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circumvallation | A Wisdom Archive on circumvallation | | circumvallation A selection of articles related to circumvallation | |
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More material related to Circumvallation can be found here:
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circumvallation, Circumvallation, Circumvallation - Examples of circumvallation in military history
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ARTICLES RELATED TO circumvallation | |
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| | |  circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - First Punic War - AftermathRome won the First Punic War after 23 years of conflict and in the end replaced Carthage as the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean. In the aftermath of the war, both states were financially and demographically exhausted. To determine the final borders of their territories, they drew what they considered a straight line across the Mediterranean. Hispania, Corsica, Sardinia and Africa remained Carthaginian. All that was north of that line was signed over to Rome. Rome's victory was greatly influenced by its persistent refusal to admit d ...
See also:First Punic War, First Punic War - Background, First Punic War - Land warfare, First Punic War - Naval warfare, First Punic War - Aftermath, First Punic War - Casualties, First Punic War - Peace terms, First Punic War - Political results, First Punic War - Notable leaders, First Punic War - Chronology Read more here: » First Punic War: Encyclopedia II - First Punic War - Aftermath |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Alesia - Siege and battle Alesia was a hill-top fort surrounded by river valleys, with strong defensive features. As a frontal assault would have been suicidal, Caesar decided upon a siege, hoping to force surrender by starvation. Considering that about 80,000 men were garrisoned in Alesia, together with the local civilian population, this would not take long. To guarantee a perfect blockade, Caesar ordered the construction of an encircling set of fortifications, called a circumvallation, around Alesia. The details of this engineering work are known from Caesar's ...
See also:Battle of Alesia, Battle of Alesia - Prelude, Battle of Alesia - Siege and battle, Battle of Alesia - Aftermath, Battle of Alesia - Issues in historical reconstruction of the events Read more here: » Battle of Alesia: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Alesia - Siege and battle |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder The introduction of gunpowder and the use of cannons brought about a new age in siege warfare. Cannons were first used in the early 13th century, but did not become significant weapons for another 150 years or so. By the 16th century, they were an essential and regularized part of any campaigning army, or castle's defences.
The greatest advantage of cannons over other siege weapons was the ability to fire a heavier projectile, further, faster and more often than previous weapons. Thus, 'old fashioned' walls—that is high and, relativ ...
See also:Siege, Siege - Ancient and medieval siege warfare, Siege - Mongol siege warfare, Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder, Siege - Emerging theories on improving fortifications, Siege - New styles of fortresses employed, Siege - Marshal Vauban, Siege - Advent of mobile warfare, Siege - Modern warfare, Siege - Recent sieges, Siege - Police actions, Siege - Bibliography, Siege - Notes Read more here: » Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Agrigentum - Siege of Agrigentum In 262 BC, the Romans sent a full-scale army to Sicily, commanded by the two consuls Lucius Postumius Megellus and Quintus Mamilius Vitulus, comprising the four consular legions and allied alae (cavalry formations) in a total of 40,000 men. This was the response to the major recruiting and training being held in the Carthaginian side. Supported by Syracuse, now an official ally of Rome, the consular army marched in June to Agrigentum on the south-western coast of Sicily. This city was intended to act as base camp for the expected Carthaginian army, but at the time was occup ...
See also:Battle of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Prelude, Battle of Agrigentum - Siege of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Battle of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Aftermath Read more here: » Battle of Agrigentum: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Agrigentum - Siege of Agrigentum |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Implementation Although firearms technology and the conscript army dramatically changed the nature of warfare, most armies were completely unaware of the implications of these changes and unprepared for their consequences. At the start of World War I, most armies prepared for a brief war whose strategy and tactics would have been familiar to Napoleon.
However, as war broke out, German and Allied (mostly French and British) forces soon learned that with modern weapons even a shallow scrape in the soil could be defended by a handful of infantry. To at ...
See also:Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare Read more here: » Trench warfare: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Implementation |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Implementation Although firearms technology and the conscript army dramatically changed the nature of warfare, most armies were completely unaware of the implications of these changes and unprepared for their consequences. At the start of World War I, most armies prepared for a brief war whose strategy and tactics would have been familiar to Napoleon.
However, as war broke out, German and Allied (mostly French and British) forces soon learned that with modern weapons even a shallow scrape in the soil could be defended by a handful of infantry. To at ...
See also:Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare, Trench warfare - Sources Read more here: » Trench warfare: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Implementation |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare Trench warfare has been very infrequent since the end of World War I. When two large armoured armies meet, the result has generally been mobile warfare of the type which developed in World War II.
However, trench warfare reemerged in the latter stages of the Korean War (1950-53) and in some locations and engagements in the Viet Nam War (1964-75).
The most cited example of trench warfare after World War I was the Iran-Iraq War, in which both armies had a large number of infantry with modern small arms, but very little armour, aircraft or training in combined weapons. The result was very similar ...
See also:Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare Read more here: » Trench warfare: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - First Punic War - Naval warfare Due to the difficulty of operating in Sicily, most warfare of the First Punic War was fought at sea, including the most decisive battles. Moreover, naval warfare permitted an efficient blockade of enemy ports, and consequently of reinforcement and supply for the inland troops. Both sides of the conflict had publicly funded fleets. This fact compromised Carthage and Rome's finances and eventually decided the course of the war.
At the beginning of the First Punic War, Rome had virtually no experience in naval warfare, whereas Carthage h ...
See also:First Punic War, First Punic War - Background, First Punic War - Land warfare, First Punic War - Naval warfare, First Punic War - Aftermath, First Punic War - Casualties, First Punic War - Peace terms, First Punic War - Political results, First Punic War - Notable leaders, First Punic War - Chronology Read more here: » First Punic War: Encyclopedia II - First Punic War - Naval warfare |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - First Punic War - Land warfare As Sicily was a hilly island, with geographical obstacles and a terrain where lines of communication are difficult to maintain, land warfare played a secondary role in the First Punic War. Land operations were mostly confined to small scale raids and skirmishes between the armies, with hardly any pitched battle. Sieges and land blockades were the most common operations for the regular army. The main targets of blockading were the important naval ports, since neither of the belligerent parties were based in Sicily and both needed a continuous supply of rei ...
See also:First Punic War, First Punic War - Background, First Punic War - Land warfare, First Punic War - Naval warfare, First Punic War - Aftermath, First Punic War - Casualties, First Punic War - Peace terms, First Punic War - Political results, First Punic War - Notable leaders, First Punic War - Chronology Read more here: » First Punic War: Encyclopedia II - First Punic War - Land warfare |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Agrigentum - Battle of Agrigentum With Hanno camped outside their own base, the Roman's line of supply from Syracuse were no longer available. Themselves in the risk of starvation, the consuls chose to offer battle. This time was Hanno's turn to refuse, probably with the intention of defeating the Romans by hunger. Meanwhile, the situation inside Agrigentum after more than six months of siege was close to desperate. Hannibal Gisco, communicating with the outside by smoke signs, sent urgent pleas for relief and Hanno was forced to accept a pitched battle. The details of the actua ...
See also:Battle of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Prelude, Battle of Agrigentum - Siege of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Battle of Agrigentum, Battle of Agrigentum - Aftermath Read more here: » Battle of Agrigentum: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Agrigentum - Battle of Agrigentum |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - First Punic War - Background In the middle of the 3rd century BC, the power of Rome was growing. Following centuries of internal rebellions and disturbances, the whole of the Italian peninsula was tightly secured under Roman hands. All enemies — such as the Latin league or the Samnites — had been overcome, and the invasion of Pyrrhus of Epirus was repelled. Romans had an enormous confidence in their political system and military. Across the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Strait of Sicily, Carthage was already an established naval and commercial power, controlling most of th ...
See also:First Punic War, First Punic War - Background, First Punic War - Land warfare, First Punic War - Naval warfare, First Punic War - Aftermath, First Punic War - Casualties, First Punic War - Peace terms, First Punic War - Political results, First Punic War - Notable leaders, First Punic War - Chronology Read more here: » First Punic War: Encyclopedia II - First Punic War - Background |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Obsolescence With the withdrawal of Russia from World War I, the Germans were able to reinforce their western front with troops from the eastern front. This allowed them to take units out of the line and train them in new methods and tactics as stormtroopers (sturmtruppen). The new methods involved men rushing forward in small groups using whatever cover was available and laying down covering fire for other groups in the same unit as they moved forward. The new tactics (intended to achieve surprise) were to bypass strongpoints and attack the weake ...
See also:Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare Read more here: » Trench warfare: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Obsolescence |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Background Fortification is almost as old as warfare itself; however, because of the relatively small size of the armies and the lack of range of the weapons, it was traditionally not possible to defend more than a short defensive line or an isolated strongpoint. The very long fortifications of the ancient world, such as the Great Wall of China or Hadrian's Wall, were exceptions to the general rule and were in any case not designed to completely prevent enemy crossing the border, but to act as a deterence to casual border infringement, as well as to ac ...
See also:Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare Read more here: » Trench warfare: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Background |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Death in the trenches The intensity of World War I trench warfare meant that about 10% of the fighting soldiers were killed. This compared to 5% killed during the Boer War and 4.5% killed during World War II. For British and Dominion troops serving on the Western Front, the proportion of killed was 12% while the total proportion of troops who became casualties (killed or wounded) was 56%. Considering that for every front-line infantryman there were about 3 soldiers in support (artillery, supply, medical, etc.), it was highly unlikely for a fighting soldier to survive the war without sustaining some form of injury. Indeed many soldiers were in ...
See also:Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare Read more here: » Trench warfare: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Death in the trenches |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare
Trench warfare - Infantry weapons.
The common infantry soldier had four weapons at his disposal in the trenches: the rifle, bayonet, shotgun and grenade.
The standard British rifle was the .303-in. (7.7mm) Short Magazine Lee-Enfield (SMLE), originally developed as a cavalry carbine, with a maximum range (for sniping) of 1400yd (1280m), though its effective range was more like 200yd (180m). British infantry training emphasised rapid rifle fire rather than accuracy. Early in the war, the British were able to ...
See also:Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare Read more here: » Trench warfare: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare |
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| | | | circumvallation: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Life in the trenches An individual soldier's time in the front-line trench was usually brief; from as little as one day to as much as two weeks at a time before being relieved. The Australian 31st Battalion once spent 53 days in the line at Villers Bretonneux, but such a duration was a rare exception. A typical British soldier's year could be divided as follows:
15% front line
10% support line
30% reserve line
20% rest
25% other (hosp ...
See also:Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare Read more here: » Trench warfare: Encyclopedia II - Trench warfare - Life in the trenches |
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