 1534 at 34. Indeed, due to the political situation in which the church found itself at the time it had just 45 card ...

See also:

Papal conclave 1800, Papal conclave 1800 - Historical context, Papal conclave 1800 - Pope Pius VI, Papal conclave 1800 - The State of the See, Papal conclave 1800 - The Conclave, Papal conclave 1800 - A new pope, Papal conclave 1800 - Unique Conclave, Papal conclave 1800 - List of participants, Papal conclave 1800 - List of absentees

Read more here: » Papal conclave 1800: Encyclopedia II - Papal conclave 1800 - Unique Conclave